105:. On Mercury, ghost craters are most commonly found in the northern hemisphere of the planet in the smooth plains. There are three types of ghost craters on Mercury. Type one ghost craters contains a wrinkle ridge that forms a ring while type two ghost craters contain a wrinkle ridge ring and graben in the interior. Type three ghost crater's wrinkle ridge ring either does not exist or can not be observed. Instead, it has a ring of graben along its border.
67:
2262:
2274:
162:
craters while the planet was experiencing global contraction from interior cooling. Other planetary bodies such as the Moon and Mars do not have both tectonic features within their ghost craters, possibly due to the accumulation rates of volcanic material on the Moon and Mars being slower than the rates on
Mercury.
126:
rebound in response to the formation of the crater or from the volcanic material being deposited. The volcanic material will contract as it cools, and this cooling generates extensional stresses. The orientation of a graben is determined based on the stress at the time of its formation. Radial graben
139:
Wrinkle ridges are tectonic feature where sections of the crust are uplifted. Wrinkle ridges are associated with compressional stresses. On
Mercury, the planet's interior is cooling and contracting. This contraction creates planet-wide compression. Wrinkle ridges on Mercury are thought to come from
152:
Scientists used cross-cutting relationships in order to determine the sequence of events that formed ghost craters. Most likely, an impact struck
Mercury. Then volcanic material flooded over the surface and filled the inside of the crater. Next, the graben or wrinkle ridges formed. When the graben
161:
The presence of both graben and wrinkle ridges within ghost craters is a feature unique to
Mercury. This combination is because of the tectonic processes that formed the graben and wrinkle ridges. The graben and wrinkle ridges came from rapidly accumulating lava flows that cooled within impact
62:
spacecraft had mapped 98% of the planet's surface. By 2013, Messenger mapped 100% of the planet's surface. Mercury Dual
Imaging System cameras and Mercury Laser Altimeter equipment on the messenger spacecraft allowed for researchers to obtain high-resolution images of the planet's surface for
122:. The footwall is raised while the hanging wall is lowered, creating a depression. The graben are thought to have formed from extensional stresses due to uplift and contraction of the volcanic deposits that filled the crater. Uplift is possible by
153:
are all included within the wrinkle ridges, then they are interpreted to have formed after the wrinkle ridges. If a graben cuts across a ridge and appears to be modified, then it is interpreted to be older, and to have formed before the ridges.
190:
Watters, T. R.; Solomon, S. C.; Klimczak, C.; Freed, A. M.; Head, J. W.; Carolyn, M. E.; Blair, D. M.; Timothy, A. G.; Byrne, P. K. (December 2012). "Extension and contraction within volcanically buried impact craters and basins on
Mercury".
333:
Watters, T. R.; Solomon, S. C.; Robinson, M. S.; Head, J. W.; André, S. L.; Hauck, S. A.; Murchie, S. L. (August 15, 2009). "The tectonics of
Mercury: The view after MESSENGER's first flyby".
269:
411:
40:
and global contraction. The combination of graben and wrinkle ridges inside ghost craters found on
Mercury has not been observed on any of the other
299:"Deformation Associated with Ghost Craters and Basins in Volcanic Smooth Plains on Mercury: Strain Analysis and Implications for Plains Evolution"
2140:
464:
131:
are the most extensional, circumferential graben form. If radial stress and circumferential stress are equal, then polygonal patterns form.
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454:
140:
material loaded on top of the volcanic plains, in addition to the cooling. When plains have volcanic material deposited on top, the
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1966:
495:
485:
404:
803:
1126:
2122:
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1986:
1961:
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1026:
431:
1566:
469:
1616:
1571:
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813:
316:
926:
2265:
831:
397:
1971:
36:. These features were formed by extensional and contractional forces originating in tectonic processes such as
1991:
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1711:
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2154:
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1521:
558:
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1111:
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2011:
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2016:
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619:
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33:
1871:
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141:
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750:
52:
The tectonic features on
Mercury were not studied in precise detail until the
2246:
2204:
2180:
377:"Thermally Induced Graben in Peak-Ring Basins and Ghost Craters on Mercury"
258:. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference : Houston, TX, United States.
