304:
510:) within these tissues. Pathology study published by Kawakami et al in 1980, identifies the development of chronic granulocytic leukemia within young GaLV infected gibbons after latency periods of 5â11 months. Additionally, the introduction of GaLV into 14-month-old gibbons, demonstrated the production of neutralising antibodies which enabled individuals to remain asymptomatic and free of hematopoietic disease, thereby demonstrating the host's immune response to GaLV infection.
35:
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diseases of FeLV include; lymphoma, non-regenerative anemias and thymic degenerative disease. Currently, the prevalence of FeLV has decreased since the 1970s and 1980s, due to veterinary interventions, vaccination, biosecurity protocols and quarantine or euthanasia of infected animals. Accurate blood testing procedures revolving around the detection of FeLV P27 enables diagnosis via two methods; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (
593:
which confirmed horizontal transmission of FeLV without close contact with infected individuals. Furthermore, the three strains of FeLV are A,B,C. FeLV-A is the least pathogenic strain that is transmittable in nature especially within unvaccinated animals. Contrarily, FeLV-B is derived via recombination of exogenous FeLV-A with endogenous sequences (enFeLV) whilst the limited research into the origins of FeLV-C leans towards
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2797:
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GaLV belongs to the retrovirus family which utilises an enzyme called reverse transcriptase in viral replication. Retroviruses have single stranded genomes (ssRNA) which undergoes reverse transcription to form double-stranded DNA (dsNDA) prior to proviral integration into the genome of the host cell.
592:
FeLV is horizontally and vertically transmitted through biomaterials; saliva, blood, breast milk, urine and feces. Furthermore, transmission can also occur postnatally or prenatally within parent-progeny relationships. The potency of parasitic fleas as a viral vector for FeLV was identified in 2003,
464:
virus that is horizontally transmitted via contact with GaLV contaminated biomaterials such as urine and faces. This is confirmed within hybrizidation assay which evidenced the lack of proviral genome within uninfected gibbons. Furthermore, experimental research conducted at the
Comparative Oncology
451:
Journal, highlights the potential of viral resistance within gibbon-apes, due to the partial proviral transcription of an intact envelope gene. The expression of the GaLV envelope gene was exhibited within an asymptomatic gibbon despite long term exposure to another highly viremic gibbon. Therefore,
255:
and leukemias were not described in gibbons until the 1960s, when several cases of haematopoietic neoplasia were reported in a single colony of white-handed gibbons housed at the SEATO research facility in
Bangkok, Thailand. In 1971, phylogenetic analysis of the Leukemia-inducing retrovirus, lead to
535:
KoRV belongs to the gammaretrovirus genus and is closely related to GaLV with an 80% nucleotide similarity. The retrovirus is isolated from lymphomas and leukemias, present within infected captive and free-living koala populations in
Australasia. Accordingly, a study published within the journal of
227:
analysis have revealed 7 strains of GaLV; GaLV-SF, GaLV-SEATO, GaLV-BR, GALV-X, GaLV-Mar, GaLV-H and SSV, which have emerged as a result of selection pressures from the host immune system. Recently, full genome sequences of these strains have been made available which broadens the possibilities for
452:
the expression of the GaLV envelope in the absence of replication-competent GaLV may have rendered the animal resistant to GaLV infection. Furthermore, antibodies against the retrovirus was identified in gibbons without evidence of disease which suggests a natural immunological resistance to GaLV.
379:
published "Is gibbon ape leukaemia virus still a threat?" which offered a valid hypothesis for the spread of MbRV from PNG to
Thailand by divulging SEATO facility reports and reviewing geographical movement of gibbons during the 1960s and 1970's. The SEATO facility report demonstrated that gibbons
561:
by
Tarlington and colleagues, provides epidemiological evidence that germline infections are present in populations found in Queensland, yet some individuals in Southern Australia lack the provirus, suggesting that retroviral endogenization began in Northern Australia between the last 100 to 200
584:
family. First discovered in 1964 within a cluster of cats with lymphosarcoma. FeLV is identified as the infectious agent causing immunomodulation within bone marrow and the immune system, which renders infected cats susceptible to a variety of secondary and opportunistic infections. Associated
374:
retrovirus (MbRV), isolated from a species of rodent from Papua New Guinea. Immunological analysis highlights that MbRV shares 93% sequence homology with GaLV-SEATO which is significantly higher than McERV and MDEV. However, due to the lack of geographic overlap of grassland melomys in PNG and
694:
which demonstrates that human T lymphocyte gene transfer methods should utilise the GaLV envelope protein that binds to the GLVR-1 surface receptor. However, because gammaretroviruses are incapable of infecting non-dividing cells, the utility of GaLV envelope protein in gene transfer is being
548:
9 subtypes of KoRV have been identified, with the primary strains being; KoRV-A, KoRV-B and KoRV-J, which induces immodulation resulting in neoplastic syndromes and chlamydiosis. Moreover, the study demonstrated the diseases associated with KoRV-B including; developed abdominal lymphoma, a
434:
Nuclear entry: The proviral integration of GaLV into the host genome requires entry into the nucleus of the target cell. However, GaLV is incapable of infecting non-dividing cells and therefore relies on the breakdown of the nuclear membrane during mitosis cell division for nuclear
399:
The last hypothesis is based on the sequence similarity of GaLV and retroviruses present within
Southeast Asian bat species. Mobile bat species are potential intermediate hosts of GALV as they can disperse rapidly over large geographical areas and have also been linked to several
689:
Gene transfer is dependent on the relationship between receptor expression and transduction efficiency. Human T-lymphocytes have two surface receptors (GLVR-1 and GLVR-2) that detect the presence of GaLV. Furthermore, Lam et al evidenced the 8 fold greater expression of
685:
with GaLV envelope protein, enabled gene transfer to various host cells. Furthermore, the development of "hybrid murine amphotropic viral envelope with the extracellular domains of GALV also helps to increase the cell infection rate within the host during gene therapy."
