110:
29:
1099:
476:
628:, Near Eastern Archaeology 70/2. Quote: "The first thing to consider when examining an ancient inscription is whether it was discovered in context or not. It is obvious that a document purchased on the antiquities market is suspect. If it was found in an archeological site, one should note whether it was found in its primary context, as with the
484:
171:
The inscription is not a formal calendar, as it describes agricultural seasons with imprecise dates, rather than precise divisions of time as would be required for a ritual or bureaucratic calendar. As such, some of the time units comprise two months rather than one, and none are referred to by the
632:, or in secondary use, as with the Tel Dan inscription. Of course texts that were found in an archaeological site, but not in a secure archaeological context present certain problems of exact dating, as with the Gezer Calendar."
463:) is my father". This name appears in the Bible for several individuals, including a king of Judah (1 Kings 14:31). If accurate, then it would be an early attestation of the name YHWH, predating the
843:
825:
1158:
1178:
946:
579:
180:
The calendar is inscribed on a limestone plaque and describes monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a duty such as harvest, planting, or tending specific crops.
1153:
1163:
184:
683:
548:
840:
822:
939:
538:
1128:
1102:
1123:
932:
754:
919:
543:
701:
792:
126:
1080:
872:
Koller, Aaron. "Ancient Hebrew מעצד and עצד in the Gezer
Calendar," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 72 (2013), 179–193, available at
1138:
1133:
910:
1143:
974:
955:
514:
93:
1168:
1024:
969:
1054:
499:
142:
1148:
680:
161:
130:
769:
Seth L. Sanders, “Writing and Early Iron Age Israel: Before
National Scripts, Beyond Nations and States,” in
625:
452:
or a children's song. Another possibility is something designed for the collection of taxes from farmers.
716:
448:
Scholars have speculated that the calendar could be a schoolboy's memory exercise, the text of a popular
1004:
553:
424:
192:
165:
64:
862:
188:
157:
149:
60:
717:
Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood memorial lecture, By
Francis I. Andersen, A. Dean Forbes, p56
479:
Dig not stratified, as shown here on suppositions of dating in
Macalister's second volume on Gezer
1064:
1049:
663:
604:
596:
518:
788:
750:
629:
495:
744:
698:
655:
643:
588:
109:
1044:
914:
897:
vol. 2, Editor in Chief Eric M. Meyers, 396–400. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1997.
890:
vol. 2, Editor in Chief Eric M. Meyers, 396–400. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1997.
847:
829:
746:
Writing and
Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age
705:
687:
373:
153:
1029:
282:
This corresponds to the following transliteration, with spaces added for word divisions:
28:
1173:
728:
Pardee, Dennis. "A Brief Case for the
Language of the 'Gezer Calendar' as Phoenician".
460:
1117:
1019:
1009:
907:
873:
667:
608:
526:
114:
1039:
459:
of the calendar is probably "Abijah", whose name means "Yah (a shorter form of the
573:
Tappy, Ron E.; McCarter, P. Kyle; Lundberg, Marilyn J.; Zuckerman, Bruce (2006).
513:
The Gezer calendar is currently displayed at the Museum of the
Ancient Orient, a
979:
522:
464:
141:. It is commonly dated to the 10th century BCE, although the excavation was not
924:
613:...compromised archaeological contexts (e.g. the unstratified Gezer calendar...
1059:
1034:
428:
771:
Literate
Culture and Tenth-Century Canaan: The Tel Zayit Abecedary in Context
773:, ed. Ron E. Tappy and P. Kyle McCarter, (Winona Lake, IN, 2008), p. 100–102
449:
138:
42:
475:
785:
A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context
730:
Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade
592:
575:"An abecedary of the mid-tenth century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah"
491:
380:
681:
The Calendar Tablet from Gezer, Adam L Bean, Emmanual School of Religion
600:
376:
883:
48,1-2 (1998) 101–105. An up-to-date linguistic analysis of this text.
879:
Sivan, Daniel "The Gezer calendar and Northwest Semitic linguistics",
483:
503:
456:
386:
869:(BASOR). 1943. Volume 92:16–26. Original description of the find.
659:
574:
507:
482:
474:
418:
406:
396:
390:
134:
108:
908:
Details of the calendar including transcription and translation.
434:
412:
400:
928:
699:
Is it “Tenable”?, Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review
327:
16:
Small limestone tablet with an early Canaanite inscription
223:
Which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows:
168:. Koller argued that the language is Northern Hebrew.
895:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
888:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
525:. A replica of the Gezer calendar is on display at the
867:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
580:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
812:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 240–241.
