332:
681:
807:
237:
973:
949:
61:
985:
441:
961:
41:
735:
near the middle cable-car station, at the top cable car station, and near the Great Siege
Tunnels. As of 2012 there were from 200 to 250 macaques, all of them living in the nature reserve. It is forbidden to feed the monkeys, but these rules have not always been followed. As a result, some of them
343:
Gibraltar has a typical
Mediterranean climate, moderated by the sea that almost surrounds the peninsula. Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wet. Temperatures range from 13.4 to 24.2 °C (56.1 to 75.6 °F). Annual rainfall is about 768 millimetres (30.2 in). The
834:, provides a temporary home for many species of migratory birds that stop to rest and feed before continuing migration for their crossing over the sea and desert. In spring, they return to replenish before continuing their journeys to
486:). Both are native to the region, but the Aleppo pine is particularly common in dry, limestone regions. There was a drought in the 1990s when many of the introduced trees died, although the Aleppo pine fared better than others.
348:
clouds provide condensation that keeps the vegetation green even in the dry season. These clouds form when moisture-laden easterly winds are forced upward by the cliffs of
Gibraltar, and often form a cap over the Rock.
303:
had decommissioned from military use. Its purpose is to preserve the wildlife and natural and historical sites, while providing access to the public. The flora and fauna of the nature reserve are protected by the
311:
The nature reserve was last extended in 2013 when it was renamed the
Gibraltar Nature Reserve to reflect its wider scope outside the Upper Rock. The protected area now covers the
167:
1310:
736:
have become aggressive and dependent on food from humans. In 2008 the government ordered a group of macaques to be culled that had taken to scavenging in the town centre.
213:
1540:
1410:
2006:
710:
385:
on the North Front. It is possible that some of the last
Neanderthals may have made the caves of Gibraltar their home before they died out 30,000 years ago.
1314:
452:
between 1779 and 1783. Trees today mostly produce berries that are eaten by birds, who presumably dropped their seeds on the rock. The most common is the
2001:
2011:
369:
in 45 AD, and many sources have mentioned it since. It has become an important tourist attraction. Concerts are held in its main chamber.
124:
1489:
1441:
1383:
1362:
1341:
300:
661:
1986:
1533:
1040:
1796:
727:. The best-known residents are the Barbary macaques that make the reserve their home. Gibraltar has a reintroduced population of
1786:
1452:
948:
748:. This last is a small, subterranean reptile that has no legs and no eyes. The most common lizard is the small green or brown
30:
401:
702:
685:
221:
212:
that covers over 40% of the territory's land area. It was established as the Upper Rock Nature
Reserve in 1993 under the
1526:
706:
205:
94:
1996:
1904:
972:
918:
1694:
1414:
1499:
1601:
881:
are conspicuous, as are dragonflies crossing the strait. 33 species of butterfly have been observed, including the
801:
417:
331:
984:
1832:
1659:
405:
397:
374:
312:
284:
256:, formed about 200 million years ago. From the crest of the rock there is a dramatic view of the area, including
82:
1991:
1981:
1827:
1781:
1571:
449:
389:
316:
86:
657:
392:
manages conservation of the historical sites and their development as tourist attractions. These include the
1939:
1883:
1878:
1714:
1699:
1047:
548:
498:
171:
1586:
1960:
1929:
1750:
1740:
854:
623:
516:
413:
236:
1822:
393:
1924:
1776:
923:
890:
777:
665:
564:
252:
peninsula that rises to a height of 426 metres (1,398 ft) above sea level. The Rock is part of the
1909:
1719:
1306:
680:
382:
362:
960:
524:
1934:
1899:
1873:
1791:
1760:
1745:
1576:
906:
882:
769:
572:
512:
421:
276:. It is an area of considerable natural beauty and one of the main tourist attractions in Gibraltar.
265:
552:
1858:
1591:
1581:
850:
819:
753:
749:
732:
689:
653:
613:
568:
425:
280:
273:
731:, the only wild primate species in Europe, the famous Rock apes. The macaques may be found at the
1755:
781:
1689:
1669:
927:
centipede is also notable. Both the spider and the centipede have venomous but not fatal bites.
448:
In the past, the Upper Rock was tree-covered. Most of the trees were felled for fuel during the
806:
1919:
1801:
1644:
1614:
1485:
1479:
1437:
1431:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1337:
1331:
862:
831:
811:
773:
669:
532:
462:
370:
336:
245:
78:
46:
1352:
1848:
1709:
1704:
1664:
1629:
914:
910:
898:
886:
765:
609:
560:
490:
482:
305:
261:
253:
1393:
672:
is a very rare species found only on
Gibraltar that was thought for a while to be extinct.