356:(Lieber et al. 1975, Callahan et al. 1979). Furthermore, this hypothesis was based on results derived from low resolution serological and DNA homology methods. Thus, present phylogenetic analysis of proviral sequences of GALVâSEATO and MLV shows a 68â69% similarity for
256:
the identification of GaLV-SEATO, published within De Paoli et al. (1971). Following this discovery, five other strains of GaLV was identified from animals whose associated neoplastic syndromes were exclusively recorded in captive gibbon populations, which include:
366:
thus indicating the limited sequence similarity. Therefore, there are no published proviral sequences from rodent hosts which share a sufficiently high degree of sequence identity to GALV to confirm an intermediate rodent host as the precursor for GaLV.
298:
a defective GALV recombinant, derived from a single isolate of fibrosarcoma in a Woolly Monkey that was exposed to a GALV-infected captive gibbon. For viral replication to occur within the host, simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSAV) must also be
611:
PERV was first described in 1970, belonging to the gammaretrovirus genus, Orthoretrovirinae subfamily and
Retroviridae family,. PERV is categorised into three replication competent subtypes: PERV-A, PERV-B and PERV-C. PERV-A and PERV-B are
263:
identified from a gibbon lymphosarcoma in San
Francisco and within captured gibbons populations at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center and the University of California. (Kawakami et al. and Snyder et al.,
978:
589:), which detects the presence of free FeLV particles that are found in the bloodstream and indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA), which detects the presence of retroviral particles within white blood cells.
2400:
Lam, John S.; Reeves, Mark E.; Cowherd, Robert; Rosenberg, Steven A.; Hwu, Patrick (August 1996). "Improved Gene
Transfer into Human Lymphocytes Using Retroviruses with the Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Envelope".
540:
highlights that 80% of koalas that developed neoplasia was also KoRV-B positive, thereby linking the widespread infection of leukemia and lymphoma to KoRV. At present, KoRV is the only retroviral that induces
1891:
Westman, Mark; Norris, Jacqueline; Malik, Richard; Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; Harvey, Andrea; McLuckie, Alicia; Perkins, Martine; Schofield, Donna; Marcus, Alan; McDonald, Mike; Ward, Michael (2019-05-31).
220:
of a MbRV-related virus into captured gibbons populations housed at medical research institutions. The virus was subsequently identified in captive gibbon populations in
Thailand, the US and Bermuda.
1486:
Alfano, Niccolò; Michaux, Johan; Morand, Serge; Aplin, Ken; Tsangaras, Kyriakos; LÜber, Ulrike; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Fitriana, Yuli; Semiadi, Gono; Ishida, Yasuko; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2016-09-15).
1206:
Alfano, Niccolò; Michaux, Johan; Morand, Serge; Aplin, Ken; Tsangaras, Kyriakos; LÜber, Ulrike; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Fitriana, Yuli; Semiadi, Gono; Ishida, Yasuko; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2016-08-26).
1822:
Hardy, W. D.; Hess, P. W.; MacEwen, E. G.; McClelland, A. J.; Zuckerman, E. E.; Essex, M.; Cotter, S. M.; Jarrett, O. (February 1976). "Biology of feline leukemia virus in the natural environment".
208:
within gibbons in 1971, during the epidemic of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Epidemiological research into the origins of GaLV has developed two hypotheses for the virus' emergence. These include
2078:"A Replication-Competent Feline Leukemia Virus, Subgroup A (FeLV-A), Tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Exhibits In Vitro Biological Properties Similar to Those of the Parental FeLV-A"
2294:
Cooray, Samantha; Howe, Steven J.; Thrasher, Adrian J. (2012-01-01), "Chapter three - Retrovirus and Lentivirus Vector Design and Methods of Cell Conditioning", in Friedmann, Theodore (ed.),
562:
years. Pathology study of the endogenizing integration of KoRV-A into the host's genome is essential in developing a therapeutic vaccine which decreases the incidence rate of 3% per year.
1951:
223:
GaLV is transmitted horizontally by contact with excretory products of infected gibbons. However, it is also hypothesised to be vertically transmitted via parent-progeny transmission.
