Gig worker - Knowledge (XXG)

566:, which is dependent on local linguistic, ethnic and regional dynamics and networks. The technologization of informal labor with app-based work has obviated the need to navigate these local systems for work and payment. Rural-to-urban migrants form a majority of the gig workforce, which serves an intermediary work settlement and an alternative to unregulated contractors who place them at risk of trafficking and other forms of exploitation. Class and caste identities that have historically been excluded from the formal labor market have utilized the gig economy as a means to escape discrimination. However, the term "platform paternalism" has emerged to describe the perpetuation of caste and class hierarchies, trapping workers in jobs with very little security and no potential for long-term growth. For instance, caste-oppressed women continue to dominate low-paying work, such as cleaning and washing in households. BookMyBai, a platform service that helps people hire house-maids and caretakers, has provisions to request workers from specific geographic regions and religions. This has been criticized for perpetuating 353:, a term primarily used in the United Kingdom to refer a contract in which an employer is not obliged to provide any minimum number of working hours to an employee. Employment in the gig economy entails receiving compensation for one key performance indicator, which, for example, is defined as parcels delivered or taxi lifts conducted. Another feature is that employees can opt to refuse taking an order. Although employers do not have to guarantee employment or employees can also refuse to take an order under a zero-hour contract, workers under such a contract are paid by the hour and not directly through business-related indicators as in the case of the gig economy. 638:

workers claimed to be an employee (68.1%) or self-employed (7.6%). The labour market status of platform workers is unclear even to workers themselves, and it also reflects uncertainty surrounding this issue in policy and legal debates around Europe. While platform work can lower the entry barriers to the labour market and facilitate work participation through better matching procedures and easing the working conditions of specific groups, this type of work often relies on a workforce of independent contractors whose conditions of employment, representation and social protection are unclear and often unfavourable.

470:, harassment, and violence. Some platforms have implemented preventative measures to protect both customers and workers. Most notably, Uber now requires drivers to complete anti-sexual violence training and their app now includes a 'panic button' feature that connects users to 911 dispatchers, however these measures are widely believed to be insufficient. For instance, women often face drunken and disorderly customers and are left to deal with potentially dangerous individuals on their own with little support from platforms, which provide minimal guidelines for how to respond in dangerous situations. 133: 745:. The proposed rule would make it easier for gig workers/independent contractors to gain full employee status. Companies would be required to provide rights and benefits to gig workers/independent contractors equivalent to standard employees. These benefits include minimum wage, health insurance, social security contributions, and unemployment insurance. The rule would replace a previous one enacted under the Trump administration that made it more difficult for a gig worker/independent contractor to be classified as an employee. 634:

Slovakia show very low values compared to the rest. The typical European platform worker is a young male. A typical platform worker is likely to have a family and kids, and regardless of age, platform workers tend to have fewer years of labour market experience than the average worker. The majority of platform workers provide more than one type of service and are active on two or more platforms. While flexibility and autonomy are frequently mentioned motivations for platform workers, so too is the lack of alternatives.

758:

ride-hail driving. AEI states that the increase in gig work participation following retirement is due in part to fear of financial preparedness for retirement, given the increase in life expectancy or the effect of economic decline on the value of retirement accounts. However, AEI also cites boredom as a significant reason for participation, with 96% of gig workers over 65 claiming they feel more fulfilled in life when they maintain a job they enjoy.

3265:

If it's approved by state voters, the initiative would require the companies to pay their still-independent contractors a minimum wage and vehicle maintenance costs, cover their auto insurance costs, and grant them a health care stipend. It would create a sexual harassment policy for drivers and riders and would require the companies to investigate complaints. It would also create mandatory safety training for any app-based drivers.

229: 305:

major economies is generally less than 10 percent of the economically viable population, according in Europe, 9.7% of adults from 14 EU countries participated in the gig economy in 2017, according to the survey. Meanwhile, it is estimated that gig worker's size, which covers independent or non-conventional workers, is 20% to 30% of the economically active population in the United States and Europe.

767:

be explained in part by individuals’ migrant status, as globally, a disproportionate number of migrants report earning money through gig work. 58% of gig workers surveyed said the extra income earned as either “essential” or “important” as opposed to “nice to have." On Uber’s Q2 2022 earnings call, 70% of new Uber drivers cited increased cost of living as the primary motivator to join the company.

336:

wage or salary. Outside of that arrangement, work tends to be temporary or project-based workers are hired to complete a particular task or for certain period of time. Coordination of jobs through an on-demand company reduces entry and operating costs for providers and allows workers' participation to be more transitory in gig markets (i.e., they have greater flexibility around work hours).

36: 483:

provisions of the United States' Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). As a result, if a worker needs to take time off to recover from harassment or assault that they experienced while working on a platform, the financial burden of that recovery time falls entirely on the worker, which means that many women continue to work under conditions that feel unsafe in order to avoid a loss of income.

416:

Urban Company against its workers for "instigating violence against the Company". The lawsuit stated that Urban Company was an aggregator connecting customers to independent workers and sought a permanent prohibitory injunction from the court against protests by the Urban Company employees. The protest was eventually called off following the imposition of Section 144 of the

3294:

classifies them as W-2 employees. The ballot measure looks to implement an earnings guarantee of at least 120% of minimum wage while on the job, 30 cents per mile for expenses, a healthcare stipend, occupational accident insurance for on-the-job injuries, protection against discrimination and sexual harassment and automobile accident and liability insurance.

504:(MTurk), which allows companies to hire people to perform simple online tasks that are difficult to automate, women earned about 10.5% less per hour of work than men, largely because women tended to take breaks between tasks rather than working continuously through a series of tasks to accommodate caregiving responsibilities, particularly young children. 642:

protection compared to workers with standard employer-employee contracts. Modern social protection systems should be adapted to a context of more irregular careers and frequent transitions, linking entitlements to individuals rather than jobs may contribute to this, while fostering mobility and mitigating the social cost of labour market adjustments.

604:

skilled professionals and those with skills, offers ten kinds of services, including design, marketing, computer programming, translation, document writing and lessons. However, "gig worker" is not yet very welcome in Korea. This is because many "gig workers" have conflicts with existing services and expose the lack of social and legal preparation.

3264:

The companies and their supporters are pitching the initiative as a "compromise" that would create a third employment classification requiring Uber, Lyft, and their ilk to give drivers more perks than the average independent contractor but wouldn't entitle workers to the full benefits of an employee.

641:

In most EU states, the rules governing contributions and entitlements of social protection schemes are still largely based on full-time open-ended contracts between a worker and a single employer. As a result workers with non-standard arrangements often do not have the same income and social security

478:

The way many platforms are designed also pressures workers, particularly women, to sacrifice their safety in order to maintain their standing on the platform. Platforms like Uber assign work based on the ratings workers receive from customers. Low ratings can result in a worker receiving less work or

437:

said that flexibility is the main reason they pursue gig work. One reason for this is that many women need to balance work with familial responsibilities and are therefore more likely than men to participate in gig work due to scheduling reasons. For many women, platform-based food delivery work also

166:

advocates have been lobbying for them to be classified as "employees", which would legally require companies to provide the full suite of employee benefits like time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance, among others. In

3320:

At the same time, Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi is pleading his case in Washington, calling in a New York Times op-ed this week for a "third way" for gig workers, between full-time employment benefits and contract work with "almost no safety net." ... This month, Khosrowshahi's op-ed called for ongoing

582:

about one-third of their workforce as women and people with disabilities. Securing social protection coverage, improving national statistics on gig and platform work and policy options, and discussing insurance and tax-financed schemes for gig platforms have been delineated as key priorities for the

581:

In response, the Indian parliament passed new laws guaranteeing social security and occupational health and safety of gig workers in 2020. These laws are yet to be implemented. In its 2021 report, NITI Aayog also recommended fiscal incentives including tax breaks or startup grants for companies with

406:

There are several gender differences within gig work from the number of women who are participating to the wage pay gap. Globally, the gender differences in participation of women in the gig economy differ. For example, in the United States, female gig workers make up 55% of the gig work population.