1868:
1853:
1654:
894:
728:
724:
720:
605:
586:
536:
358:
1684:
1051:
244:
Originally named the Upper Rock Nature
Reserve, it was limited to the upper part of the
1955:
1619:
1609:
991:
878:
866:
835:
827:
635:
544:
429:
409:
381:
skull was one of the first to be found. Neanderthal skulls have also been found at the
366:
365:, with its many stalagmites and stalactites. St. Michael's Cave was first mentioned by
296:
225:
217:
201:
198:
102:
60:
440:
1975:
1863:
1724:
1639:
761:
757:
745:
601:
494:
345:
1459:
1375:
The Attack of the Killer
Rhododendrons: My Obsessive Quest to Seek Out Alien Species
1649:
858:
789:
639:
556:
528:
320:
90:
1914:
1674:
1634:
1566:
902:
861:
that cross the Strait annually, and because it supports breeding populations of
785:
520:
378:
66:
40:
937:
857:
because it is a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, for an estimated 250,000
644:
631:
581:
540:
493:, or dense Mediterranean scrub, is mostly made up of tall bushes that include
473:
139:
126:
1679:
1551:
839:
627:
576:
249:
209:
112:
98:
830:
during the passage periods. The vegetation on the Rock, unique in southern
279:
The Upper Rock area of the nature reserve can be reached by road or by the
1458:. The Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society. Archived from
744:
There are five species of lizard in the nature reserve, six snakes and an
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
823:
649:
597:
593:
472:) are also found. Trees have been planted along the paths, including the
295:
The reserve was established in 1993 to protect the area of land that the
716:
618:
502:
269:
1518:
1624:
843:
547:
are also found in parts of the maquis. Understory plants include the
507:
489:
Gibraltar has more than six hundred species of flowering plants. The
468:
65:
The nature reserve is coloured in the light shaded area, facing the
814:
breeds on the Rock of
Gibraltar and nowhere else on mainland Europe
240:
Map of the former Upper Rock Nature Reserve (north is to the left).
805:
679:
453:
439:
330:
257:
50:
1522:
220:) and was last extended in 2013. It is known for its semi-wild
1041:"Nature Conservation Area (Upper Rock) Designation Order 1993"
1188:
1186:
1173:
1171:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1022:
877:
There are many insects in the reserve. In the late summer,
408:. Other military sites that are open to the public are the
181:
563:. The firebreaks in the maquis are home to plants such as
357:
The nature reserve contains many of Gibraltar's important
917:. The most notable spider is the large, black and hairy
335:
Levant cloud forming against the eastern cliffs of the
1333:
Issues in Environmental Geology: A British Perspective
1276:
1146:
1144:
168:
Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society
1948:
1892:
1841:
1810:
1769:
1733:
1600:
1559:
1311:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
177:
163:
155:
118:
108:
74:
23:
1252:
901:. Moths that may be seen at times include the
214:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1534:
1288:
1264:
1204:
1192:
1177:
1123:
1075:
596:in the reserve, low scrub that includes wild
8:
1162:
1135:
1106:
711:List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar
630:. The many cliffs around the reserve harbor
49:, within the nature reserve looking towards
1541:
1527:
1519:
1453:"A Guide to The Upper Rock Nature Reserve"
1330:Bennett, Matthew R.; Doyle, Peter (1998).
1035:
1033:
1031:
818:The Rock of Gibraltar, at the head of the
20:
838:, journeys which may take them as far as
1451:Perez, Charles; Bensusan, Keith (2005).
235:
224:, and is an important resting point for
1240:
1228:
1008:
944:
760:are also common. Rarer lizards are the
1430:Inkson, Clare; Minnaert, Lynn (2012).
1409:Hogan, C. Michael (19 December 2008).
1150:
1087:
954:Northern peak of the Rock of Gibraltar
1317:from the original on 12 November 2012
1305:Balter, Michael (22 September 2009).
1216:
16:Protected nature reserve in Gibraltar
7:
73:
2007:Protected areas established in 1993
1433:Tourism Management: An Introduction
1413:. GlobalTwitcher AB. Archived from
849:The Rock has been identified as an
1411:"Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus"
515:, and smaller bushes that include
45:View north along the spine of the
14:
2002:Important Bird Areas of Gibraltar
652:. Distinctive plants include the
2012:1993 establishments in Gibraltar
983:
971:
959:
947:
59:
39:
33:V (protected landscape/seascape)
1023:Upper Rock Nature Reserve - GTG
154:
107:
1307:"When Darwin Met a Neandertal"
361:sites including caves such as
222:population of Barbary macaques
1:
703:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
1351:Bryant, Sue (January 2007).