1389:
2021:"The Surface Glycoprotein of Feline Leukemia Virus Isolate FeLV-945 Is a Determinant of Altered Pathogenesis in the Presence or Absence of the Unique Viral Long Terminal Repeat"
636:
has not occurred within; recipients of pig nerve cells or skin grafts, patients with porcine-based liver or pancreatic xenografts, and butchers in contact with porcine tissue.
431:
Reverse transcription: The viral core then enters the cytoplasm of the target cell where the enzyme, reverse transcriptase, generates a complementary DNA strand from 3' to 5'.
490:
Conditions associated with GALV include neoplastic syndromes leading to susceptible secondary and often fatal diseases including; malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic leukemia,
3930:
388:. It is therefore proposed that blood and tissue samples used at SEATO were contaminated with MbRV-related virus and later introduced into Gibbon test subjects via
1090:"Discovery of a Novel Retrovirus Sequence in an Australian Native Rodent (Melomys burtoni): A Putative Link between Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus and Koala Retrovirus"
3360:
438:
Replication: Once the proviral DNA enters the nucleus of the host cell, replication occurs via polypeptide synthesis and becomes integrated into the host genome.
3943:
681:
of the host cell producing "normal" secretable proteins. The earliest retroviral vectors were based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) which when
417:
Binding: The first step of GaLV retroviral replication is the adsorption of adsorbate particles on the surface of human cells using receptor molecules
380:
were frequently inoculated with biomaterial from humans, Southeast Asian rodents and other gibbons, for pathogenetic study of human diseases including
2019:
Bolin, Lisa L.; Ahmad, Shamim; Lobelle-Rich, Patricia A.; Ooms, Tara G.; Alvarez-Hernandez, Xavier; Didier, Peter J.; Levy, Laura S. (October 2013).
338:
of GaLV and its origins including the virus' intermediate host, which is currently disputed. Virologist initially suggested that GaLV was related to
2703:
467:
horizontal transmission of GaLV within a 14-month-old uninfected gibbon which contracted GaLV within six weeks of exposure to viremic individuals."
894:
311:
These strains exhibit high genetic similarity, demonstrated through DNA sequencing which reveals approx. 90% sequence identity and more than 93%
2138:"Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) â Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells"
428:
Entry into host cell: Then GaLV particles use these cell-surface proteins on the cell membrane, as specific receptors to enter their host cells.
2847:
2461:
1454:"Chapter 31 - Occupational Exposure to Zoonotic Simian Retroviruses: Health and Safety Implications for Persons Working with Nonhuman Primates"
858:"Chapter 31 - Occupational Exposure to Zoonotic Simian Retroviruses: Health and Safety Implications for Persons Working with Nonhuman Primates"
270:
detected in cell culture from a human T-cell line infected with HIV-1 in Louvain, Belgium and at the National Cancer Institute in Maryland, US.
2379:
2345:
2270:
1870:
1465:
1431:
1399:
1072:
988:
869:
3416:
3835:
3314:
1265:"The receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine leukemia virus are not downregulated in productively infected cells"
1157:"Transspecies Transmission of Gammaretroviruses and the Origin of the Gibbon Ape Leukaemia Virus (GaLV) and the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV)"
3059:
1678:"Molecular Dynamics and Mode of Transmission of Koala Retrovirus as It Invades and Spreads through a Wild Queensland Koala Population"
538:
Molecular Dynamics and Mode of Transmission of Koala Retrovirus as It Invades and Spreads through a Wild Queensland Koala Population,
3111:
545:
infections and therefore presents the opportunity for scientists to understand the processes regulating retrovirus endogenization.
282:
Identified in frozen brain samples of non-leukemic gibbons at the Gulf South Research Institute in Louisiana. (Gallo et al., 1978)
2813:
1418:
Lowenstine, Linda J.; McManamon, Rita; Terio, Karen A. (2018-01-01), Terio, Karen A.; McAloose, Denise; Leger, Judy St. (eds.),
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34:
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OâConnor, Thomas P.; Lawrence, John; Andersen, Philip; Leathers, Valerie; Workman, Erwin (2013-01-01), Wild, David (ed.),
1673:
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342:(MLV) detected in Southeast Asian rodents. The endogenous retroviruses with similar homology are; McERV, detected within
3596:
3282:
3277:
3223:
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identified from a gibbon with lymphocytic leukemias from a colony of free-ranging gibbons at the Hall's Island, Bermuda.
307:
GaLV Phylogenetic trees derived from genome sequences of GaLV strains; GaLV-SEATO, GaLV-Br, GaLV-H, GaLV-X and GaLV-SF.
3621:
3288:
3253:
1976:
Vobis, M.; d'Haese, J.; Mehlhorn, H.; Mencke, N. (2003). "Signing into eresources, The University of Sydney Library".
2366:
Fischer, Alain; Hacein-Bey-Abina, Salima; Cavazzana-Calvo, Marina (2014-01-01), Etzioni, Amos; Ochs, Hans D. (eds.),
3971:
3273:
2840:
2454:
1735:"Antibody response against koala retrovirus (KoRV) in koalas harboring KoRV-A in the presence or absence of KoRV-B"
759:
J, McKee; N, Clark; F, Shapter; G, Simmons (April 2017). "A New Look at the Origins of Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus".
