556:
318:' Day (Dec. 6), when they learned that Ghisolfi was unable to advance on account of disturbances among his people, for "the man Zacharias is substantial, his family is great, and probably it is difficult to induce them to move." In his report to Ivan, the Crimean ambassador declared that, out of friendship for Muscovy, the khan Meñli I Giray would take Ghisolfi under his protection, but expressed concern due to Ghisolfi's having antagonized the Turks, who were the khan's overlords.
241:, ... to Skariya the Hebrew. You have written to us through Gabriel Petrov, our guest, that you desire to come to us. It is our wish that you do so. When you are with us we will give you evidence of our favourable disposition toward you. If you wish to serve us, our desire will be to confer distinction upon you; but should you not wish to remain with us and prefer to return to your own country, you shall be free to go ...
521:
342:. Yet it is strange that during a period of more than eighteen years Ghisolfi did not succeed in reaching Russia. Whether the fact that Ghisolfi was a Jew had anything to do with the impediments put in his way, it is difficult to ascertain, for no mention of him is to be found in Jewish writings. The different spellings of Zachariah's name in
1028:
270:; upon his release, he returned home. Notwithstanding this experience, Ghisolfi and his men declared themselves ready to join Ivan provided that guides were furnished them. Replying to this despatch, March 18, 1488, the Muscovite prince repeated his invitation, and informed Ghisolfi that he had notified
207:, Ghisolfi continued the war from Matrice, but with only a small measure of success. Learning that he had expressed a desire to come to Russia, and glad of an opportunity to ally with the Circassians and other peoples resisting Ottoman incursions,
321:
From subsequent events, it is evident that
Ghisolfi entered the service of the khan, for further negotiations were carried on, and in April 1500, Ivan, instructing his ambassador, refers to Ghisolfi as "Zacharias the Fryazin," who had lived in
167:, were compelled to retire from Matrega and sought refuge on the island of Matrice. On August 12 of that year, Zacharias informed the directors of the Bank of Saint George in Genoa of his position, and requested for 1,000
262:, dated June 8, 1487, and signed "Zachariah Guigursis", it is clear that Zacharias, intending to accept Ivan's hospitality, started for Moscow, but while on the way was robbed and tortured by
103:, a private enterprise to which it was heavily in debt. The Ghisolfi family continued to rule Matrega and the surrounding region on behalf of the Bank. Through such intermediaries as
698:
710:
338:
Ivan's repeated invitations to
Ghisolfi seem to indicate that he hoped the latter's services would be valuable to him in extending Russian influence on the
510:
1060:
599:
446:
892:
1070:
1004:
1014:
503:
306:. It had been arranged that in the event of either party reaching the rendezvous before the other, the first should wait until
311:
225:. This message, dated March 14, 1484, and forwarded by Luka and Prince Vasili, both court dignitaries, reads as follows:
452:
100:
1085:
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179:, who had exhausted his resources; he stated that unless he received the support of the republic, he would move to
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possessions in the Crimea to tributary status) in 1482, Zacharias and his subjects, a mixed population of
941:
681:
350:
documents—"Guizolfi," "Guigursis," and "Guilgursis"—may be attributed to errors of the
Russian scribes.
108:
776:
555:
294:
Several years passed before guides were sent, but in the spring of 1496 they reached the mouth of the
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two men to guide
Ghisolfi to Moscow. He directed Shein to add to this number a
922:
801:
576:
65:
917:
887:
831:
377:
Richard Löwe, Die Reste der
Germanen am Schwarzen Meere, p. 42, Halle, 1896.
339:
323:
279:
221:, to forward a message "sealed with the gold seal" to Zacharias the Jew, at
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1031: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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184:
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77:
76:, and took possession of this area, most likely centred on the town of
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570:
303:
196:
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112:
1037:
Rosenthal, Herman (1904). "Guizolfi (Giezulfis), Zacharias de". In
393:
xli. 40. For a second message, dated Oct. 18, 1487, see ib. p. 71).
936:
877:
857:
283:
274:, his ambassador at the Crimean court, that he had requested khan
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222:
164:
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140:
42:
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By the grace of God the great ruler of the
Russian country, the
200:
144:
1047:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 107–108.
492:
46:
211:
of
Muscovy directed Prince Nozdrevaty, his ambassador to the
302:
rivers, where
Zacharias was to meet them four weeks after
391:
171:
with which to retain the friendship of his allies, the
195:
Notwithstanding the fact that the Turks had captured
80:. The de Ghisolfi clan ruled this principality as a
992:
850:
764:
719:
649:
608:
563:
533:
64:married a reigning princess of the municipality of
227:
135:(which was then in the process of reducing the
107:, they maintained relations with the rulers of
504:
8:
453:Rosenthal, Herman. "Guizolfi, Zacharias de."
481:Sbornik Gosudarstvennykh Gramot i Dogovorov
716:
511:
497:
489:
468:Atti della SocietĂ Ligure di Storia Patria
475:Die Reste der Germanen am Schwarzen Meere
434:Die Reste der Germanen am Schwarzen Meere
460:. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906; citing:
370:
447:Jewish Publication Society of America
99:ceded its Crimean possessions to the
7:
1015:Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists
14:
1061:Jewish Russian and Soviet history
330:, but who never reached Russia."
203:) and most of the settlements in
1026:
554:
519:
127:was the prince and ruler of the
600:Great Council and Minor Council
442:The Haskalah Movement in Russia
477:, pp. 42, 86, 89, Halle, 1896;
131:from about 1480. Beset by the
92:for much of the 15th century.