707:List of mammals of Gibraltar
1905:Cathedral Square, Gibraltar
1833:Gibraltar City Fire Brigade
1500:"Upper Rock Nature Reserve"
919:Gibraltar funnel-web spider
692:, on the Rock of Gibraltar.
402:Princess Caroline's Battery
2028:
1394:"GI001: Rock of Gibraltar"
1357:. New Holland Publishers.
1253:Inkson & Minnaert 2012
921:. The fast and aggressive
802:List of birds of Gibraltar
799:
700:
206:British Overseas Territory
95:British Overseas Territory
1828:Windmill Hill (HM Prison)
1289:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1265:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1205:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1193:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1178:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1124:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1076:Perez & Bensusan 2005
978:View of the African coast
756:and the mainly nocturnal
592:There are small areas of
398:Napier of Magdala Battery
313:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
285:Gibraltar Botanic Gardens
195:Upper Rock Nature Reserve
83:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
58:
38:
28:
1987:Environment of Gibraltar
1818:Gibraltar Nature Reserve
1782:Ocean Village, Gibraltar
1695:Lower St. Michael's Cave
1478:Simonis, Damien (2009).
1396:. Birdlife International
1277:GI001: Rock of Gibraltar
1163:Bennett & Doyle 1998
1136:Bennett & Doyle 1998
1107:Bennett & Doyle 1998
450:Great Siege of Gibraltar
390:Gibraltar Heritage Trust
191:Gibraltar Nature Reserve
182:https://naturereserve.gi
24:Gibraltar Nature Reserve
1884:Williams Way, Gibraltar
1048:Government of Gibraltar
549:intermediate periwinkle
499:Mediterranean buckthorn
418:Princess Anne's Battery
172:Government of Gibraltar
159:1993 (extended in 2013)
1961:Middle Hill, Gibraltar
1930:Grand Casemates Square
1660:Goat's Hair Twin Caves
1504:Gibraltar Travel Guide
1372:Chilton, Glen (2012).
1336:. Geological Society.
855:BirdLife International
815:
693:
624:shrubby scorpion vetch
517:shrubby scorpion vetch
445:
406:Parson's Lodge Battery
377:was made in 1848. The
340:
241:
1925:Grand Casemates Gates
1797:Queensway Quay Marina
1587:Little Bay, Gibraltar
1436:. SAGE Publications.
924:Scolopendra cingulata
809:
778:southern smooth snake
768:. Snakes include the
688:feeding her young at
683:
565:paper-white narcissus
443:
400:, Heritage Centre at
375:Neanderthal discovery
334:
239:
218:strict nature reserve
1940:Prince Edward's Gate
1935:Landport (Gibraltar)
1900:Streets in Gibraltar
1879:Lord Airey's Shelter
1874:World War II Tunnels
1792:Rosia Bay, Gibraltar
1787:Ocean Village Marina
1770:Harbours and Marinas
1746:North Front Cemetery
1715:Pete's Paradise Cave
941:on Wikimedia Commons
938:Animals of Gibraltar
907:hummingbird hawkmoth
826:, which accumulates
770:horseshoe whip snake
715:Mammals include the
573:giant Tangier fennel
466:) and nettle trees (
422:World War II Tunnels
248:, a long and narrow
140:36.14528°N 5.34306°W
1893:Streets and Squares
1859:Great Siege Tunnels
1823:Primary Care Centre
1751:St. Jago's Cemetery
1741:Jews' Gate Cemetery
851:Important Bird Area
754:Algerian sand racer
750:Iberian wall lizard
690:Mediterranean Steps
662:Gibraltar saxifrage
658:Gibraltar chickweed
654:Gibraltar candytuft
614:cut-leaved lavender
480:) and Aleppo pine (
444:Gibraltar candytuft
426:Great Siege Tunnels
414:Devil's Gap Battery
353:Tourist attractions
301:Ministry of Defence
281:Gibraltar Cable Car
274:Strait of Gibraltar
164:Governing body
136: /
1997:Parks in Gibraltar
1910:Devil's Tower Road
1756:Trafalgar Cemetery
1720:St. Michael's Cave
1138:, p. 111-112.