364:

is a specific type of labor that is typically task-based and invisible to the end user. Ghost workers work on discrete tasks for a company, but they do not have a relationship with the company beyond assignment of the task and the minimal training necessary. A key characteristic of ghost work is the

304:

has led to disputes over the extent to which the provider of services via an uberized platform should be held accountable to corporate regulations and tax obligations. In 2018, 36% of US workers joined in the gig economy through either their primary or secondary jobs. The number of people working in

766:

Gig work participation also differs between races in the United States. More non-white Americans report having earned money in the gig economy – 30% of Hispanic adults, 20% of Black adults, and 19% of Asian adults - than their white counterparts, at 12%. The differences in participation by race can

637:

One controversial issue, though not unique to Europe, is the employment status of platform workers. In most cases the providers of labour services via platforms are formally independent contractors rather than employees, however when asked about their current employment situation, 75.7% of platform

520:

Gig work's appearance has been related to wide changes in the economy. Advances in globalization and technology put pressure on companies to respond quickly to market changes. Securing labor through nontraditional agreements such as gig work will enable companies to quickly adjust the size of their

507:

Many workers cite flexibility as a primary reason for choosing to engage in gig work, however that flexibility is subject to some limitations that may have gendered impacts. The primary limitation is that imposed by surge pricing. By tying pricing to demand, surge pricing incentivizes workers to be

373:

Gig workers have high levels of flexibility, autonomy, task variety, and complexity. The gig economy has also raised some concerns. First, these jobs generally confer few employer-provided benefits and workplace protections. Second, technological developments occurring in the workplace have come to

666:

lost an appeal against the argument that one of its plumbers was a "worker", i.e. not an employee, but enjoying some "employment" rights such as holiday pay and sickness pay. The Employment Appeals Tribunal ruled that Hermes' couriers are "workers" with certain statutory benefits including minimum

590:

legislative assembly approved a groundbreaking bill that provides social security benefits to gig workers, making it the first of its kind in India. The Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023 aims to enlist all gig workers and aggregators operating in the state,

577:

and the Telangana Gig and Platform Workers Union currently have 36,000 and 10,000 members respectively, including cab drivers, food and grocery delivery workers, and e-commerce delivery persons. Some of the demands of these unions include security benefits, higher base fares and protection against

558:

defines 'gig workers' as those engaged in work outside of the traditional employer-employee arrangement. In 2020–21, the gig economy was estimated to employ 7.7 million workers, with a projected workforce of 23.5 million by 2029–30. The industry is expected to produce a revenue of $ 455 billion by

415:

In October 2021, India’s first women-led gig workers’ strike was led by 100 women agitating outside the office of Urban Company in Gurugram, Haryana, a platform that provides at-home services, protesting “low wages, high commissions and poor safety conditions”. This led to a lawsuit being filed by

335:

Many factors go into a desirable job, and the best employers focus on the aspects of work that are most attractive to today's increasingly competitive and fluid labor force. Traditional workers have long term employer–employee relationship in which the worker is paid by the hour or year, earning a

3293:

November 2020: Californians will vote on Prop 22, a ballot measure majorly funded by Uber, Lyft and DoorDash. Prop 22 aims to keep gig workers classified as independent contractors. The measure, if passed, would make drivers and delivery workers for said companies exempt from a new state law that

753:

Eligible workers of all ages participate in the gig economy. The highest percentage of Americans who report having earned money at least once via gig work found through an online platform are those between the ages of 18 and 29, at 30%. Participation drops to 18% for individuals between 30 and 49

603:

has hired drivers to build a system for proxy driving, and the people of delivery are meeting the surging demand for delivery through a near-field delivery called "Vamin Connect". There is a gig work platform for professional freelancers, not just work. The platform, which connects those who want

633:

When it comes to platform workers in Europe, there are significant differences across countries. The UK has the highest incidence of platform work. Other countries with high relative values are Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and Italy. By contrast, Finland, Sweden, France, Hungary and

615:

Although there is already a large informal sector in many Southeast Asian countries, the growing number of gig workers in Southeast Asia means that there is growing demand for labor regulations to protect workers against unfair labor practices. The pandemic has highlighted this concern and shone

397:

Legislatures have adopted regulations intended to protect gig economy workers, mainly by forcing employers to provide gig workers with benefits normally reserved for traditional employees. Critics of such regulations have asserted that these obligations have negative consequences, with employers

393:

the expansion of the gig economy can be seen as one significant factor for the increase in worker deaths for those who work over 55 hours a week (relative to those who work 35–40), rising from 600,000 deaths in 2000 to 750,000 in 2016. The report found that in 2016, 9% of the world's population

624:

In Australia, the gig economy include services such as ride sharing, food delivery, and various types of personal services for a fee. It is against the law for an employer to claim a worker as an independent contractor when they are in fact an employee. Where this happens, the business could be

499:

is mixed. But many studies show that women continue to earn less than men, even in platform-based economies. The gender pay gap for platform-based work is also typically similar in magnitude to the pay gap observed for sectors outside the gig economy. One analysis of Uber drivers in the United

457:

platform and DoorDash now reports that 58% of their delivery drivers are women. Aside from the flexibility, women tend to prefer delivery work to ride-sharing work because of safety concerns in being a female driver in ride-sharing services. There have been various accounts of sexual harassment

737:

In 2015 nearly one-in-ten Americans (8%) have earned money using digital platforms to take on a job or task. Meanwhile, nearly one-in-five Americans (18%) have earned money by selling something online, while 1% have rented out their properties on a home-sharing site. Adding up everyone who has

516:

Measuring the size of the gig workforce is difficult because of the different definitions of what constitutes "gig work"; limitations in the methods used to collect data via household surveys versus information from business establishments; and differing legal definitions of workers under tax,

341:

requiring a particular set of skills and equipment. Gig work enables digital nomads by offering flexible, location-independent job opportunities that can be performed remotely, typically through digital platforms, allowing for a lifestyle of travel and work anywhere with internet connectivity.

3228:

Uber says 91 percent of its drivers across the country work fewer than 40 hours per week. Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi said in a blog post this week that if the company were forced to make all drivers across the country employees, for example, it could only support 260,000 full-time roles. That

757:

Interestingly, the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) finds that despite the general decline in gig workforce participation with age, approximately 20% of retired Americans participate in the gig economy, primarily by performing services such as tutoring, rental hosting, caring for pets, and

482:

Assault and harassment also place undue financial burdens on female gig workers. Since gig workers are typically categorized as independent contractors, they are not extended the protections and benefits of traditional employees. For instance, independent contractors are not covered under the

340:

sell their skills to maximize their freedom, while full-time gig workers leverage digital service-on-demand platforms and job matching apps to level up their skills. Another example of temporary workers may be digital nomads. Digital nomads have a mobile lifestyle combining work and leisure,

710:

Despite promises from Brazilian government authorities to create new laws to regulate the activity, the absence of a specific regulation covering this new form of relationship between Brazilian companies and gig workers has increased legal uncertainty and been a source of social conflicts.

423:

The gig economy is ostensibly less gender-segregated worldwide than the traditional labor market. However, women across the world continue to protest against gender gaps such as lower wages and working hours and the lack of flexibility. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for worker

411:

has been described as conferring a professional status that allows women to participate in paid work without disrupting social hierarchies and while managing household and childcare responsibilities. The advent of home service providers and beauticians within the gig economy has led to the

1779: 754:

years of age, and lower than that for individuals 50 and older. The consulting firm McKinsey attributes the difference in participation by age in part to the low barrier of entry into gig work as young adults are still developing marketable skill sets for other lines of work.

770:

In 2021, more non-white gig workers expressed concern about their exposure to COVID-19 on the job, at 50%, than their white counterparts, at 38%. A similar difference between races was found among standard workers with respect to their employer’s lack of COVID-19 precautions.

258:

with set working hours, including benefits. But the definition of work began to change with changing economic conditions and continued technological advances, and the change in the economy created a new labor force characterized by independent and contractual labor.

465:

claims filed by female Uber drivers. A 2019 safety report released by Uber reported 6,000 incidences of sexual assault from 2017-2018 experienced by both riders and drivers. Despite the prevalence of harassment and assault, platforms do little to protect women from

667:

wage, rest periods and holiday pay. In 2018, Uber lost a court case which claimed drivers are workers and therefore entitled to workers' rights, including the national minimum wage and paid holiday. Another UK company involved in "worker status" legal cases is

650:

In some jurisdictions, legal rulings have classified full-time freelancers working for a single main employer of the gig economy as workers and awarded them regular worker rights and protection. An example is the October 2016 ruling against Uber in the case of

1439:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury" 441:

Platform-based work is also highly segregated by gender. Men in the gig economy typically perform traditionally male tasks, most notably transportation. A study in Australia found that the most common task for male gig workers was driving, particularly for

312:

concluded that, across America and England, there were a total of 162 million people that were involved in some type of independent work. Moreover, their payment is linked to the gigs they perform, which could be deliveries, rentals or other services.