521:
and other archaeological artifacts unearthed before
1073:
997:
988:
962:
644:"Ancient Hebrew מעצד and עצד in the Gezer Calendar"
148:Scholars are divided as to whether the language is
99:
89:
81:
70:
56:
48:
38:
21:
920:Another translation and a picture of the calendar.
874:https://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/4440
172:month numbers or names known from other sources.
1159:Collection of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums
1179:Israelite and Jewish archaeological artifacts
940:
8:
549:List of languages by first written accounts
994:
947:
933:
925:
841:Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Artifacts
539:List of artifacts significant to the Bible
129:discovered in 1908 by Irish archaeologist
125:is a small limestone tablet with an early
18:
749:. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 30–.
787:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
565:
1154:Earliest known manuscripts by language
626:Reading Northwest Semitic Inscriptions
893:Pardee, Dennis. “Gezer Calendar”. In
630:inscription of King Achish from Ekron
351:One month reaping and measuring grain
7:
1164:Archaeological discoveries in Israel
544:List of ancient Near Eastern scribes
33:The calendar in its current location
14:
332:The text has been translated as:
113:Replica of the Gezer calendar in
1098:
1097:
27:
1129:1908 archaeological discoveries
886:Dever, William G. “Gezer”. In
648:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
510:, 20 miles west of Jerusalem.
502:while excavating the ancient
1:
1081:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
74:
1124:10th-century BC inscriptions
975:Museum of the Ancient Orient
956:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
368:Possible equivalent months:
94:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
1025:Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon
970:Istanbul Archaeology Museum
783:Coogan, Michael D. (2009).
372:October, November — in the
1195:
1055:Temple Warning inscription
881:Israel Exploration Journal
743:Chris A. Rollston (2010).
704:December 25, 2010, at the
515:Turkish archaeology museum
500:Palestine Exploration Fund
494:was discovered in 1908 by
183:The inscription, known as
156:and whether the script is
1093:
998:Near East and Middle East
808:Hoffmeier, James (2005).
273:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
198:𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤅𐤀𐤎𐤐.𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤅𐤆
26:
1139:Archaeological artifacts
1134:Ancient Near East steles
865:"The Gezer Calendar" in
467:by more than a century.
348:One month reaping barley
131:R. A. Stewart Macalister
913:4 February 2006 at the
810:Ancient Israel in Sinai
357:One month summer fruit
133:in the ancient city of
686:March 2, 2011, at the
642:Koller, Aaron (2013).
487:
480:
345:One month cutting flax
342:Two months late sowing
118:
1005:Alexander Sarcophagus
980:Museum of Islamic Art
624:Aaron Demsky (2007),
593:10.1086/BASOR25066976
554:Archaeology of Israel
486:
478:
127:Canaanite inscription
112:
385:December, January —
336:Two months gathering
204:𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤒𐤑𐤓𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤌
1144:Hebrew inscriptions
1040:Puzur-Ishtar statue
339:Two months planting
200:𐤓𐤏.𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤅𐤋𐤒𐤔
137:, 20 miles west of
1169:Specific calendars
1065:Siloam inscription
1050:Tabnit sarcophagus
846:2012-11-01 at the
828:2012-11-01 at the
732:. Winona Lake: 43.
519:Siloam inscription
488:
481:
395:February, March —
354:Two months pruning
206:𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤒𐤑𐤓𐤅𐤊𐤋
202:𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤏𐤑𐤃𐤐𐤔𐤕
119:
1111:
1110:
1089:
1088:
1060:Tura-Dagan statue
1035:Lugal-dalu statue
756:978-1-58983-107-0
496:R.A.S. Macalister
445:
444:
107:
106:
1186:
1149:KAI inscriptions
1101:
1100:
995:
949:
942:
935:
926:
850:
838:
832:
820:
814:
813:
805:
799:
798:
780:
774:
767:
761:
760:
740:
734:
733:
725:
719:
714:
708:
696:
690:
678:
672:
671:
639:
633:
622:
616:
615:
570:
328:
287:yrḥw ʾsp yrḥw z
275:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
90:Present location
77:10th century BCE
76:
31:
19:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1085:
1069:
1045:Samaria Ostraca
990:
984:
958:
953:
915:Wayback Machine
904:
859:
857:Further reading
854:
853:
848:Wayback Machine
839:
835:
830:Wayback Machine
821:
817:
807:
806:
802:
795:
782:
781:
777:
768:
764:
757:
742:
741:
737:
727:
726:
722:
715:
711:
706:Wayback Machine
697:
693:
688:Wayback Machine
679:
675:
641:
640:
636:
623:
619:
572:
571:
567:
562:
535:
473:
446:
423:July, August —
374:Hebrew calendar
211:
209:
207:
205:
203:
201:
199:
178:
162:Proto-Canaanite
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:Gezer calendar
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
966:
964:
960:
959:
954:
952:
951:
944:
937:
929:
923:
922:
917:
903:
902:External links
900:
899:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:Albright, W.F.