73:
crater (right of center) showing multiple ghost craters and graben within.
2132:
123:
90:
25:
226:
127:
form when basin-circumferential stresses are the most extensional. When
212:
29:
102:
65:
230:
98:
94:
393:
253:"TECTONIC FEATURES ON MERCURY: AN ORBITAL VIEW WITH MESSENGER"
93:
deposits. Ghost craters can be observed on the surface of the
389:
2234:
2214:
2197:
2162:
2153:
2131:
2108:
2101:
2085:
2055:
812:
774:
716:
668:
600:
582:
494:
478:
447:
440:
144:can flex and create more compressional stresses.
118:A graben is a tectonic feature associated with
405:
270:"MESSENGER Has Imaged 100 Percent of Mercury"
8:
58:spacecraft was sent to Mercury; by 2009 the
328:
326:
246:
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2159:
2105:
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370:
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171:
101:, Mercury, and may possibly exist on
7:
335:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
14:
2272:
2261:
2260:
63:analyzing Mercury's tectonics.
1:
804:Skinakas (hypothetical basin)
2093:Hypothetical moon of Mercury
19:Ghost craters on the planet
89:that have been filled with
2316:
2141:Mercury-crossing asteroids
355:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.025
2300:Impact craters on Mercury
2255:
427:
2222:Colonization of Mercury
347:2009E&PSL.285..283W
317:Encyclopædia Britannica
272:. NASA. Archived from
148:Temporal relationships
74:
1567:Kuan Han-Chʻing
297:Klimczak, Christian.
69:
1617:Li Chʻing-Chao
2073:Inter-crater plains
205:2012Geo....40.1123W
42:terrestrial planets
313:"horst and graben"
75:
2287:
2286:
2230:
2229:
2149:
2148:
2081:
2080:
1127:Chŏng Chʼŏl
1122:Chiang Kʻui
761:Santa María Rupes
630:Mearcair Planitia
615:Borealis Planitia
610:Apārangi Planitia
109:Tectonic features
28:features such as
2307:
2276:
2264:
2263:
2160:
2106:
1627:Liang Kʻai
832:Africanus Horton
756:Resolution Rupes
746:Enterprise Rupes
726:Antoniadi Dorsum
693:Goldstone Vallis
688:Goldstone Catena
660:Utaridi Planitia
645:Stilbon Planitia
625:Caloris Planitia
445:
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213:10.1130/G33725.1
187:
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2145:
2127:
2097:
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2051:
1972:Sholem Aleichem
808:
799:Rembrandt Basin
794:Raditladi Basin
789:Pantheon Fossae
776:
770:
741:Discovery Rupes
731:Adventure Rupes
718:
712:
703:Haystack Vallis
698:Haystack Catena
670:
664:
650:Suisei Planitia
640:Sobkou Planitia
602:
596:
584:
578:
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455:Albedo features
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251:Watters, T. R.
250:
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129:radial stresses
120:normal faulting
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2209:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:(2018–present)
2185:
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2166:
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2014:
2009:
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1989:
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1969:
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1394:
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1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:Guido d'Arezzo
1364:
1359:
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1189:
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1134:
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1079:
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1069:
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1044:
1039:
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1029:
1024:
1019:
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984:
979:
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929:
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809:
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791:
786:
780:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
766:Victoria Rupes
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
720:
714:
713:
711:
710:
705:
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695:
690:
685:
683:Arecibo Vallis
680:
678:Arecibo Catena
674:
672:
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632:
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592:Caloris Montes
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470:Magnetic field
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375:Blair, David.