528:, Woodcock and Graham outline four pathways worker-friendly futures for the gig economy: increased transparency, better regulation, stronger collective organisation of workers, and platforms run as cooperatives or public infrastructures. 251:. As a result, on-demand platforms based on digital technology have created jobs and employment forms that are differentiated from existing offline transactions by the level of accessibility, convenience and price competitiveness. 541:

When it comes to gig workers in Africa, there are significant variations across different countries. Sub-Saharan Africa comprises 13% of the world's workforce and over 85% of the employment in Africa is considered informal.

432:

Gig work has witnessed a similar gendered division that exist within traditional work. The platform economy has particularly attracted female service providers due to the flexibility it offers. For example, 80% of women on

394:

worked greater than 55 hours weekly, and this was more prevalent among men, as well as workers in the Western Pacific and South-East Asia regions. Work has also suggested poor mental health outcomes amongst gig workers.

2557: 3243:"Uber and Lyft Fight a Law They Say Doesn't Apply to Them - The ride-hail companies are backing a ballot measure to overturn a California law intended to transform gig-economy workers from contractors to employees" 3018: 795:". (In the US, there are two mutually exclusive employee classifications; the following ballot initiative created a third in California.) In response to AB 5, app-based ride-sharing and delivery companies 3288: 521:

workforce. This can help companies increase their profits. From this point of view, the unconventional gig work is a fundamental component of today's economy, and it is unlikely to disappear anytime soon.

474:

and customer bias also mean that customers are more likely to challenge women's decisions, making it difficult for female drivers to defend themselves and advocate for themselves in customer interactions.

508:

online during high-traffic or high-demand times. Surge pricing times may conflict with non-work commitments like caregiving responsibilities, creating a trade-off between flexibility and higher earnings.

3321:"benefits funds which give workers cash that they can use for the benefits they want, like health insurance or paid time off," rather than employer-sponsored health care or state-mandated paid leave. 4895: 4107: 2341: 1091: 2496: 823:(time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance - among others) while instead giving drivers new protections of: 1617: 2209: 4823: 175:, which created a third worker classification whereby gig-worker-drivers are classified as contractors but get some benefits, such as minimum wage, mileage reimbursement, and others. 2558:

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31803/The-Digital-Economy-in-Southeast-Asia-Strengthening-the-Foundations-for-Future-Growth.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

4033: 479:

being removed form the platform entirely, creating an environment where workers often tolerate some level of harassment to avoid a low rating that may jeopardize their earnings.

994: 839:

prohibits workplace discrimination and requires that companies: develop sexual harassment policies, conduct criminal background checks, and mandate safety training for drivers

612:

Gig work in Southeast Asia has been rapidly growing since 2010; based on World Bank estimates in 2019, the gig work population has seen a consistent 30% annual growth rate.

2646: 1919: 741:

In 2022, the U.S. Department of Labor released a proposal to revise the Department’s guidance on how to determine who is an employee or independent contractor under the

446:. Women, on the other hand, tend to perform traditionally female tasks like food shopping, care work, cleaning, and creative jobs like graphic design and writing tasks. 616:

light on the vulnerability of gig workers in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, ojek drivers in particular were left with neither a social safety net nor health protection.

4070: 2738: 2703: 2667: 574: 382:

were written. These mechanisms of control can result in low pay, social isolation, working unsocial and irregular hours, overwork, sleep deprivation and exhaustion.

1645: 591:

ensuring they receive essential social security protections. Additionally, the bill establishes a mechanism for gig workers to voice and address their grievances.

3278: 2177: 4979: 162:

In many countries, the legal classification of gig workers is still being debated, with companies classifying their workers as "independent contractors", while

1320: 2967:"U.S. Department of Labor Proposes Rule to Clarify Employee and Independent Contractor Status Under the Fair Labor Standards Act | U.S. Department of Labor" 1017: 374:

blur the legal definitions of the terms "employee" and "employer" in ways that were unimaginable when employment regulations in the United States like the

1549: 4409: 4144: 2943:"Notice of Proposed Rule: Employee or Independent Contractor Classification under the Fair Labor Standards Act, RIN 1235-AA43 | U.S. Department of Labor" 2903: 2843: 1669: 3187: 1099: 3351: 3315: 3180:"EXEMPTS APP-BASED TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY COMPANIESFROM PROVIDING EMPLOYEE BENEFITS TO CERTAIN DRIVERS.INITIATIVE STATUTE - ANALYSIS OF MEASURE" 3071: 1143: 2398: 398:

almost inevitably reducing wages to compensate for the increased benefits or even terminating employment when they have no leeway to reduce wages.

278:, such as mobile applications, in order to aggregate transactions between clients and providers of a service, often bypassing the role of existing 5037: 1721: 679: 217: 4888: 3252: 726: 2752: 1595: 4832: 4091: 2317: 2153: 1903: 1525: 1367: 2373: 375: 722:, a collective organisation of gig workers, which mobilized a set of actions and drew the attention of Brazilian society to the problem. 3043: 1693: 4086: 417: 2766: 2540: 316:

Because a lot of gig work can be done online, gig workers find themselves competing with one another in a 'planetary labour market'.

4881: 827:

120 percent of the local minimum wage for each hour a driver spends driving (with passenger or en route), but not time spent waiting

784: 675:

suggests that this case establishes "once and for all that in the UK the self-employed app-based driver model is no longer viable".

390: 119: 1002: 738:

performed at least one of these three activities, some 24% of American adults have earned money in the "platform economy" in 2015.

655:, which supported the claim of two Uber drivers to be classified as workers and to receive the related worker rights and benefits. 4805: 2191: 742: 559:

2024. 47% of gig workers are employed in medium-skilled jobs, about 22% in high-skilled jobs, and about 31% in low-skilled jobs.

379: 4965: 300:". Uberization has also raised concerns over government regulations and taxation, insofar as the formalized application of the 243:

of the economy and industry developed rapidly due to the development of information and communication technologies such as the

3192: 729:, a government-led research agency, it was estimated that in October 2021, gig workers numbered 1.4 million people in Brazil. 4916: 4780: 4567: 4137: 1819: 816: 172: 57: 2924: 1077: 5027: 4951: 3820: 3344: 859: 2374:"Platforms, Power, and Politics: Perspectives from Domestic and Care Work in India — The Centre for Internet and Society" 699:

of work, with the growth of digital applications for the delivery of goods and services, a phenomenon popularly known as

100: 4923: 4793: 4723: 4461: 1125: 780: 3218:"Uber and gig companies spend nearly $ 200 million to knock down an employment law they don't like — and it might work" 1334: 72: 4867: 4718: 2724: 1569: 53: 671:. On 19 February 2021, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of 25 Uber drivers having "worker status"; the publication 5006: 4786: 4708: 1310: 951: 719: 567: 4812: 2863: 2070: 159:. Gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to the company's clients. 79: 46: 4681: 4520: 4404: 4130: 3906: 2994: 1443: 386: 309: 2626: 132: 5032: 3337: 2302:

Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development

4750: 2682: 3217: 1884:""Brush it Off": How Women Workers Manage and Cope with Bias and Harassment in Gender-agnostic Gig Platforms" 500:

States found that on average, women earned about 7% less than their male counterparts. On Amazon's platform,

4839: 4799: 4767: 4389: 3833: 3411: 1059: 788: 148: 86: 2787: 2753:""False" Self-Employment and the Gig Economy – Where are We Now? | Jul - 2018 | A&L Goodbody" 2472: 4902: 4587: 4277: 3986: 3971: 3861: 3307: 3229:

compares to 1.2 million active drivers the company was hosting on its app before the coronavirus pandemic.