303:
209:
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3651:
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1488:"Endogenous Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Identified in a Rodent (Melomys burtoni subsp.) from Wallacea (Indonesia)"
1208:"Endogenous Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Identified in a Rodent (Melomys burtoni subsp.) from Wallacea (Indonesia)"
1004:
Reitz, M S; wong-Staal, F; Haseltine, W A; Kleid, D G; Trainor, C D; Gallagher, R E; Gallo, R C (January 1979).
3626:
3404:
658:
1894:"The Diagnosis of Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) Infection in Owned and Group-Housed Rescue Cats in Australia"
1062:
715:
S, Delassus; P, Sonigo; S, Wain-Hobson (November 1989). "Genetic Organization of Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus".
2912:
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1088:
Simmons, Greg; Clarke, Daniel; McKee, Jeff; Young, Paul; Meers, Joanne (2014-09-24). Roca, Alfred L. (ed.).
670:
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3601:
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Thailand, MbRV was initially considered ill-suited as the intermediate host of GaLV. However, in 2016 the
2923:
2332:
Worgall, Stefan; Crystal, Ronald G. (2014-01-01), Lanza, Robert; Langer, Robert; Vacanti, Joseph (eds.),
3812:
3501:
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Chang, Zongli; Pan, Judong; Logg, Christopher; Kasahara, Noriyuki; Roy-Burman, Pradip (September 2001).
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29:
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Murphy, Hayley Weston; Switzer, William M. (2008-01-01), Fowler, Murray E.; Miller, R. Eric (eds.),
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Murphy, Hayley Weston; Switzer, William M. (2008-01-01), Fowler, Murray E.; Miller, R. Eric (eds.),
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2738:
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629:
189:
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of which offspring exhibit a large quantity of proviral DNA in opposed to postnatal transmission.
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2001:
948:
924:
784:
613:
154:
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2136:Ĺopata, Krzysztof; Wojdas, Emilia; Nowak, Roman; Ĺopata, PaweĹ; Mazurek, Urszula (2018-04-11).
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131:
95:
83:
71:
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An alternative hypothesis is based on the high sequence similarity of GaLV-SEATO and the
315:
genome identity between strains of GaLV. Differences between these strains occurs in the
1750:
1105:
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cells. The cross-species transmission of PERV's in human cells have been demonstrated
616:
viruses which are capable of infecting humans and porcine cells, whereas PERV-C is an
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3126:
3039:
2876:
2728:
2640:
2573:
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240:
233:
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2005:
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2614:
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to replace genes that code for dysfunctional proteins. The inserted gene undergoes
654:
650:
581:
554:
491:
396:, thereby resulting in the development of GaLV within two gibbons (S-76 and S-77).
385:
335:
229:
107:
1021:
1006:"Gibbon ape leukemia virus-Hall's Island: new strain of gibbon ape leukemia virus"
3880:
1114:
469:
Furthermore, GaLV is also transmitted prenatally via parent-progeny transmission
3889:
3767:
3642:
3074:
3050:
2681:
2660:
2578:
2553:
495:
393:
213:
212:
of the retrovirus present within a species of East Asian rodent or bat, and the
2414:
1758:
425:(GLVR-2, PIT-2). Both molecules are cellular proteins (phosphate transporters).
3825:
3747:
3577:
3371:
3192:
2758:
2733:
2368:"Chapter 26 - How Primary Immunodeficiencies Have Made Gene Therapy a Reality"
1989:
772:
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503:
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119:
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2568:
949:"Virologists unravel mystery of late 20th century gibbon leukaemia outbreak"
461:
59:
2313:
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2119:
2062:
1997:
1937:
1784:
1719:
1655:
1593:
1531:
1374:
1308:
1281:
1249:
1192:
1141:
925:"Complete genome of all strains of the gibbon ape leukemia virus sequenced"
780:
2430:
1347:
736:
649:
GaLV Envelope Protein has biomedical significance due to its utility as a
3874:
2500:
2036:
1843:
1798:
1693:
1504:
1223:
1047:
910:
678:
542:
401:
289:
252:
201:
185:
2300:, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 507, Academic Press, pp. 29â57,
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and granulocytic leukemia. In cases of granulocytic leukemia, increased
1550:"Koala retroviruses: characterization and impact on the life of koalas"
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621:
422:
418:
381:
2439:
1910:
835:
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2753:
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2257:
Hunter, Jacqueline E.; Ramos, Linnet; Wolfe, John H. (2017-01-01),
1733:
Olagoke, O.; Quigley, B. L.; Eiden, M. V.; Timms, P. (2019-08-27).
334:
in sub-human primates stimulated a great deal of research into the
2856:
2474:
1859:"Chapter 8.1 - Immunoassay Applications in Veterinary Diagnostics"
586:
302:
46:
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of porcine cells, tissues and organs. However, diagnosis of PERV
3830:
3922:
3855:
2829:
2443:
3380:
2263:
Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology
2200:"How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)?"