1:
326:and is now in the service of
49:family prominent in the late
470:, iv. 127, 128, Genoa, 1866;
1102:
1071:Republic of Genoa families
1010:Genoese School of painting
765:Main aristocratic families
626:Maona of Chios and Phocaea
436:, p. 42, Halle, 1896.
314:. The guides waited until
187:had offered him a castle.
552:
123:A descendant of Simeone,
60:In 1419, the Genoese Jew
1044:The Jewish Encyclopedia
929:(commercial suburbs of
310:, and if need be until
1041:; et al. (eds.).
386:Raisin 23, at fn. 12;
360:Buscarello de Ghizolfi
243:
682:Giovanni Andrea Doria
125:Zacharias de Ghisolfi
119:Zacharias de Ghisolfi
16:Genoese-Jewish family
1005:Archdiocese of Genoa
672:Benedetto I Zaccaria
631:Bank of Saint George
411:i.e., "the Italian".
312:Peter and Paul's Day
286:from his own suite.
246:Departure for Moscow
191:Contact with Muscovy
41:) was the name of a
898:Lordship of Phocaea
706:Genoese crossbowmen
609:Economy and Finance
583:Capitano del popolo
573:(11th century–1191)
457:Jewish Encyclopedia
449:, 1913. p. 23.
250:From a despatch in
62:Simeone de Ghisolfi
888:Lordship of Lesbos
541:Maritime republics
233:Ivan Vassilivich,
101:Bank of St. George
1086:Families of Genoa
1076:History of Crimea
1023:
1022:
967:Northern Sardinia
882:Lordship of Chios
760:
759:
526:Republic of Genoa
440:Raisin, Jacob S.
266:, the voivode of
97:Republic of Genoa
1093:
1081:History of Kuban
1048:
1030:
1029:
868:Genoese colonies
717:
558:
527:
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513:
506:
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421:
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115:principalities.
1101:
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1096:
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1066:Jewish families
1051:
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1039:Singer, Isidore
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1024:
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846:
756:
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667:Biagio Assereto
645:
604:
559:
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546:Relief of Genoa
529:
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444:. Philadelphia:
432:Löwe, Richard.
429:
424:
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:ib. pp. 77-114.
401:
397:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
356:
336:
292:
248:
239:all the Russias
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129:Taman peninsula
121:
84:of the Genoese
70:Taman Peninsula
22:(also known as
17:
12:
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5:
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931:Constantinople
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133:Ottoman Empire
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53:and the early
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1033:public domain
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699:Naval battles
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595:Doge's Palace
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328:Meñli I Giray
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276:Meñli I Giray
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219:Meñli I Giray
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213:Crimean Tatar
210:
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173:Crimean Goths
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137:Girai Khanate
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95:In 1453, the
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40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1042:
1025:
692:Simone Doria
677:Andrea Doria
657:Genoese Navy
636:Banca Carige
616:Genoese lira
480:
474:
467:
455:
441:
433:
416:
407:
398:
390:
387:
382:
373:
337:
320:
316:St. Nicholas
293:
272:Dmitry Shein
249:
228:
194:
183:, where the
124:
122:
94:
82:protectorate
61:
59:
38:
34:
31:
27:
23:
19:
18:
880:(including
822:Pallavicini
641:Slave trade
591:(1339–1797)
585:(1257–1339)
579:(1191–1256)
420:ib. p. 309.
308:Whitsuntide
278:to send to
260:Kuban River
157:Circassians
105:Khozi Kokos
74:Bikhakhanim
55:Renaissance
51:Middle Ages
24:de Guizolfi
20:De Ghisolfi
1055:Categories
802:Boccanegra
777:Centurione
564:Government
366:References
231:Grand Duke
111:and other
66:Tmutarakan
35:Guilgursis
32:Guigursis,
28:de Gisolfi
942:Moncastro
851:Geography
832:Gattilusi
817:Imperiali
483:, ii. 24.
427:Resources
340:Black Sea
324:Circassia
280:Cherkassy
181:Wallachia
86:consulate
39:Giexulfis
842:Zaccaria
837:Embriaco
797:Cattaneo
787:Grimaldi
741:Ottoman
727:Venetian
662:Admirals
650:Military
621:Genovino
388:see also
354:See also
334:Analysis
268:Moldavia
209:Ivan III
149:Italians
139:and the
1035::
993:Culture
972:Gibelet
957:Caladda
952:Giurgiu
947:Calafat
918:Cembalo
908:Gazaria
903:Tabarka
873:Corsica
863:Liguria
827:Fieschi
807:Durazzo
792:Spinola
782:Fregoso
737:Catalan
711:Battles
577:PodestĂ
534:History
348:Russian
344:Italian
300:Taigana
296:Miyusha
258:on the
256:Conario
205:Gazaria
185:voivode
177:Feodoro
141:Italian
113:Russian
109:Muscovy
90:Gazaria
78:Matrega
68:on the
43:Genoese
982:Vicina
962:Monaco
927:Galata
772:Adorno
750:Lesbos
745:Amasra
732:Mongol
571:Consul
473:Löwe,
304:Easter
264:Stefan
169:ducats
161:Tatars
153:Greeks
72:named
47:Jewish
913:Caffa
893:Ainos
878:Chios
858:Genoa
812:Doria
284:Tatar
254:from
252:Latin
223:Caffa
165:Slavs
1000:Flag
977:Tyre
937:Mapa
925:and
923:Pera
720:Wars
589:Doge
346:and
298:and
290:Fate
235:Czar
216:khan
201:Azov
197:Tana
163:and
145:Jews
37:and
237:of
175:of
88:of
57:.
1057::
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
30:,
26:,
933:)
884:)
512:e
505:t
498:v
199:(
45:-
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