836:

requires the companies to pay medical costs and some lost income for drivers hurt while driving or waiting

501: 240: 972: 4937: 4860: 4624: 4187: 4052: 3951: 3768: 2661: 849: 68: 4972: 4629: 4614: 4607: 4577: 4562: 3961: 3838: 3828: 3608: 2942: 2525:[What's Dawn Delivery? A New Work Paradigm, Gig Worker and Platform Worker is a Rising Sun]. 2022: 1981: 1452: 3242: 1507: 4572: 4515: 4451: 4419: 4399: 4338: 4242: 4237: 3981: 3843: 3752: 3222: 2806: 2604: 1646:"'We're being pushed into poverty': Voices of women who took on the unicorn start-up Urban Company" 662:

provided guidance on the correct way to categorize "gig economy" workers. The London-based company

583: 450: 1181: 4874: 4619: 4333: 4177: 3515: 3433: 3279:"Human Capital: A timeline of Uber and Lyft's fight against AB 5 and Pinterest's fall from grace" 2608: 2600: 2473:"Union Minister for Labour and Employment briefs the media on the First Employment Working Group" 2323: 2278: 2251:"Sustaining urban labour markets: Situating migration and domestic work in India's 'gig' economy" 2171: 2124: 1954: 1743: 1670:"Urban Company Sues Workers for Protesting Against 'Unfair Labour Practices'. Protest Called Off" 1554: 1531: 1277: 1199: 471: 350: 275: 2447: 1920:"Working Conditions on Digital Labour Platforms: Evidence from a Leading Labour Supply Economy" 4592: 4486: 4466: 4456: 4353: 4318: 4192: 3136: 3118: 2732: 2592: 2349: 2313: 2270: 2159: 2149: 2048: 1966: 1962: 1899: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1521: 1488: 1470: 1416: 1363: 932: 820: 819:), which won with 60% of the vote and exempted them from providing the full suite of mandated 462: 267: 156: 3155: 4958: 4909: 4686: 4540: 4445: 4439: 4232: 4202: 4153: 3996: 3966: 3881: 3876: 3598: 3525: 3428: 3247: 3126: 3108: 2582: 2305: 2262: 2250: 2238:. Economic Sociology of Work (Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol. 18). pp. 315–342. 2114: 2038: 2030: 1982:"The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from Over a Million Rideshare Drivers" 1946: 1891: 1799: 1791: 1755: 1513: 1478: 1460: 1406: 1396: 1267: 1189: 956: 922: 864: 854: 663: 659: 563: 496: 408: 283: 271: 2422: 1780:"Gender and gig economy: Men and women using digital platforms to secure work in Australia" 4944: 4930: 4846: 4713: 4671: 4644: 4247: 4222: 4212: 3956: 3360: 2708: 869: 652: 301: 232: 163: 2571:"Urban gig workers in Indonesia during COVID-19: The experience of online 'ojek' drivers" 2522: 718:

bringing together delivery workers coordinated by a set of social movements, such as the

349:

It is important to distinguish employment in the sharing economy from employment through

3131: 3096: 2966: 2587: 2570: 2026: 1456: 1217: 703:, despite being occurring in several countries around the world, has gained strength in 93: 4691: 4654: 4649: 4634: 4434: 4429: 4343: 4313: 4308: 4287: 4282: 4172: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3603: 3498: 3448: 3396: 2043: 2010: 1483: 1438: 1411: 1384: 715: 492: 438:

provides an opportunity monetize previously unpaid domestic skills like food shopping.

330: 287: 279: 2645:

Pesole, A., Urzí Brancati, M.C, Fernández-Macías, E., Biagi, F., González Vázquez, I.

927: 910: 228: 5021: 4853: 4666: 4659: 4550: 4491: 4481: 4348: 4328: 4323: 4227: 4217: 4182: 4167: 3941: 3916: 3896: 3871: 3794: 2884:"Greve dos entregadores: o que querem os profissionais que fazem paralisação inédita" 2612: 2282: 2128: 1980:

Cook, Cody; Diamond, Rebecca; Hall, Jonathan; List, John A.; Oyer, Paul (June 2018).

1535: 1281: 1203: 255: 2569:

Rachmawati, Riani; Safitri; Zakia, Luthfianti; Lupita, Ayu; De Ruyter, Alex (2021).

2399:"This online company provides maids – and lets you pick them by religion and region" 2327: 1958: 833:

health insurance stipend for drivers who average more than 15 hours per week driving

625:

liable for penalties under the Fair Work Act, and have to backpay the entitlements.

4774: 4745: 4730: 4696: 4639: 4602: 4530: 4424: 4368: 4363: 4257: 3991: 3911: 3742: 3721: 3695: 3618: 3565: 3179: 2908: 2771: 2009:

Dokuka, Sofia; Kapuza, Anastasia; Sverdlov, Mikhail; Yalov, Timofey (19 May 2022).

209: 3570: 2304:. ICTD '19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–5. 1272: 1255: 707:, a country affected by deindustrialization and dependence on the service sector. 2883: 2844:"Governo negocia modelo para incluir trabalhadores de aplicativos na Previdência" 1935:"Gender Wage Gap in Online Gig Economy and Gender Differences in Job Preferences" 1883: 1820:"Female drivers feel abandoned by Uber and Lyft after reporting a sexual assault" 1465: 1295: 5001: 4676: 4535: 4510: 4501: 4394: 4373: 4358: 4292: 4267: 4252: 4207: 3669: 3530: 2103:"Understanding the Present and Future of Work in the Fissured Workplace Context" 700: 467: 35: 2034: 1385:"Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy" 4996: 4740: 4735: 4414: 4197: 3891: 3866: 3799: 3778: 3773: 3747: 3690: 3654: 3613: 3580: 3552: 3391: 3283: 3113: 2888: 2868: 2848: 2266: 2163: 1882:

Ma, Ning F.; Rivera, Veronica A.; Yao, Zheng; Yoon, Dongwook (29 April 2022).

1744:"Gender, Class, and the Gig Economy: The Case of Platform-Based Food Delivery" 668: 555: 361: 337: 248: 168: 3122: 2820: 2596: 2353: 2274: 1795: 1759: 1474: 1401: 1162: 936: 4702: 4597: 4525: 4496: 4471: 4272: 4262: 4001: 3901: 3664: 3593: 3588: 3535: 3386: 2309: 2119: 2102: 1895: 1078:"Taking uberization to the Field - Disruption is coming for Field Marketing" 889: 879: 874: 812: 808: 792: 696: 587: 454: 263: 198: 137: 3140: 2497:"In a first, Rajasthan clears bill granting social security to gig workers" 2342:"Survey finds how gig jobs could turn into a trap for over half of workers" 2143: 2052: 1934: 1618:"Gig Economy sees 3X surge in participation from women in 2021 - ETHRWorld" 1492: 1420: 424:

protections for women who work in the gig economy for supplemental income.

17: 2683:"On the job but unprotected — why European welfare is failing gig workers" 2297: 1194: 1040:

Choi, Gisan (January 2019). "Global Gig Economy Status and Implications".

189:

has various meanings in English, but it has two modern meanings: any paid

4582: 4476: 3946: 3659: 3468: 3421: 2825: 2687: 1950: 1296:"Distinguishing employment under zero-hour contracts and the gig economy" 1018:"Goodbye Jobs, Hello 'Gigs': How One Word Sums Up A New Economic Reality" 804: 434: 412:

formalizing and feminization of casual labor, dubbed “pink collar work".

244: 213: 208:

in the sense of "any, usual temporary, paid job" is from a 1952 piece by

194: 2210:"Despite rise in gig economy, women's participation still less than 30%" 1804: 830:$ 0.30/mile for expenses for each mile driven with passenger or en route 4556: 4545: 3886: 3674: 3458: 3453: 3381: 2541:"Gig economy in SE Asia is keeping the lights on: who is helping them?" 884: 365:

completion of small tasks to assist in machine learning or automation.

152: 2071:"Gender and the Gig Economy: Critical steps for evidence-based policy" 3856: 3705: 3700: 3560: 3508: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3406: 3308:"Uber, Lyft and why California's war over gig work is just beginning" 1550:"Opinion: Legislation should help rather than hinder the gig economy" 704: 3156:"Uber reports another big loss but beats on revenue, shares pop 19%" 2296:

Prabhat, Shantanu; Nanavati, Sneha; Rangaswamy, Nimmi (2019-01-04).

1517: 1182:"View of The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market?" 4122: 3072:"Racial and ethnic differences stand out in the U.S. gig workforce" 2904:"Trabalhadores de aplicativos somam 1,4 milhão no Brasil, diz Ipea" 1506:

Gross, Sally-Anne; Musgrave, George; Janciute, Laima (2018-08-08).

3976: 3726: 3634: 3520: 3493: 3443: 3401: 3329: 3097:"Migration and Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy: An Intervention" 2864:"The hidden marketing machine behind Brazil's food delivery giant" 600: 453:. Women now make up just under half of the delivery people on the 290:

has different operating costs compared to a traditional business.

227: 131: 2725:""False" Self-Employment and the Gig Economy - Where are We Now?" 1256:"A research framework for digital nomadism: a bibliometric study" 599:

Gig work is spreading around the side job and delivery business.