815:
Brown, Katherine; Tarlinton, Rachael E. (January 2017).
184:, type C retrovirus that has been isolated from primate
1672:
Quigley, Bonnie L.; Ong, Vanissa A.; Hanger, Jonathan;
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gene therapy, which involves the modification of cells
196:. The virus was identified as the etiological agent of
576:
FeLV is an oncogenic gammaretrovirus belonging to the
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2628:
2592:
2544:
2509:
1612:"Koala retrovirus: a genome invasion in real time"
549:nonspecified proliferative/bone marrow condition,
2338:Principles of Tissue Engineering (Fourth Edition)
1956:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
1605:
1603:
288:detected in cell culture (in vitro) derived from
413:The GaLV replication cycle proceeds as follows:
1263:Liu, Meihong; Eiden, Maribeth V. (2011-07-05).
895:"Natural Transmission of Gibbon Leukemia Virus"
817:"Is gibbon ape leukaemia virus still a threat?"
3361:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
2297:Gene Transfer Vectors for Clinical Application
2841:
2455:
1548:Denner, Joachim; Young, Paul R (2013-10-23).
1543:
1541:
1331:"Early steps of retrovirus replicative cycle"
8:
1458:Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Sixth Edition)
862:Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Sixth Edition)
1329:Nisole, SĂŠbastien; SaĂŻb, Ali (2004-05-14).
322:, with divergence ranging from 85% to 99%.
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1061:Burke, Mark; Ptito, Maurice (2018-05-30).
352:endogenous virus (MDEV) isolated from the
18:
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2153:
2109:
2052:
1927:
1909:
1863:The Immunoassay Handbook (Fourth Edition)
1774:
1709:
1645:
1627:
1583:
1565:
1521:
1503:
1394:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1364:
1346:
1298:
1280:
1239:
1182:
1172:
1131:
1113:
1037:
2704:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
899:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
330:The discovery of a contagious oncogenic
707:
2289:
2287:
1413:
1411:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
2193:
2191:
2131:
2129:
1424:Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals
1391:Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer
449:Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer
7:
3417:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
2796:
2374:, Academic Press, pp. 327â339,
2340:, Academic Press, pp. 657â686,
1426:, Academic Press, pp. 375â412,
972:
970:
968:
888:
886:
851:
849:
847:
845:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
601:Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV)
3836:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
3315:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
2808:
1460:, W.B. Saunders, pp. 251â264,
864:, W.B. Saunders, pp. 251â264,
3060:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
2372:Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
2306:10.1016/B978-0-12-386509-0.00003-X
502:infiltrated bone marrow and liver
14:
3112:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
977:Hausen, Harald zur (2007-09-24).
661:. Retroviral vectors are used in
164:Gibbon sarcoma and leukemia virus
3383:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
2807:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2535:
2094:10.1128/JVI.75.18.8837-8841.2001
33:
3387:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
2982:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
2967:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
1388:Dudley, Jaquelin (2010-10-22).
980:Infections Causing Human Cancer
893:Kawakami, Thomas (1978-10-04).
3757:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
3405:Equine infectious anemia virus
2198:Denner, Joachim (2016-08-03).
1865:, Elsevier, pp. 623â645,
447:Research published within the
1:
3841:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
3632:Strawberry vein banding virus
3411:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
3393:Feline immunodeficiency virus
3340:Abelson murine leukemia virus
1022:10.1128/JVI.29.1.395-400.1979
628:raises concern regarding the
607:Porcine endogenous retrovirus
566:Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
465:Laboratory demonstrates the "
3597:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
3224:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
1115:10.1371/journal.pone.0106954
729:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90236-5
3622:Carnation etched ring virus
3289:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
3254:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
2334:"Chapter 34 - Gene Therapy"
2259:"Viral Vectors in the CNSâ"
3988:
3274:Human T-lymphotropic virus
2415:10.1089/hum.1996.7.12-1415
1759:10.1038/s41598-019-48880-0
1610:Stoye, Jonathan P (2006).
604:
569:
528:
517:
506:, causing a greenish hue (
483:
210:cross-species transmission
146:Gibbon-ape Leukaemia Virus
23:Gibbon-ape Leukaemia Virus
3896:Gibbon ape leukemia virus
3866:Gibbon ape leukemia virus
3652:Cassava vein mosaic virus
3592:Cacao swollen shoot virus
3249:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2977:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
2767:
2533:
2496:Social history of viruses
2481:
2142:Frontiers in Microbiology
1990:10.1007/s00436-003-0949-8
1067:. BoD â Books on Demand.
983:. John Wiley & Sons.
913:– via Google Booka.
773:10.1007/s11262-017-1436-0
620:virus which effects only
514:Gammaretrovirus outbreaks
174:Gibbon-ape leukemia virus
160:
153:
28:
21:
3627:Cauliflower mosaic virus
2155:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730
1629:10.1186/gb-2006-7-11-241
1567:10.1186/1742-4690-10-108
1155:J, Denner (2016-12-20).
