201:(IPC), a consortium of oil companies that is largely British owned, was signed to grant oil concessions to IPC, in which the sultan received a sizable signature bonus. IPC informed the sultan that potential oil may exist in the interior of Oman and offered financial support to raise an armed force against any potential resistance by the Imamate. The British government favoured IPC's plan as it sought benefits from the expansion of the Sultanate's territory and considered oil discovery in Oman as a valuable insurance against the insecurity of other parts of the Middle East. The planning of occupying and creating further tension within the interior started early in 1945 as news broke out that Imam Alkhalili, the predecessor to Imam al-Hinai, was ill and the sultan expressed his interest to the British government of occupying the interior right after the death of the Imam.
213:) to occupy the interior. The British government concluded that it is reluctant "in principle" to the use of force for the reason of avoiding international criticism that may lead to the calling of the British government before the United Nations Security Council but they executed anyway waging war for over 5 years between the two Head of Estate on the battle ground Jabel Akhdar (The Green Mountain) with over 2,000 martyrs losing their lives. Meanwhile, the British government recognized that the use of RAF would expedite oil exploration operations in the interior of Oman.
209:
assisting the sultan in occupying the
Imamate. The position of the British government was thereafter to eliminate any possibility of entering into direct relations with the interior in order not to alienate the sultan and to avoid invalidating the claim of IPC that its concession from the sultan covers the entirety of Oman. In 1946, the British government provided arms and ammunition, auxiliary supplies and officers to occupy the interior. In September 1946, the British government studied the proposal that was promised to the sultan of using the British Royal Air Force (
124:
270:, letters were exchanged between the sultan and the British leaders and subsequently an assistance in economic development agreement was signed, which consisted of strengthening the sultan of Oman's armed forces (SAF) by attaching British officers to lead small units and to head the SAF as a whole. The war lasted 5 years until the SAF, with much difficulty and following direct support of soldiers from the British
101:
164:. He later served as the treasurer of the imamate. After the predecessor, Imam Alkhalili, died on 3 May 1954, Ghalib al-Hinai was elected to be the imam (ruler). His father, Ali bin Hilal al-Hinai, previously served as the wali (governor) of Rustaq. His brother Talib bin Ali would become an effective and determined leader in the imamate's revolt against the sultan of Muscat in the 1950s.
323:
and independence. The 'question of Oman' remained on the UN General
Assembly agenda in each year until 1971. The Imamate's cause continued to be promoted up until 1970. He continued to receive many visitors from Oman up until his death and was deeply respected by the people of Oman. He died on 29
254:
in anticipation of an easy victory. However, the imamate's forces proved to be much better organized than anticipated. After weeks of skirmishes, the MOFF, with no civilian support from the locals in the interior, had no choice but to surrender their way back to Fahud. The
Imamate's forces freed
318:
voted by a narrow margin not to consider a request for an urgent meeting to discuss 'British aggression against' an independent imamate of Oman. The UN General
Assembly adopted the 'Question of Oman' resolution in 1965, 1966 and again in 1967 that called upon the British government to cease all
245:
and the younger brother of the imam, played a key role in strengthening the imamate's forces by recruiting additional forces and acquiring Saudi, Egypt and Iraq's support. The restrengthening of the imamate's forces materialized when a number of the interior villages were recaptured, including
208:
who resided in Muscat providing the justification that it would mean recognizing the authority of the
Imamate and it would increase its prestige- which would not favor IPC deal. The British Political Agent believed that the only method of granting the oil company access to the interior was by
186:. The British government exercised vast control over the Sultanate as the defence secretary and chief of intelligence, chief adviser to the sultan and all ministers except for two were British. Shortly after Imam Ghalib was elected in 1954, he led the Imamate of Oman in the
232:, an agreement which recognized the autonomy of the Imamate. The occupation of Fahud and Tanam was only a prelude to a grand design by the sultanate to occupy the entire imamate. On 13 December 1954, the MOFF, which was instilled with eight British officers, marched from
313:
and the United
Nations in order to seek recognition and claim legitimacy of the imamate of Oman. The imamate's cause was closely identified with Arab nationalism and the various forms of anti-colonialism that were taking place during that period. In August 1959, the
40:
240:
and occupied it. Subsequently, the capital of the imamate, Nizwa, was captured by the sultanate on 15 December 1955. However, resistance from the imamate forces persisted and Talib al-Hinai, who was the wali (governor) of
290:, put down the Jebel Akhdar War in 1959, and Imam Ghalib al-Hinai managed to escape to Saudi Arabia. He continued for a short time to lead a temporary government-in-exile from
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The war was triggered by the sultan, Said Bin Taimur, on 25 October 1954, when he licensed IPC oil prospectors to search for oil near
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and Jebal Akhdar from the sultunate's control, while Ibri was the only area that remained under the occupation of the sultunate.