4006: 3503: 3488: 3463: 3438: 3416: 800: 796: 443: 297: 4126: 3333: 2192:"A new kind of company is revolutionising Africa's gig economy" 2107:

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

787:

requiring all companies to re-classify their gig-workers from "

3095:

van Doorn, Niels; Ferrari, Fabian; Graham, Mark (2022-07-05).

3019:"Freelance work, side hustles, and the gig economy | McKinsey" 1315: 1236: 1022: 190: 29: 4108:

Professional E-Hailing Drivers and Private Owners Association

1694:"Artificial intelligence, platform work and gender equality" 1126:"What Workplace Leaders Can Learn From the Real Gig Economy" 1933:

Chen Liang; Yili Hong; Bin Gu; Jing Peng (1 October 2018).

1742:

Milkman, Ruth; Elliot-Negri, Luke; Reich, Adam (May 2021).

1437:

Pega, Frank; Náfrádi, Bálint; et al. (May 17, 2021).

1144:"Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy" 952:"The Silicon Valley Economy Is Here. And It's a Nightmare" 407:

In India, 28% of the gig workforce consists of women. The

2704:"Gig economy: How workers' rights may be about to change" 2523:"'새벽배송' 그것이 뭐시 문젠디!?···새로운 근로 패러다임, '긱 워커'와 '플랫폼 워커'가 뜬다" 2236:

An Economic Sociology of Informal Work: The Case of India

678:

Many "gig economy workers" have not been able to receive

3070:

Gelles-Watnick, Risa; Monica; erson (15 December 2021).

3044:"The Age of Re-retirement: Retirees and the Gig Economy" 2925:"The Gig Economy: Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing" 2821:"Coronavirus: Gig economy workers 'fall between cracks'" 1092:"'Uberisation' of economies pinching state tax revenues" 449:

There has also been a recent rise in women joining the

4034:

International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers

911:"What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy" 1888:

CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

4989: 4822: 4759: 4382: 4301: 4160: 4100: 4079: 4063: 4042: 4026: 4019: 3819: 3812: 3787: 3761: 3735: 3714: 3683: 3647: 3627: 3579: 3551: 3544: 3374: 3367: 1778:Churchill, Brendan; Craig, Lyn (16 December 2019). 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1335:"The urgent need for regulating global ghost work" 993:Donovan, Sarah; Bradley, David; Shimabukuru, Jon. 151:, online platform workers, contract firm workers, 2999:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 2929:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 2767:"Uber loses appeal over driver employment rights" 1180:Graham, Mark; Anwar, Mohammad Amir (April 2019). 1053: 1051: 973:"5 Things You Need to Know About the Gig Economy" 586:2023, held at Delhi, India. On 24 July 2023, the 4071:Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers 2011:"Women in gig economy work less in the evenings" 1570:"How the platform economy sets women up to fail" 1124:Pendell, Ryan; Mcfeely, Shane (16 August 2018). 575:Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers 562:93% of the Indian population is employed in the 1922:. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. March 2019. 1509:Well-Being and Mental Health in the Gig Economy 1058:Dokko, Jane; Mumford, Megan (9 December 2015). 201:and any job, especially one that is temporary. 2145:The gig economy : a critical introduction 1360:The gig economy : a critical introduction 1035: 1033: 4980:The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy 4138: 3345: 2575:Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 2423:"Meet the most powerful Uber driver in India" 2255:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 1432: 1430: 995:"What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?" 8: 2737:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2666:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2249:Tandon, Ambika; Rathi, Aayush (2022-08-15). 2069:Hunt, Abigail; Samman, Emma (January 2019). 140:cycle delivery worker in Manchester, England 2788:"CitySprint loses third worker status case" 2448:"India's Gig Workers | Think Global Health" 1596:"Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing" 1383:Wood, Alex; Graham, Mark (August 8, 2018). 4410:All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy 4145: 4131: 4123: 4023: 3816: 3548: 3371: 3352: 3338: 3330: 2176:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3130: 3112: 2723:Evans, R. and Dennehy, A. (4 July 2018). 2586: 2118: 2042: 1803: 1482: 1464: 1410: 1400: 1271: 1193: 926: 909:Vallas, Steven; Schor, Juliet B. (2020). 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1850:Canadian Journal of Law & Technology 1846:"Onlife Harms: Uber and Sexual Violence" 3188:California Legislative Analyst's Office 2838: 2836: 2096: 2094: 901: 27:Independent on-demand temporary workers 4889:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays 3065: 3063: 2988: 2986: 2730: 2681:Heikkilä, Melissa (October 22, 2020). 2659: 2169: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1722:"The rise of women in the gig economy" 1698:European Institute for Gender Equality 1644:Mehrotra, Karishma (13 January 2022). 1639: 1637: 1311:"The 'ghost work' powering tech magic" 578:exploitation by aggregator companies. 517:workplace, and other public policies. 4833:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral 2640: 2638: 2636: 2064: 2062: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1715: 1713: 1119: 1117: 1016:Geoffrey Nunberg (January 11, 2016). 458:claims filed by female Uber drivers. 7: 4087:National Taxi Workers' Alliance (NY) 1989:National Bureau of Economic Research 1844:Turnbull, Amanda (20 January 2022). 1060:"Workers and the Online Gig Economy" 988: 986: 461:There have been various accounts of 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3241:Marshall, Arian (31 October 2019). 3048:American Enterprise Institute - AEI 2805:McCullooch, A. (23 February 2021). 2605:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.15.1.0031 2588:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.15.1.0031 1512:. University of Westminster Press. 1098:. 27 September 2015. Archived from 1237:"IFTF: Voices of Workable Futures" 385:According to a 2021 report by the 296:is derived from the company name " 25: 4882:Future Primitive and Other Essays 3318:from the original on 2020-08-23. 3291:from the original on 2020-08-17. 3277:Dickey, Megan Rose (2020-08-14). 2807:"Uber ruling: what happens next?" 2627:"Gig Economy Fair Work Ombudsman" 2078:Analysis & Policy Observatory 1161:Wilson, Bill (10 February 2017). 928:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857 391:International Labour Organization 4806:The Working Class Goes to Heaven 2702:Gingell, Matt (August 1, 2017). 2397:Jain, Mayank (3 November 2015). 1323:from the original on 2023-12-20. 921:(1): annurev–soc–121919-054857. 380:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 262:Uberisation or uberization is a 34: 4966:The Revolution of Everyday Life 3255:from the original on 2019-11-06 3198:from the original on 2020-08-29 2995:"The State of Gig Work in 2021" 1720:Erica Pandey (26 August 2021). 743:Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 204:The earliest usage of the word 45:needs additional citations for 5038:Occupational safety and health 4917:On the Poverty of Student Life 4781:Swedish Public Freedom Service 4760:Theater, movies, music and art 4568:Occupational safety and health 4383:Terminology and related topics 2148:. Mark Graham. Cambridge, UK. 1235:Hagan, Jean (September 2016). 817:2020 California Proposition 22 714:In 2020, there was a national 173:2020 California Proposition 22 1: 4952:The Human Use of Human Beings 4092:Rideshare Drivers United (CA) 3821:Social peer-to-peer processes 3306:Hepler, Lauren (2020-08-21). 3216:Siddiqui, Faiz (2020-10-26). 3154:Pitt, Sofia (2 August 2022). 2654:JRS Policy for Science Report 1273:10.1080/16078055.2022.2134200 999:Cornell University ILR School 860:List of gig economy companies 815:created a ballot initiative ( 345:Zero-hour contract employment 235:, former CEO of Uber, in 2013 212:about his gig as a part-time 4924:The Society of the Spectacle 4794:The Future of Work and Death 4462:Extermination through labour 4049:Gorillas Workers Collective 3101:Work, Employment and Society 3042:Konicki, John (2021-08-03). 2912:(in Portuguese). 2021-10-07. 2892:(in Portuguese). 2020-06-22. 2852:(in Portuguese). 2022-04-27. 2647:"Platform Workers in Europe" 2452:Council on Foreign Relations 1466:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 1389:Work, Employment and Society 1163:"What is the 'gig' economy?" 369:Advantages and disadvantages 254:Normally "work" describes a 4868:Critique of Economic Reason 2923:Aaron, Smith (2016-11-17). 2234:Agarwala, Rina (May 2009). 1939:NET Institute Working Paper 1042:International Economy Focus 686:Latin America and Caribbean 5054: 5007:Situationist International 4787:Take This Job and Shove It 4709:Technological unemployment 2993:Atske, Sara (2021-12-08). 2035:10.1038/s41598-022-12558-x 1808:– via Sage Journals. 1762:– via Sage Journals. 950:Russel, Lia (2019-01-16). 915:Annual Review of Sociology 720:Entregadores Antifascistas 568:caste-based discrimination 328: 274:by new participants using 247:and the popularization of 193:or role, especially for a 4682:Right to rest and leisure 4521:Honeymoon-hangover effect 4405:Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich 3907:Collaborative consumption 3852: 3114:10.1177/09500170221096581 2267:10.1177/0308518X221120822 1444:Environment International 680:COVID-19 pandemic support 387:World Health Organization 310:McKinsey Global Institute 282:as part of the so-called 218:Southern Pacific railroad 3844:Peer-to-peer ridesharing 3736:Services and freelancing 2529:(in Korean). 2019-04-02. 2142:Woodcock, Jamie (2020). 2101:Weil, David (Dec 2019). 1796:10.1177/1440783319894060 1760:10.1177/0896920520949631 1402:10.1177/0950017018785616 1362:. London: Polity Press. 1358:Woodcock, Jamie (2019). 1309:Gent, Edd (2019-08-29). 1241:Institute For The Future 4840:Bartleby, the Scrivener 4800:The Main Thing Is Work! 4390:996 working hour system 3834:Peer-to-peer carsharing 2310:10.1145/3287098.3287139 2120:10.7758/rsf.2019.5.5.08 1896:10.1145/3491102.3517524 1254:Šímová, Tereza (2023). 1218:"What is a gig worker?" 789:independent contractors 428:Gender and type of work 418:Criminal Procedure Code 149:independent contractors 4903:Manifesto Against Work 4588:Performance punishment 4278:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 3987:Scooter-sharing system 3972:Product-service system 3862:Bicycle-sharing system 2298:"India's "Uberwallah"" 1148:McKinsey & Company 781:California legislature 491:The literature on the 241:digital transformation 236: 141: 4938:The Abolition of Work 4861:The Conquest of Bread 4813:Yama—Attack to Attack 4625:Protestant work ethic 3952:Intentional community 3769:The Freecycle Network 1594:Smith, Aaron (2016). 1260:World Leisure Journal 1195:10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913 850:False self-employment 231: 135: 5028:Temporary employment 4973:The Right to Be Lazy 4896:Inventing the Future 4630:Psychological safety 4615:Productivity theater 4608:Digital presenteeism 4578:Orange S.A. suicides 4563:Occupational burnout 4302:Contemporary persons 3962:Platform cooperative 3839:Peer-to-peer lending 3829:Peer-to-peer banking 3609:Servas International 2196:World Economic Forum 1951:10.2139/ssrn.3266249 1784:Journal of Sociology 1603:Pew Research Centers 1558:. February 13, 2020. 1064:The Hamilton Project 308:A 2016 study by the 167:2020, the voters in 54:improve this article 4751:Work–life interface 4573:Occupational stress 4516:Happiness economics 4452:Effects of overtime 4420:Bare minimum Monday 4400:Abusive supervision 4339:Claus Peter Ortlieb 4243:Henry David Thoreau 4238:Friedrich Nietzsche 3982:Ridesharing company 3223:The Washington Post 3076:Pew Research Center 2775:. 