2913:Heron hepatitis B virus
1952:"Feline Leukemia Virus"
677:within the nucleus and
525:Koala retrovirus (KoRV)
362:and 55% similarity for
3602:Rubus yellow net virus
3587:Banana streak MY virus
2908:Duck hepatitis B virus
2697:Helper dependent virus
1282:10.1186/1742-4690-8-53
340:murine leukaemia virus
308:
3350:Feline leukemia virus
3335:Murine leukemia virus
3295:Bovine leukemia virus
1978:Parasitology Research
1348:10.1186/1742-4690-1-9
645:GaLV envelope protein
605:Further information:
572:Feline leukemia virus
570:Further information:
529:Further information:
486:Granulocytic leukemia
306:
296:Simian sarcoma (SSV):
2861:Reverse transcribing
2749:Virus quantification
2744:Virus classification
2037:10.1128/JVI.01130-13
1694:10.1128/JVI.01871-17
1505:10.1128/JVI.00723-16
1224:10.1128/JVI.00723-16
421:(GLVR-1, PIT-1) and
354:earth-coloured mouse
228:GaLV's utility as a
30:Virus classification
2924:Herpetohepadnavirus
2739:Virus-like particle
2082:Journal of Virology
2031:(19): 10874â10883.
2025:Journal of Virology
1830:(2 pt 2): 582â588.
1751:2019NatSR...912416O
1682:Journal of Virology
1492:Journal of Virology
1420:"Chapter 15 - Apes"
1212:Journal of Virology
1106:2014PLoSO...9j6954S
1010:Journal of Virology
692:GLVR-1 than GLVR-2,
630:xenotransplantation
251:Cases of malignant
206:immune deficiencies
190:white-handed gibbon
3528:Simian foamy virus
3502:Prosimiispumavirus
3491:Feline foamy virus
3229:Rous sarcoma virus
2403:Human Gene Therapy
1739:Scientific Reports
480:Signs and symptoms
309:
3972:Gammaretroviruses
3959:
3958:
3858:Taxon identifiers
3849:
3848:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3533:Human foamy virus
3437:Spumaretrovirinae
3430:
3429:
3422:Visna-maedi virus
3306:Epsilonretrovirus
3204:Orthoretrovirinae
3186:
3185:
3120:
3119:
3068:
3067:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2972:Hepatitis B virus
2958:Orthohepadnavirus
2823:
2822:
2714:Neurotropic virus
2559:Viral replication
2409:(12): 1415â1422.
2381:978-0-12-407179-7
2347:978-0-12-398358-9
2272:978-0-12-809324-5
2088:(18): 8837â8841.
1911:10.3390/v11060503
1872:978-0-08-097037-0
1498:(18): 8169â8180.
1467:978-1-4160-4047-7
1433:978-0-12-805306-5
1401:978-0-387-09581-3
1218:(18): 8169â8180.
1074:978-1-78923-216-5
990:978-3-527-60929-1
871:978-1-4160-4047-7
836:10.1111/mam.12079
578:orthoretrovirinae
408:Replication cycle
390:blood transfusion
218:blood transfusion
171:
170:
3979:
3952:
3951:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3853:
3573:
3562:
3556:dsDNA-RT viruses
3443:
3355:Koala retrovirus
3210:
3199:
3133:
3081:
3046:
3035:
3029:ssRNA-RT viruses
3024:
2993:Parahepadnavirus
2941:Metahepadnavirus
2894:
2883:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2610:Phenotype mixing
2546:Viral life cycle
2539:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2219:
2217:10.3390/v8080215
2195:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2157:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1913:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1631:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1569:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1507:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1350:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1174:10.3390/v8120336
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1117:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1001:
995:
994:
974:
963:
962:
960:
959:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
921:
915:
914:
890:
881:
880:
879:
878:
853:
840:
839:
821:
812:
793:
792:
756:
741:
740:
712:
531:Koala retrovirus
500:peripheral blood
443:Viral resistance
188:, including the
38:
37:
19:
16:Species of virus
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3795:
3778:
3761:
3741:
3724:
3707:
3690:
3673:
3656:
3636:
3606:
3537:
3519:Simiispumavirus
3512:
3495:
3475:
3458:
3426:
3399:Puma lentivirus
3365:
3326:Gammaretrovirus
3319:
3299:
3265:Deltaretrovirus
3258:
3233:
3215:Alpharetrovirus
3182:
3165:
3148:
3116:
3096:
3064:
3003:
2986:
2951:
2934:
2917:
2899:Avihepadnavirus
2870:
2866:Revtraviricetes
2854:
2824:
2819:
2763:
2665:
2624:
2620:Viral evolution
2605:Antigenic shift
2600:Antigenic drift
2588:
2584:Lysogenic cycle
2540:
2531:
2505:
2477:
2468:
2438:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1824:Cancer Research
1821:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1803:www.uniprot.org
1797:
1796:
1792:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1003:
1002:
998:
991:
976:
975:
966:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
933:
931:
923:
922:
918:
892:
891:
884:
876:
874:
872:
855:
854:
843:
819:
814:
813:
796:
758:
757:
744:
714:
713:
709:
705:
647:
642:
609:
603:
597:/ or mutation.