863:Barbary partridges
816:
782:false smooth snake
694:
446:
383:Devil's Tower Cave
363:St. Michael's Cave
341:
242:
145:36.14528; -5.34306
1969:
1968:
1920:Flat Bastion Road
1802:Gibraltar Harbour
1761:Witham's Cemetery
1491:978-1-74179-000-9
1484:. Lonely Planet.
1443:978-1-84860-870-2
1385:978-1-4434-1147-9
1378:. HarperCollins.
1364:978-1-84537-636-9
1343:978-1-86239-014-0
966:A Barbary macaque
822:, is a prominent
812:Barbary partridge
774:Montpellier snake
670:Gibraltar campion
533:shrubby germander
463:Ceratonia siliqua
396:, 100 Ton Gun at
337:Rock of Gibraltar
246:Rock of Gibraltar
187:
186:
170:on behalf of the
109:Nearest city
79:Rock of Gibraltar
47:Rock of Gibraltar
2019:
1849:Admiralty Tunnel
1811:Public Amenities
1554:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1447:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1417:on 19 April 2012
1405:
1403:
1401:
1389:
1368:
1347:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:, p. 13-14.
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1050:. Archived from
1045:
1037:
1026:
1020:
987:
975:
963:
951:
915:cream-spot tiger
911:striped hawkmoth
899:striped grayling
887:two-tailed pasha
879:praying mantises
766:ocellated lizard
729:Barbary macaques
610:toothed lavender
483:Pinus halepensis
394:O'Hara's Battery
321:Europa Foreshore
306:law of Gibraltar
262:Bay of Gibraltar
254:Betic Cordillera
216:'s category Ia (
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
91:Europa Foreshore
63:
43:
21:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1992:Nature reserves
1982:IUCN Category V
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1944:
1888:
1869:Landport Tunnel
1854:Dudley Ward Way
1837:
1806:
1765:
1729:
1690:Leonora's Caves
1670:Holy Boy's Cave
1655:Glen Rocky Cave
1596:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1057:on 3 March 2016
1054:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1010:
1001:
994:
988:
979:
976:
967:
964:
955:
952:
933:
895:Spanish festoon
875:
867:lesser kestrels
828:migrating birds
804:
798:
742:
725:mouse-eared bat
721:European rabbit
713:
699:
686:Barbary macaque
678:
666:Gibraltar thyme
606:white asparagus
587:mallow bindweed
569:common asphodel
553:Butcher’s broom
537:felty germander
438:
359:natural history
355:
329:
293:
234:
226:migrating birds
144:
142:
138:
135:
130:
127:
125:
123:
122:
70:
54:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1956:Coaling Island
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:Forbes' Quarry
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Bennett's Cave
1612:
1610:Beefsteak Cave
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1475:
1465:on 10 May 2013
1448:
1442:
1427:
1406:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1327:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1255:, p. 264.
1245:
1243:, p. 171.
1233:
1231:, p. 766.
1221:
1209:
1197:
1182:
1167:
1165:, p. 112.
1155:
1140:
1128:
1111:
1109:, p. 109.
1092:
1080:
1068:
1027:
1007:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:Charles V Wall
989:
982:
980:
977:
970:
968:
965:
958:
956:
953:
946:
943:
942:
932:
929:
874:
871:
836:Western Europe
800:Main article:
797:
794:
741:
738:
698:
695:
677:
674:
636:dwarf fan palm
577:wild gladiolus
545:dwarf fan palm
437:
434:
430:Charles V Wall
410:Moorish Castle
371:Forbes' Quarry
367:Pomponius Mela
354:
351:
328:
325:
297:United Kingdom
292:
289:
283:, next to the
233:
230:
202:nature reserve
193:(formerly the
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
103:United Kingdom
76:
72:
71:
64:
56:
55:
44:
36:
35:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Keightley Way
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
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1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
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1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1725:Vanguard Cave
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Monkey's Cave
1708:
1706:
1705:Martin's Cave
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Gorham's Cave
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Fig Tree Cave
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Collin's Cave
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1592:Western Beach
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Eastern Beach
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
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1505:
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1407:
1395:
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1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:Costa Del Sol
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1291:, p. 14.
1290:
1285:
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1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
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1234:
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1222:
1218:
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1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
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1108:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:, p. 65.