858:
855:
852:
851:
833:
823:Gezer calendar
815:
800:
794:978-0199830114
793:
775:
762:
755:
735:
720:
709:
691:
673:
660:10.1086/671444
654:(2): 179–193.
634:
617:
564:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
472:
469:
461:Tetragrammaton
443:
442:
438:
437:
431:
421:
415:
409:
403:
393:
383:
365:
364:
363:
362:
361:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
280:
279:
278:
277:
268:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
221:
220:
219:
218:
208:𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤅𐤆𐤌𐤓
177:
174:
123:Gezer calendar
105:
104:
101:
100:Identification
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
22:Gezer calendar
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:Istanbul 2461
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:Balawat Gates
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
957:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
930:
927:
921:
918:
916:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
860:
856:
849:
845:
842:
837:
834:
831:
827:
824:
819:
816:
811:
804:
801:
796:
790:
786:
779:
776:
772:
766:
763:
758:
752:
748:
747:
739:
736:
731:
724:
721:
718:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:
677:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
576:
569:
566:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
528:
527:Israel Museum
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
441:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
414:
410:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
382:
378:
375:
371:
370:
369:
366:
359:
358:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
272:
271:
270:
269:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
228:ירחואספ ירחוז
226:
225:
224:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
196:
194:
190:
186:
181:
175:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
115:Israel Museum
111:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:11.1 × 7.2 cm
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1030:Saba'a Stele
1014:
894:
887:
880:
866:
836:
818:
809:
803:
784:
778:
770:
765:
745:
738:
729:
723:
712:
694:
676:
651:
647:
637:
620:
612:
584:
578:
568:
517:, as is the
512:
489:
454:
447:
439:
433:September —
367:
331:
321:
316:
311:
306:
302:yrḥ qṣr šʿrm
301:
296:
292:rʿ yrḥw lqš
291:
286:
281:
222:
197:
193:paleo-Hebrew
182:
179:
170:
166:paleo-Hebrew
147:
122:
120:
65:paleo-Hebrew
991:and objects
989:Departments
587:(344): 41.
523:World War I
465:Mesha Stele
307:yrḥ qṣrw kl
297:yrḥ ʿṣd pšt
187:182, is in
176:Inscription
1118:Categories
560:References
529:, Israel.
246:ירחקצרשערמ
234:רע ירחולקש
210:𐤉𐤓𐤇𐤒𐤑
189:Phoenician
158:Phoenician
150:Phoenician
143:stratified
82:Discovered
61:Phoenician
963:Buildings
668:161247763
609:163300154
504:Canaanite
450:folk song
252:ירחקצרוכל
240:ירחעצדפשת
139:Jerusalem
117:, Israel.
43:Limestone
1103:Category
911:Archived
844:Archived
826:Archived
702:Archived
684:Archived
601:25066976
533:See also
506:city of
492:calendar
405:April —
381:Cheshvan
312:yrḥw zmr
195:script:
39:Material
498:of the
471:History
417:June —
377:Tishrei
276:
274:אבי (ה)
266:
260:
258:ירחוזמר
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
71:Created
57:Writing
791:
753:
666:
607:
599:
457:scribe
440:
425:Tammuz
411:May —
387:Kislev
317:yrḥ qṣ
217:𐤉𐤁𐤀
154:Hebrew
103:2089 T
1174:Gezer
1074:Egypt
664:S2CID
605:S2CID
597:JSTOR
508:Gezer
419:Sivan
407:Nisan
397:Shvat
391:Tevet
360:Abij
264:ירחקצ
164:) or
135:Gezer
789:ISBN
751:ISBN
490:The
455:The
435:Elul
413:Iyar
401:Adar
160:(or
121:The
85:1908
49:Size
656:doi
589:doi
585:344
322:ʾby
191:or
185:KAI
152:or
63:or
1120::
662:.
652:72
650:.
646:.
611:.
603:.
595:.
583:.
577:.
429:Av
427:,
399:,
389:,
379:,
145:.
75:c.
948:e
941:t
934:v
876:.
797:.
759:.
670:.
658::
591::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