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On 25 July 1958, as a result of the ongoing war and
British government's aim to be "less visible" in the Middle East in the
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Historical
Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, 1928–1953 97r (198/222)
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220:, an area located within the territory of the Imamate of Oman and sent Muscat and Oman Field Force (MOFF), later renamed
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actions against the locals, end
British control over Oman and reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Omani people to
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The idea of having the oil company negotiate directly with the interior of Oman was not favored by the
British
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File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman 146r (291/296)
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File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman' 35r (69/296)
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on the following day. The move was considered by the Imam to be a breach to the
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Prior to assuming the role of imam, Ghalib served as the qadi (judge) of
144:) (c. 1912 – 29 November 2009) was the last elected imam (ruler) of the
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Europa Publications: A Political Chronology of the Middle East (2001)
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File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman
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British National Archive: Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History
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Heat: Extreme Adventures at the Highest Temperatures on Earth
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In 1937, an agreement between the sultan and a subsidiary of
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Oman was split between the interior, which was known as the
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Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy
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CNN Arabic: وفاة آخر أئمة عُمان في منفاه السياسي بالسعودية
250:, on 14 June 1957. The MOFF moved an artillery battery to
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Allen, Calvin H.; II, W. Lynn Rigsbee (14 January 2014).
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650:
601:
Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970-1996
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Gregory Fremont Barnes: A History of Counterinsurgency
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File 8/62 III Principal Shaikhs & Tribes of Oman.
224:(SAF), troops to occupy it. The MOFF moved to occupy
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294:(Saudi Arabia) and established an imamate office in
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584:, Marine Corps command and staff college 1985.
298:(Egypt) while the fighting continued in Oman.
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756:"UN 2238 Question of Oman Resolution (1966)"
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38:
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447:Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States
450:. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 344–345.
353:Oman: the Modernization of the Sultanate
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182:, and the coastal Oman, known as the
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194:, backed by the British government.
690:Fiennes, Ranulph (8 October 2015).
659:At the End of Military Intervention
582:The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954–1959
478:The Guardian: Britain’s secret wars
301:Imam Ghalib delegated his brother,
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395:Peterson, J. E. (2 January 2013).
324:November 2009 at the age of 96 in
25:
305:, who was the wali (governor) of
134:Ghalib bin Ali bin Hilal al-Hinai
33:Ghalib bin Ali bin Hilal al-Hinai
789:20th Session Adopted Resolutions
741:22nd Session Adopted Resolutions
530:Britannic Majesty's Government:
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99:
70:Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Khalili
774:"UN Adopted Resolutions (1966)"
286:fighter jets and a squadron of
112:29 November 2009 (aged 96-101)
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222:Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces
61:3 May 1954 – 30 January 1959
560:India Office London :
545:The Foreign Office London:
883:
515:British Consulate Muscat:
444:Nyrop, Richard F. (2008).
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867:20th-century Omani people
818:Ghalib Bin Ali's obituary
713:– via Google Books.
621:– via Google Books.
418:– via Google Books.
37:
274:, 1st Battalion of the
255:Nizwa (capital), Firq,
696:. Simon and Schuster.
657:Robert Johnson :
199:Iraq Petroleum Company
192:Sultan Said bin Taimur
804:2073 Question of Oman
772:UN General Assembly.
754:UN General Assembly.
726:2302 Question of Oman
677:Oman's Foreign Policy
172:Further information:
152:Early life and career
351:Calvin H. Allen Jr:
288:Ferret armoured cars
862:Omani Ibadi Muslims
820:, in: alaan.com.sa.
316:UN Security Council
272:Special Air Service
184:Sultanate of Muscat
142:غالب بن علي الهنائي
825:2010-11-19 at the
321:self-determination
675:Majid Alkhalili:
580:John B. Meagher:
457:978-1-4344-6210-7
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857:Omani imams
852:2009 deaths
847:1912 births
830:(in Arabic)
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761:. worldlii.
463:26 February
311:Arab League
276:Cameronions
66:Predecessor
841:Categories
332:References
252:Bilad Sayt
248:Bilad Sayt
259:, Tanuf,
93:1908-1912
80:Abolished
76:Successor
823:Archived
709:29 April
617:29 April
414:29 April
401:. Saqi.
190:against
168:History
700:
608:
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405:
326:Dammam
307:Rustaq
292:Dammam
243:Rustaq
158:Rustaq
138:Arabic
115:Dammam
759:(PDF)
296:Cairo
261:Bahla
234:Fahud
226:Tanam
218:Fahud
162:Nizwa
58:Reign
711:2018
698:ISBN
619:2018
606:ISBN
465:2020
452:ISBN
416:2018
403:ISBN
257:Izki
238:Adam
160:and
109:Died
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52:Oman
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