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
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1069:
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1036:
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928:
926:
925:
920:
916:
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908:
904:
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896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:Invertebrates
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
808:
803:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Turkish gecko
759:
758:Moorish gecko
755:
752:. The larger
751:
747:
746:amphisbaenian
739:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
708:
704:
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682:
675:
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647:
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637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:esparto grass
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:Bear's breech
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
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522:
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399:
395:
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386:
384:
380:
376:
373:is where the
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
350:
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338:
333:
326:
324:
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318:
317:Windmill Hill
314:
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158:
149:
121:
117:
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104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:Windmill Hill
84:
80:
77:
68:
62:
57:
52:
48:
42:
37:
32:
31:IUCN category
27:
22:
19:
1817:
1700:Mammoth Cave
1685:Judge's Cave
1650:Genista Cave
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1480:
1467:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1432:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1398:. Retrieved
1374:
1353:
1332:
1319:. Retrieved
1297:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1241:Chilton 2012
1236:
1229:Simonis 2009
1224:
1212:
1207:, p. 9.
1200:
1195:, p. 7.
1180:, p. 8.
1158:
1131:
1126:, p. 3.
1083:
1078:, p. 4.
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1003:
1002:
936:
922:
876:
848:
817:
790:ladder snake
743:
714:
650:wild parsley
643:
640:sweet alison
617:
591:
580:
557:Italian arum
529:wild jasmine
506:
488:
481:
477:
467:
461:
458:Olea europea
457:
447:
387:
356:
342:
310:
294:
278:
243:
194:
190:
188:
18:
1915:Europa Road
1675:Hyaena Cave
1635:Coptic Cave
1620:Bray's Cave
1567:Catalan Bay
1151:Balter 2009
1088:Bryant 2007
1061:12 February
990:Top of the
903:burnet moth
891:swallowtail
786:grass snake
521:spiny broom
478:Pinus pinea
379:Gibraltar 1
291:Designation
272:across the
260:across the
156:Established
143: /
119:Coordinates
67:Alboran Sea
1976:Categories
1777:Marina Bay
1734:Cemeteries
1549:Places in
1509:12 October
1469:12 October
1421:12 October
1400:12 October
1321:17 October
1217:Hogan 2008
999:References
701:See also:
645:Biscutella
632:joint pine
628:germanders
616:, teline,
582:Galactites
541:bay laurel
495:wild olive
474:stone pine
460:). Carob (
266:Jebel Musa
131:05°20′35″W
128:36°08′43″N
1680:Ibex Cave
1577:Sandy Bay
1552:Gibraltar
1004:Citations
883:Cleopatra
840:Greenland
733:Ape's Den
513:terebinth
250:limestone
210:Gibraltar
199:protected
113:Gibraltar
99:Gibraltar
1582:Camp Bay
1315:Archived
824:headland
764:and the
740:Reptiles
656:, white
598:rosemary
594:garrigue
543:and the
404:and the
346:Levanter
319:and the
232:Location
75:Location
1842:Tunnels
1560:Beaches
1298:Sources
931:Gallery
859:raptors
717:red fox
697:Mammals
684:Female
619:Prasium
503:lentisc
327:Climate
270:Morocco
204:in the
197:) is a
178:Website
1625:Cave S
1488:
1440:
1382:
1361:
1340:
844:Russia
832:Iberia
820:Strait
709:, and
668:. The
539:. The
525:teline
508:Osyris
491:maquis
469:Celtis
1949:Areas
1602:Caves
1481:Spain
1463:(PDF)
1456:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
796:Birds
676:Fauna
454:olive
436:Flora
258:Spain
51:Spain
1511:2012
1486:ISBN
1471:2012
1438:ISBN
1423:2012
1402:2012
1380:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1323:2012
1063:2014
913:and
897:and
865:and
810:The
788:and
723:and
664:and
648:and
626:and
585:and
559:and
535:and
511:and
428:and
388:The
264:and
189:The
89:and
853:by
842:or
299:'s
268:of
208:of
97:of
1978::
1502:.
1313:.
1309:.
1185:^
1170:^
1143:^
1114:^
1095:^
1046:.
1030:^
1011:^
909:,
905:,
893:,
889:,
885:,
869:.
846:.
792:.
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
719:,
705:,
660:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
622:,
612:,
608:,
604:,
600:,
589:.
579:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
555:,
551:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
519:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
432:.
424:,
420:,
416:,
412:,
323:.
315:,
308:.
287:.
228:.
101:,
93:,
85:,
81:,
1542:e
1535:t
1528:v
1513:.
1494:.
1473:.
1446:.
1425:.
1404:.
1388:.
1367:.
1346:.
1325:.
1279:.
1219:.
1153:.
1065:.
1025:.
476:(
456:(
339:.
69:.
53:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