20 December 2018. 2027:2022NatSR..12.8502D 1616:www.ETHRWorld.com. 1457:2021EnInt.15406595P 1102:on 14 December 2018 351:zero-hour contracts 276:computing platforms 4620:Professional abuse 4334:Maurizio Lazzarato 4178:Alfredo M. Bonanno 4161:Historical persons 2454:. 22 February 2023 2346:The Economic Times 2015:Scientific Reports 1748:Critical Sociology 1555:The Globe and Mail 1222:gigeconomydata.org 762:Racial disparities 472:Gender stereotypes 402:Gender disparities 376:Wagner Act of 1935 239:In the 2000s, the 237: 142: 5015: 5014: 4768:À Nous la Liberté 4593:Post-work society 4487:Four-day workweek 4467:Career cushioning 4457:Employee ghosting 4354:Penelope Rosemont 4319:Madeleine Bunting 4120: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4015: 4014: 3808: 3807: 3643: 3642: 2319:978-1-4503-6122-4 2155:978-1-5095-3635-1 1905:978-1-4503-9157-3 1890:. pp. 1–13. 1864:– via SSRN. 1527:978-1-911534-91-4 1369:978-1-509-53636-8 821:employee benefits 463:sexual harassment 325:Temporary workers 268:commercialization 157:temporary workers 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5045: 4910:New Escapologist 4687:Sampo generation 4541:Jobless employed 4446:Dolce far niente 4440:Cycle of poverty 4233:Bertrand Russell 4154:Critique of work 4147: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4024: 3997:Two-sided market 3967:Platform economy 3882:Decentralization 3877:Borrowing center 3817: 3762:Swap and renting 3599:Hospitality Club 3549: 3372: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3116: 3107:(4): 1099–1111. 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3023:www.mckinsey.com 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3005: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2590: 2566: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2547:. July 16, 2021. 2537: 2531: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2261:(4): 1245–1261. 2246: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1908:– via ACM. 1879: 1866: 1865: 1841: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1775: 1764: 1763: 1739: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1581: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1486: 1468: 1434: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1404: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1275: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1096:Business Insider 1088: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1001:. Archived from 990: 981: 980: 968: 962: 961: 957:The New Republic 947: 941: 940: 930: 906: 865:Platform economy 855:Informal economy 664:Pimlico Plumbers 660:UK Supreme Court 564:informal economy 497:platform economy 451:delivery economy 409:platform economy 284:platform economy 272:service industry 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5033:Sharing economy 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 4985: 4945:The End of Work 4931:Steal This Book 4847:Bonjour paresse 4818: 4755: 4714:Toxic workplace 4672:Refusal of work 4645:Quiet promotion 4378: 4297: 4248:Herbert Marcuse 4223:Walter Benjamin 4213:Mikhail Bakunin 4156: 4151: 4121: 4112: 4096: 4075: 4059: 4038: 4011: 3957:Open innovation 3848: 3804: 3783: 3757: 3731: 3710: 3679: 3648:Project funding 3639: 3623: 3575: 3540: 3363: 3361:Sharing economy 3358: 3328: 3327: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3258: 3256: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2842: 2841: 2834: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2729: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2709:The Independent 2701: 2700: 2696: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2658: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2501:Hindustan Times 2495: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2320: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2216:. 8 August 2022 2208: 2207: 2203: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2168: 2156: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1881: 1880: 1869: 1843: 1842: 1831: 1826:. 19 June 2019. 1818: 1817: 1813: 1777: 1776: 1767: 1741: 1740: 1729: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1528: 1518:10.16997/book32 1505: 1504: 1500: 1436: 1435: 1428: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1015: 1014: 1010: 992: 991: 984: 971:Alvarez, Matt. 970: 969: 965: 949: 948: 944: 908: 907: 903: 898: 870:Precarious work 846: 777: 764: 751: 749:Age disparities 735: 693: 688: 673:Personnel Today 653:Uber BV v Aslam 648: 631: 622: 610: 597: 553: 548: 539: 534: 526:The Gig Economy 524:In their book, 514: 502:Mechanical Turk 489: 430: 404: 371: 359: 347: 333: 327: 322: 302:sharing economy 270:of an existing 266:describing the 233:Travis Kalanick 226: 184: 164:organized labor 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5051: 5049: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4692:Sunday scaries 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4655:Quiet thriving 4652: 4650:Quiet quitting 4647: 4642: 4637: 4635:Quick quitting 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4435:Corporatocracy 4432: 4430:Coffee badging 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4344:Roland Paulsen 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:L. Susan Brown 4311: 4309:Franco Berardi 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4288:Renzo Novatore 4285: 4283:Raoul Vaneigem 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4193:Günther Anders 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4173:Edward Bellamy 4170: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3932:Garden sharing 3929: 3927:Flight sharing 3924: 3922:Expert network 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3715:Music and film 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3604:Pasporta Servo 3601: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3375:Transportation 3369: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3298: 3269: 3233: 3208: 3191:. 2020-07-15. 3171: 3146: 3087: 3059: 3034: 3010: 2982: 2958: 2934: 2915: 2895: 2875: 2855: 2832: 2829:. 28 May 2020. 2812: 2797: 2778: 2758: 2744: 2715: 2694: 2673: 2632: 2618: 2561: 2550: 2532: 2514: 2503:. 25 July 2023 2488: 2464: 2439: 2414: 2389: 2365: 2348:. 2022-09-06. 2333: 2318: 2288: 2241: 2226: 2201: 2183: 2154: 2134: 2113:(5): 147–165. 2090: 2058: 2001: 1972: 1925: 1911: 1904: 1867: 1829: 1811: 1765: 1754:(3): 357–372. 1727: 1709: 1685: 1661: 1633: 1608: 1586: 1561: 1541: 1526: 1498: 1426: 1375: 1368: 1350: 1326: 1301: 1298:. 17 May 2017. 1287: 1266:(2): 175–191. 1246: 1227: 1209: 1172: 1153: 1135: 1113: 1083: 1069: 1047: 1029: 1008: 1005:on 2020-12-14. 982: 963: 942: 900: 899: 897: 894: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 845: 842: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 776: 773: 763: 760: 750: 747: 734: 731: 692: 689: 687: 684: 647: 646:United Kingdom 644: 630: 627: 621: 618: 609: 608:Southeast Asia 606: 596: 593: 552: 549: 547: 544: 538: 535: 533: 530: 513: 510: 493:gender pay gap 488: 487:Gender and pay 485: 429: 426: 403: 400: 370: 367: 358: 355: 346: 343: 331:Temporary work 329:Main article: 326: 323: 321: 318: 288:business model 280:intermediaries 225: 222: 183: 177: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5050: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4854:Bullshit Jobs 4851: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Rage applying 4665: 4661: 4660:Lazy girl job 4658: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4551:Loud quitting 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4492:Funemployment 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4482:Forced labour 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:Jeremy Rifkin 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329:Michael Hardt 4327: 4325: 4324:David Graeber 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228:Antonio Negri 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218:Paul Lafargue 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Heinrich Böll 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4168:Abbie Hoffman 4166: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080:United States 4078: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3942:Home exchange 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Crowdsourcing 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897:Clothing swap 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3872:Book swapping 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795:ToursByLocals 3793: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3571:misterb&b 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2872:. 2022-06-09. 2871: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2792:5 August 2020 2789: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2428: 2427:Rest of World 2424: 2418: 2415: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2379: 2378:cis-india.org 2375: 2369: 2366: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1623: 1622:ETHRWorld.com 1619: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1575: 1574:Rest of World 1571: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1351: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1080:. 9 May 2016. 1079: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 989: 987: 983: 978: 974: 967: 964: 959: 958: 953: 946: 943: 938: 934: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 905: 902: 895: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 843: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 825: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 783:passed a law 782: 779:In 2019, the 774: 772: 768: 761: 759: 755: 748: 746: 744: 739: 733:United States 732: 730: 728: 725:According to 723: 721: 717: 712: 708: 706: 702: 698: 690: 685: 683: 681: 676: 674: 670: 665: 661: 658:In 2019, the 656: 654: 645: 643: 639: 635: 628: 626: 619: 617: 613: 607: 605: 602: 594: 592: 589: 585: 579: 576: 571: 569: 565: 560: 557: 550: 545: 543: 536: 531: 529: 527: 522: 518: 511: 509: 505: 503: 498: 494: 486: 484: 480: 476: 473: 469: 464: 459: 456: 452: 447: 445: 439: 436: 427: 425: 421: 420:in Gurugram. 