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322:
304:
286:
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236:
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169:
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135:Wrinkle ridges
133:
115:
112:
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87:impact craters
79:
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49:
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34:wrinkle ridges
13:
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2107:
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2100:
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2068:Ghost craters
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1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Judah Ha-Levi
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
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1500:
1498:
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784:Caloris Basin
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708:Simeiz Vallis
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635:Odin Planitia
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620:Budh Planitia
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583:Mountains and
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276:on 2021-11-18
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199:: 1123–1126.
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83:Ghost craters
78:Ghost craters
77:
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64:
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57:
56:
47:
45:
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39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:
16:
2271:
2259:
2179:
2171:
2067:
1992:Sveinsdóttir
1897:Rachmaninoff
1722:Michelangelo
1717:Mendes Pinto
1652:Ma Chih-Yuan
1307:Gainsborough
1112:Chao Meng-Fu
1057:Brunelleschi
887:Amru Al-Qays
867:Al-Hamadhani
736:Beagle Rupes
655:Tir Planitia
549:Michelangelo
338:
334:
307:
278:. Retrieved
274:the original
264:
221:
196:
192:
160:
151:
138:
117:
81:
59:
54:
51:
18:
17:
15:
2188:BepiColombo
2184:(2004–2015)
2176:(1973–1975)
2155:Exploration
2022:Villa-Lobos
2002:To Ngoc Van
1967:Shakespeare
1902:Raden Saleh
1787:Mussorgskij
1467:Hovnatanian
1227:Dostoevskij
1107:Chaikovskij
1072:Callicrates
952:Baranauskas
922:Aristoxenes
917:Apollodorus
669:Canyons and
559:Shakespeare
496:Quadrangles
486:Quadrangles
341:: 283–296.
227:"MESSENGER"
142:lithosphere
2173:Mariner 10
1982:Stravinsky
1882:Praxiteles
1877:Polygnotus
1757:Monteverdi
1727:Mickiewicz
1682:Mark Twain
1262:Enheduanna
1162:Cunningham
1032:Botticelli
947:Balanchine
907:Anguissola
837:Ahmad Baba
775:Basins and
751:Hero Rupes
717:Ridges and
601:Plains and
460:Atmosphere
280:2014-04-03
166:References
157:Importance
2247:Sub-Earth
2205:Mercury-P
2181:MESSENGER
2133:Asteroids
2102:Astronomy
2037:Xiao Zhao
2012:Velázquez
1957:Scarlatti
1922:Rembrandt
1907:Raditladi
1892:Qi Baishi
1887:Prokofiev
1637:Lovecraft
1607:Lermontov
1507:Izquierdo
1422:Hiroshige
1412:Hemingway
1397:Hawthorne
1392:Hauptmann
1302:Futabatei
1202:Derzhavin
1192:Delacroix
1142:Coleridge
1097:Cervantes
1022:Boccaccio
992:Belinskij