574:
568:
533:
527:
522:
520:Gammaretrovirus
516:
488:
482:
458:
445:
410:
372:Melomys Burtoni
332:gammaretrovirus
328:
249:
244:
149:
133:Gammaretrovirus
97:Revtraviricetes
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3940:
3927:
3914:
3901:
3886:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3567:Caulimoviridae
3559:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3482:Felispumavirus
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:Equispumavirus
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:Bovispumavirus
3440:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3240:Betaretrovirus
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3043:
3032:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2888:Hepadnaviridae
2880:
2872:
2871:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Marine viruses
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Antiviral drug
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Viral shedding
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:Viral envelope
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2392:
2380:
2358:
2346:
2324:
2283:
2271:
2249:
2187:
2125:
2068:
2011:
1968:
1943:
1883:
1871:
1849:
1814:
1799:"Retroviridae"
1790:
1725:
1676:(2018-03-01).
1661:
1616:Genome Biology
1599:
1537:
1478:
1466:
1444:
1432:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1314:
1255:
1198:
1147:
1100:(9): e106954.
1080:
1073:
1053:
1016:(1): 395â400.
996:
989:
964:
940:
916:
882:
870:
841:
794:
767:(2): 165â172.
742:
706:
704:
701:
695:superseded by
646:
643:
641:
638:
626:in vitro which
602:
599:
580:subfamily and
567:
564:
551:osteochondroma
526:
523:
515:
512:
481:
478:
457:
454:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
432:
429:
426:
409:
406:
327:
324:
301:
300:
293:
283:
277:
271:
265:
248:
245:
243:
238:
169:
168:
167:
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
143:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
85:Artverviricota
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3984:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:Pseudoviridae
3123:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3040:Belpaoviridae
3036:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:Blubervirales
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Viral disease
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Bacteriophage
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Virus latency
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2527:Viral protein
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:(6): 467â70.
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:Retrovirology
1551:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Retrovirology
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Retrovirology
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
986:
982:
981:
973:
971:
969:
965:
954:
950:
944:
941:
930:
926:
920:
917:
912:
908:
905:(4): 1113â5.
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
883:
873:
867:
863:
859:
852:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Mammal Review
818:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:(1): 205â13.
722:
718:
711:
708:
702:
700:
698:
693:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:transcription
668:
664:
660:
659:gene transfer
656:
652:
644:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
600:
598:
596:
595:recombination
590:
588:
583:
579:
573:
565:
563:
560:
556:
552:
546:
544:
539:
532:
524:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
479:
477:
475:
473:
468:
463:
455:
453:
450:
442:
437:
433:
430:
427:
424:
420:
416:
415:
414:
407:
405:
403:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
377:Mammal Review
373:
368:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
319:
314:
305:
297:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:
246:
242:
241:Epizootiology
239:
237:
235:
234:gene transfer
231:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:hematopoietic
195:
194:woolly monkey
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
162:
161:
159:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
24:
20:
3865:
3785:Vaccinivirus
3783:
3766:
3746:
3731:Solendovirus
3729:
3714:Ruflodivirus
3712:
3697:Rosadnavirus
3695:
3678:
3661:
3641:
3613:Caulimovirus
3611:
3576:
3565:
3517:
3500:
3480:
3463:
3446:
3435:
3370:
3345:Friend virus
3324:
3304:
3263:
3238:
3213:
3202:
3193:Retroviridae
3191:
3170:
3153:
3136:
3125:
3101:
3086:Errantivirus
3084:
3073:
3049:
3038:
3018:Ortervirales
3016:
2991:
2956:
2939:
2922:
2897:
2886:
2875:
2864:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2692:Viral vector
2687:Helper virus
2651:Human virome
2636:Animal virus
2615:Reassortment
2491:Introduction
2471:Microbiology
2406:
2402:
2395:
2385:, retrieved
2371:
2361:
2351:, retrieved
2337:
2327:
2317:, retrieved
2296:
2276:, retrieved
2265:, Elsevier,
2262:
2252:
2207:
2203:
2145:
2141:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2028:
2024:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1960:. Retrieved
1958:. 2017-10-11
1955:
1946:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1876:, retrieved
1862:
1852:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1745:(1): 12416.
1742:
1738:
1728:
1685:
1681:
1674:Timms, Peter
1619:
1615:
1557:
1553:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1471:, retrieved
1457:
1447:
1437:, retrieved
1423:
1390:
1383:
1338:
1334:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1063:
1056:
1013:
1009:
999:
979:
956:. Retrieved
953:ScienceDaily
952:
943:
932:. Retrieved
929:ScienceDaily
928:
919:
902:
898:
875:, retrieved
861:
830:(1): 53â61.