419: 413: 410: 401: 399: 395: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 368: 366: 363: 356: 354: 352: 344: 342: 339: 332: 324: 319: 317: 314: 311: 306: 303: 299: 295: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 257: 256:full-time job 252: 250: 246: 242: 234: 230: 223: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 182: 179:Etymology of 178: 176: 174: 170: 165: 160: 158: 155:workers, and 154: 150: 146: 139: 134: 124: 121: 113: 110:February 2021 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4811: 4804: 4792: 4775:Office Space 4773: 4766: 4746:Working poor 4731:Wage slavery 4701: 4697:Six-hour day 4640:Quiet hiring 4603:Presenteeism 4555: 4531:Job crafting 4505: 4444: 4425:Bullshit job 4369:Claire Wolfe 4364:Nick Srnicek 4258:Josef Pieper 3992:Tool library 3936: 3912:Crowdfunding 3722:Sofar Sounds 3696:MercadoLibre 3619:Warm Showers 3566:CouchSurfing 3319: 3311: 3301: 3292: 3282: 3272: 3263: 3257:. Retrieved 3246: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3200:. Retrieved 3186: 3174: 3163:. Retrieved 3159: 3149: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3079:. Retrieved 3075: 3051:. Retrieved 3047: 3037: 3026:. Retrieved 3022: 3013: 3002:. Retrieved 2998: 2974:. Retrieved 2970: 2961: 2950:. Retrieved 2946: 2937: 2928: 2918: 2907: 2898: 2887: 2878: 2867: 2858: 2847: 2824: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2781: 2772:The Guardian 2770: 2761: 2747: 2718: 2707: 2697: 2686: 2676: 2662:cite journal 2653: 2621: 2581:(1): 31–45. 2578: 2574: 2564: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2505:. Retrieved 2500: 2491: 2480:. Retrieved 2476: 2467: 2456:. Retrieved 2451: 2442: 2431:. Retrieved 2429:. 2023-01-04 2426: 2417: 2406:. Retrieved 2402: 2392: 2381:. Retrieved 2377: 2368: 2357:. Retrieved 2345: 2336: 2301: 2291: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2218:. Retrieved 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2144: 2137: 2110: 2106: 2081:. Retrieved 2077: 2021:(12): 8502. 2018: 2014: 2004: 1992:. Retrieved 1988: 1975: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1914: 1887: 1853: 1849: 1824:The Guardian 1823: 1814: 1805:11343/251843 1787: 1783: 1751: 1747: 1701:. Retrieved 1697: 1688: 1677:. Retrieved 1673: 1664: 1653:. Retrieved 1649: 1625:. Retrieved 1621: 1611: 1602: 1589: 1578:. Retrieved 1576:. 2021-09-21 1573: 1564: 1553: 1544: 1508: 1501: 1448: 1442: 1395:(1): 56–75. 1392: 1388: 1378: 1359: 1353: 1342:. Retrieved 1338: 1329: 1314: 1304: 1290: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1240: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1186:First Monday 1185: 1175: 1166: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1104:. Retrieved 1100:the original 1095: 1086: 1072: 1063: 1041: 1021: 1011: 1003:the original 998: 976: 966: 955: 945: 918: 914: 904: 778: 769: 765: 756: 752: 740: 736: 724: 713: 709: 694: 677: 672: 657: 649: 640: 636: 632: 623: 614: 611: 598: 580: 572: 561: 554: 540: 525: 523: 519: 515: 506: 490: 481: 477: 460: 448: 440: 431: 422: 414: 405: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 334: 320:Distinctions 315: 307: 293: 292: 261: 253: 238: 210:Jack Kerouac 205: 203: 186: 185: 180: 161: 144: 143: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69:"Gig worker" 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 5002:CrimethInc. 4990:Communities 4724:Psychopathy 4677:Resenteeism 4536:Job cuffing 4511:Glass cliff 4502:Uberisation 4395:Absenteeism 4374:John Zerzan 4359:Mark Slouka 4268:Max Stirner 4253:Jerry Rubin 4208:Ivan Illich 3670:Kickstarter 3545:Hospitality 3531:Yandex.Taxi 2971:www.dol.gov 2947:www.dol.gov 2545:DigiconAsia 2477:www.g20.org 2214:India Today 2198:. May 2019. 977:gigworx.com 701:uberization 595:South Korea 532:By location 338:Freelancers 294:Uberization 249:smartphones 145:Gig workers 18:Gig workers 5022:Categories 4997:R/antiwork 4875:Fight Club 4824:Literature 4741:Workaholic 4736:Work ethic 4719:Narcissism 4506:Gig worker 4415:Autonomism 4198:Guy Debord 4183:André Gorz 3937:Gig worker 3892:Carsharing 3867:Blockchain 3800:Withlocals 3774:Streetbank 3748:TaskRabbit 3691:Craigslist 3655:GiveSendGo 3614:Trustroots 3581:Non-profit 3553:For-profit 3412:Co-Op Ride 3312:CalMatters 3284:TechCrunch 3259:2020-10-14 3202:2021-01-07 3165:2022-12-08 3081:2022-12-08 3053:2022-12-08 3028:2022-12-08 3004:2022-12-08 2976:2022-10-19 2952:2022-10-19 2889:BBC Brasil 2869:Coda Media 2849:CNN Brazil 2482:2023-04-26 2458:2023-04-26 2433:2023-04-26 2408:2023-05-11 2383:2023-05-11 2359:2023-04-26 2220:2023-04-26 2164:1125302774 1703:2023-05-11 1679:2023-05-11 1655:2023-04-26 1627:2023-04-26 1580:2022-10-19 1451:: 106595. 1344:2023-12-27 896:References 890:Lying flat 775:California 669:CitySprint 584:G20 summit 556:NITI Aayog 362:Ghost work 357:Ghost work 224:Background 169:California 80:newspapers 4959:The Idler 4703:Tang ping 4598:Precariat 4526:Hush trip 4497:Ghost job 4472:Careerism 4273:Max Weber 4263:Karl Marx 4188:Bob Black 4002:Upcycling 3902:Co-living 3753:Thumbtack 3665:Indiegogo 3594:Dachgeber 3589:BeWelcome 3536:Yourdrive 3459:KakaoTaxi 3387:BlaBlaCar 3368:Companies 3123:0950-0170 2786:Moss, R. 2613:238853759 2597:1745-641X 2403:Scroll.in 2354:0013-0389 2283:251636644 2275:0308-518X 2172:cite book 2129:211388126 1650:Scroll.in 1536:169795226 1475:0160-4120 1339:Brookings 1282:253014894 1204:108292032 937:0360-0572 880:Precariat 875:Precarity 813:Postmates 809:Instacart 793:employees 697:precarity 682:funding. 620:Australia 588:Rajasthan 455:Uber Eats 264:neologism 199:performer 171:approved 138:Deliveroo 4583:Overwork 4504: / 4477:Flextime 4293:Zo d'Axa 3947:Homestay 3813:Concepts 3660:GoFundMe 3469:Ola Cabs 3434:Free Now 3316:Archived 3289:Archived 3253:Archived 3193:Archived 3141:37588943 3132:10425276 2826:BBC News 2733:cite web 2688:Politico 2527:Pressman 2328:58006087 2083:27 March 2053:35589933 1994:27 March 1959:54439874 1724:. Axios. 1674:The Wire 1493:34011457 1421:30886460 1321:Archived 1167:BBC News 1106:16 March 844:See also 805:DoorDash 435:DoorDash 389:and the 378:and the 245:Internet 216:for the 214:brakeman 195:musician 4557:Neijuan 4546:Karoshi 4101:Nigeria 4053:strikes 4043:Germany 3887:Carpool 3788:Tourism 3675:Patreon 3628:Unknown 3454:inDrive 3382:AloPeyk 2507:26 July 2044:9119571 2023:Bibcode 1967:3266249 1862:4013857 1484:8204267 1453:Bibcode 1412:6380453 885:Serfdom 495:in the 286:. This 153:on-call 94:scholar 4027:Global 4020:Labour 3857:Barter 3743:Pickle 3706:Kijiji 3701:Vinted 3684:Retail 3561:Airbnb 3526:Wingly 3509:Careem 3479:PickMe 3474:Pathao 3429:Fasten 3407:Cabify 3139: 3129: 3121: 2611: 2603: 2595: 2352: 2326: 2316: 2281: 2273: 2162: 2152: 2127: 2051: 2041: 1965: 1957: 1902: 1860: 1534: 1524: 1491: 1481: 1473: 1419: 1409: 1366: 1280: 1202: 1130:Gallup 935: 811:, and 791:" to " 785:(AB 5) 716:strike 705:Brazil 691:Brazil 629:Europe 537:Africa 512:Future 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 4064:India 3977:Reuse 3727:Tudou 3635:Helpx 3521:Waymo 3494:TAPSI 3484:Snapp 3444:Gojek 3402:Bykea 3248:Wired 3196:(PDF) 3183:(PDF) 2650:(PDF) 2609:S2CID 2601:JSTOR 2324:S2CID 2279:S2CID 2125:S2CID 2074:(PDF) 1985:(PDF) 1955:S2CID 1945:(3). 1856:(2). 1790:(4). 1599:(PDF) 1532:S2CID 1278:S2CID 1200:S2CID 601:Kakao 551:India 197:or a 101:JSTOR 87:books 4007:Wiki 3779:Olio 3504:Uber 3499:Turo 3489:Swvl 3464:Lyft 3449:Grab 3439:Gett 3417:DiDi 3397:Bolt 3392:Beat 3160:CNBC 3137:PMID 3119:ISSN 2739:link 2668:link 2593:ISSN 2509:2023 2350:ISSN 2314:ISBN 2271:ISSN 2178:link 2160:OCLC 2150:ISBN 2085:2024 2049:PMID 1996:2024 1963:SSRN 1900:ISBN 1858:SSRN 1522:ISBN 1489:PMID 1471:ISSN 1417:PMID 1364:ISBN 1108:2022 933:ISSN 801:Lyft 797:Uber 727:IPEA 695:The 573:The 546:Asia 468:bias 444:Uber 298:Uber 147:are 73:news 3516:Via 3127:PMC 3109:doi 2583:doi 2306:doi 2263:doi 2115:doi 2039:PMC 2031:doi 1947:doi 1892:doi 1800:hdl 1792:doi 1756:doi 1514:doi 1479:PMC 1461:doi 1449:154 1407:PMC 1397:doi 1316:BBC 1268:doi 1190:doi 1023:NPR 923:doi 206:gig 191:job 187:Gig 181:gig 56:by 5024:: 3422:99 3314:. 3310:. 3287:. 3281:. 3262:. 3251:. 3245:. 3226:. 3220:. 3185:. 3158:. 3135:. 3125:. 3117:. 3105:37 3103:. 3099:. 3074:. 3062:^ 3046:. 3021:. 2997:. 2985:^ 2969:. 2945:. 2927:. 2909:G1 2906:. 2886:. 2866:. 2846:. 2835:^ 2823:. 2790:. 2769:. 2735:}} 2731:{{ 2706:. 2685:. 2664:}} 2660:{{ 2652:. 2635:^ 2607:. 2599:. 2591:. 2579:15 2577:. 2573:. 2543:. 2499:. 2475:. 2450:. 2425:. 2401:. 2376:. 2344:. 2322:. 2312:. 2300:. 2277:. 2269:. 2259:56 2257:. 2253:. 2212:. 2194:. 2174:}} 2170:{{ 2158:. 2123:. 2109:. 2105:. 2093:^ 2076:. 2061:^ 2047:. 2037:. 2029:. 2019:12 2017:. 2013:. 1987:. 1961:. 1953:. 1943:18 1941:. 1937:. 1898:. 1886:. 1870:^ 1854:19 1852:. 1848:. 1832:^ 1822:. 1798:. 1788:55 1786:. 1782:. 1768:^ 1752:47 1750:. 1746:. 1730:^ 1712:^ 1696:. 1672:. 1648:. 1636:^ 1620:. 1601:. 1572:. 1552:. 1530:. 1520:. 1487:. 1477:. 1469:. 1459:. 1447:. 1441:. 1429:^ 1415:. 1405:. 1393:33 1391:. 1387:. 1337:. 1319:. 1313:. 1276:. 1264:65 1262:. 1258:. 1239:. 1220:. 1198:. 1188:. 1184:. 1165:. 1146:. 1128:. 1116:^ 1094:. 1062:. 1050:^ 1032:^ 1020:. 997:. 985:^ 975:. 954:. 931:. 919:46 917:. 913:. 807:, 803:, 799:, 570:. 220:. 136:A 4789:" 4785:" 4146:e 4139:t 4132:v 3353:e 3346:t 3339:v 3205:. 3168:. 3143:. 3111:: 3084:. 3056:. 3031:. 3007:. 2979:. 2955:. 2931:. 2809:. 2794:. 2755:. 2741:) 2727:. 2712:. 2691:. 2670:) 2656:. 2629:. 2615:. 2585:: 2511:. 2485:. 2461:. 2436:. 2411:. 2386:. 2362:. 2330:. 2308:: 2285:. 2265:: 2223:. 2180:) 2166:. 2131:. 2117:: 2111:5 2087:. 2055:. 2033:: 2025:: 1998:. 1969:. 1949:: 1894:: 1802:: 1794:: 1758:: 1706:. 1682:. 1658:. 1630:. 1605:. 1583:. 1538:. 1516:: 1495:. 1463:: 1455:: 1423:. 1399:: 1372:. 1347:. 1284:. 1270:: 1243:. 1224:. 1206:. 1192:: 1169:. 1150:. 1132:. 1110:. 1066:. 1044:. 1026:. 979:. 960:. 939:. 925:: 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index