982:Beethoven
927:Aśvaghoṣa
857:Al-Akhtal
852:Akutagawa
827:Abu Nuwas
585:volcanoes
564:Raditladi
529:Discovery
509:Beethoven
441:Geography
124:isostatic
71:Izquierdo
60:MESSENGER
55:MESSENGER
48:Discovery
2294:Category
2266:Category
2215:See also
2198:Proposed
2165:and past
2110:Transits
1987:Sullivan
1962:Schubert
1857:Petrarch
1782:Murasaki
1777:Munkácsy
1707:Melville
1647:Lysippus
1602:Leopardi
1597:Larrocha
1587:Kurosawa
1582:Kunisada
1527:Kalidasa
1432:Hodgkins
1427:Hitomaro
1387:Harunobu
1322:Ghiberti
1292:Flaubert
1287:Firdousi
1277:Faulkner
1257:Eminescu
1217:Dominici
1177:De Graft
1157:Couperin
1082:Carducci
1042:Bramante
1027:Boethius
1017:Bjornson
942:Balagtas
872:Al-Jāhiz
603:plateaus
574:Victoria
534:Eminescu
514:Borealis
465:Features
91:volcanic
26:tectonic
2242:Fiction
2235:Related
2207:(~2031)
2163:Current
2063:Geology
2027:Vivaldi
2007:Tolstoj
1917:Raphael
1867:Picasso
1862:Phidias
1847:Oskison
1832:Neumann
1822:Nureyev
1802:Nampeyo
1797:Nabokov
1747:Molière
1737:Mistral
1702:Matisse
1697:Matabei
1692:Martial
1667:Mansart
1657:Machaut
1642:Lu Hsun
1612:Lessing
1577:Kulthum
1557:Kipling
1547:Kertész
1512:Janáček
1497:Imhotep
1492:Ictinus
1477:Hun Kal
1447:Holberg
1442:Holbein
1437:Hokusai
1377:Han Kan
1312:Gauguin
1297:Flaiano
1272:Equiano
1267:Enwonwu
1247:Eastman
1232:Dowland
1212:Dickens
1207:Desprez
1182:Debussy
1147:Copland
1102:Cézanne
1092:Calvino
1087:Carolan
1052:Bruegel
1012:Bernini
977:Beckett
902:Angelou
897:Aneirin
862:Alencar
847:Aksakov
814:Craters
671:valleys
569:Tolstoj
539:Hokusai
519:Debussy
479:Regions
448:General
432:Outline
421:Mercury
343:Bibcode
201:Bibcode
193:Geology
21:Mercury
2278:Portal
1997:Titian
1952:Sander
1947:Rudaki
1932:Rivera
1927:Renoir
1912:Rameau
1837:Nizami
1817:Neruda
1812:Nawahi
1767:Mozart
1742:Mofolo
1732:Milton
1672:Mansur
1662:Mahler
1572:Kuiper
1552:Khansa
1482:Hurley
1462:Horace
1417:Hesiod
1382:Handel
1347:Goethe
1337:Glinka
1332:Giotto
1327:Gibran
1317:Geddes
1252:Eitoku
1242:Dvorak
1197:Derain
1152:Copley
1137:Chu Ta
1132:Chopin
1117:Chekov
1077:Camões
1047:Brontë
1037:Brahms
1007:Berkel
1002:Benoit
962:Bartók
957:Balzac
882:Amaral
822:Abedin
777:fossae
554:Neruda
544:Kuiper
524:Derain
114:Graben
38:uplift
30:graben
2118:Earth
2086:Moons
2056:Other
2042:Yeats
2032:Vyasa
2017:Verdi
1977:Sinan
1942:Rodin
1937:Rizal
1827:Nervo
1807:Navoi
1792:Myron
1772:Munch
1762:Moody
1752:Monet
1687:Martí
1677:March
1632:Liszt
1622:Li Po
1592:Lange
1562:Kōshō
1542:Kenko
1537:Keats
1532:Karsh
1517:Jokai
1487:Ibsen
1457:Homer
1452:Holst
1407:Heine
1402:Haydn
1362:Grieg
1352:Gogol
1342:Gluck
1237:Durer
1222:Donne
1187:Degas
1172:Dario
1067:Byron
1062:Burns
997:Bello
972:Bashō
967:Barma
932:Atget
912:Anyte
892:Andal
877:Alver
842:Ailey
719:rupes
380:(PDF)
256:(PDF)
103:Venus
24:have
2123:Mars
2047:Zola
1852:Ovid
1842:Okyo
1712:Mena
1502:Ives
1472:Hugo
1372:Hals
1357:Goya
1167:Dali
937:Bach
504:Bach
231:NASA
99:Mars
95:Moon
85:are
32:and
1872:Poe
1282:Fet
987:Bek
351:doi
339:285
209:doi
2296::
363:^
349:.
337:.
325:^
315:.
289:^
239:^
229:.
207:.
197:40
195:.
174:^
97:,
44:.
413:e
406:t
399:v
382:.
357:.
353::
345::
319:.
301:.
283:.
233:.
215:.
211::
203::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