827:
823:
764:
760:
720:
716:
710:
691:
688:
666:
655:gene therapy
651:viral vector
648:
633:
625:
610:
591:
582:retroviridae
575:
558:
555:mesothelioma
547:
537:
534:
496:granulocytes
492:osteoporosis
489:
470:
466:
459:
456:Transmission
448:
446:
411:
398:
386:dengue fever
376:
371:
369:
363:
357:
349:
343:
336:pathogenesis
329:
317:
310:
295:
285:
279:
273:
267:
260:
250:
230:viral vector
225:Phylogenetic
222:
177:
173:
172:
163:
145:
144:
132:
121:Retroviridae
120:
109:Ortervirales
108:
96:
84:
73:Pararnavirae
72:
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
22:
3890:Wikispecies
3768:Tungrovirus
3663:Dioscovirus
3643:Cavemovirus
3291:(types 1-4)
3155:Pseudovirus
3075:Metaviridae
3051:Semotivirus
2814:WikiProject
2682:Giant virus
2661:Plant virus
2579:Lytic cycle
2554:Viral entry
1622:(11): 241.
1167:(12): 336.
761:Virus Genes
683:pseudotyped
675:translation
640:In medicine
536:virology,
504:lymph nodes
460:GaLV is an
394:inoculation
214:inoculation
200:neoplasms,
3813:Endogenous
3748:Soymovirus
3578:Badnavirus
3372:Lentivirus
2759:Virosphere
2734:Viral load
2724:Satellites
2510:Components
2387:2020-02-17
2353:2020-02-17
2319:2020-02-17
2278:2020-02-17
2210:(8): 215.
1962:2020-02-18
1904:(6): 503.
1878:2020-02-16
1808:2020-02-16
1473:2020-02-09
1439:2020-02-09
958:2020-02-06
934:2020-02-09
877:2020-02-02
703:References
697:lentiviral
653:in cancer
614:polytropic
518:See also:
484:See also:
404:diseases.
345:Mus caroli
313:amino acid
3881:Q18976281
3680:Petuvirus
3172:Sirevirus
3138:Hemivirus
3103:Metavirus
2863:viruses (
2719:Oncovirus
2656:Mycovirus
2646:Virophage
2569:Viroplasm
2423:1043-0342
2226:1999-4915
2164:1664-302X
2102:0022-538X
2045:0022-538X
1920:1999-4915
1836:0008-5472
1767:2045-2322
1702:0022-538X
1638:1465-6906
1576:1742-4690
1514:0022-538X
1357:1742-4690
1291:1742-4690
1275:(1): 53.
1232:0022-538X
1124:1932-6203
1030:0022-538X
699:vectors.
667:in vitro,
618:ecotropic
543:germ-line
508:chlorosis
462:exogenous
350:Mus dunni
286:GaLV-Mar:
253:lymphomas
202:leukemias
186:neoplasms
182:oncogenic
140:Species:
68:Kingdom:
61:Riboviria
3966:Category
3936:11459857
3875:Wikidata
2790:Category
2593:Genetics
2501:Virology
2314:22365768
2244:27527207
2182:29755422
2120:11507228
2063:23903838
2006:23898163
1998:14557874
1938:31159230
1785:31455828
1720:29237837
1656:17118218
1594:24148555
1532:27384662
1375:15169567
1309:21729311
1250:27384662
1193:27999419
1142:25251014
1094:PLOS ONE
1064:Primates
789:28786457
781:28220345
717:Virology
679:ribosome
472:in utero
402:zoonotic
299:present.
290:marmoset
280:GALVâBr:
261:GaLV-SF:
180:) is an
155:Synonyms
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
3285:, 3, 4)
2802:Commons
2629:By host
2486:History
2431:8844200
2235:4997577
2204:Viruses
2173:5932395
2148:: 730.
2054:3807393
1929:6630418
1898:Viruses
1776:6711960
1747:Bibcode
1711:5809739
1647:1794577
1585:4016316
1560:: 108.
1523:5008096
1300:3136417
1241:5008096
1184:5192397
1161:Viruses
1133:4175076
1102:Bibcode
737:2683360
663:ex vivo
634:in vivo
622:porcine
498:in the
423:SLC20A2
419:SLC20A1
382:malaria
326:Origins
274:GALVâH:
268:GALVâX:
247:History
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
3923:540023
3826:ERVWE1
3821:ERV-Fc
3407:(EIAV)
3357:(KoRV)
3283:HTLV-2
3278:HTLV-1
2778:Portal
2754:Virome
2517:Capsid
2429:
2421:
2378:
2344:
2312:
2269:
2242:
2232:
2224:
2180:
2170:
2162:
2118:
2111:115128
2108:
2100:
2061:
2051:
2043:
2004:
1996:
1936:
1926:
1918:
1869:
1844:175919
1842:
1834:
1783:
1773:
1765:
1718:
1708:
1700:
1654:
1644:
1636:
1592:
1582:
1574:
1530:
1520:
1512:
1464:
1430:
1398:
1373:
1366:421752
1363:
1355:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1248:
1238:
1230:
1191:
1181:
1140:
1130:
1122:
1071:
1048:219232
1046:
1039:353141
1036:
1028:
987:
911:212567
909:
868:
787:
779:
735:
559:Nature
435:entry.
348:, and
292:cells.
204:, and
3949:11840
3931:IRMNG
3910:3FZF4
3413:(BIV)
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