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kilograms) of debris, triggering a week-long, blizzard-like meteor storm on Earth – yet no accounts of such a noteworthy storm of unprecedented intensity are found in any known historical records, including the
European, Chinese, Arabic, Japanese and Korean astronomical archives. This discrepancy is a major objection to the theory that Giordano Bruno was formed at that time. Also, much older craters, e.g.,
32:
195:, over 300 kilometres (190 mi) to the northwest. The outer rim of the crater is especially bright compared to its surroundings. To all appearances, this is a young formation that was created in the relatively recent past, geologically speaking. Based on photos from a lunar orbiter, the crater's age has been estimated at 4 million years.
254:
the Moon throbbed like a wounded snake. Afterwards it resumed its proper state. This phenomenon was repeated a dozen times or more, the flame assuming various twisting shapes at random and then returning to normal. Then, after these transformations, the Moon from horn to horn, that is along its whole length, took on a blackish appearance.
253:
From the midpoint of the division a flaming torch sprang up, spewing out, over a considerable distance, fire, hot coals and sparks. Meanwhile the body of the Moon which was below writhed, as it were in anxiety, and to put it in the words of those who reported it to me and saw it with their own eyes,
336:
of Earth (orbiting the Sun with the same period and phase as the Earth, appearing to orbit the Earth when viewed from there) was found to have a chemical composition similar to that of the lunar surface. After limiting crater size based on simulations of impacts that could eject a piece this large
319:
This raises the question of what the monks saw. An alternative theory holds that the monks just happened to be in the right place at the right time to see an exploding meteor coming at them and aligned with the Moon. This would explain why the monks were the only people known to have witnessed the
285:
However, these observations do not resolve the question of the crater's age. The expected odds of formation of a lunar crater of that size in the last 3,000 years are on the order of 0.1%. The impact creating the 22-km-wide crater would have kicked up 10 million tonnes (10 billion
273:
measurements of its libration in longitude were judged to be of the expected magnitude for such an event. In addition, the location recorded fits in well with the crater's location. Additional evidence of
Giordano Bruno's youth is its spectacular
337:
into a quasi-satellite orbit, and limiting crater age to between 1 and 10 million years based on the instability of the asteroid's orbit, a 2024 study found that the most likely origin is the
Giordano Bruno crater.
387:
Morota, T.; Haruyama, J.; Miyamoto, H.; Honda, C.; Ohtake, M.; Yokota, Y.; Matsunaga, T.; Hirata, N.; Demura, H.; Takeda, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Kimura, J. (2009). "Formation age of the lunar crater
Giordano Bruno".
190:
than the surrounding surface. The ray material extends for over 150 kilometres (93 mi) and has not been significantly darkened by space erosion. Some of the ejecta appear to extend as far as the crater
269:
impact on the Moon would create a plume of ejecta rising up from the surface, which is consistent with the monks' description. The impact would be expected to perturb the Moon's motions, and
278:. The ratio of the length of these rays to the diameter of the crater is the largest for a large crater on the Moon, suggesting it is the youngest such crater. Because
588:
856:
Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar
Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU".
55:
1038:
1021:
1002:
980:
956:
930:
911:
826:
805:
660:
502:
Camale, O.; Mulholland, J. D. (1978). "Lunar Crater
Giordano Bruno: A.D. 1178 Impact Observations Consistent with Laser Ranging Results".
1091:
1101:
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1060:
141:
841:
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258:
In 1976, the geologist Jack B. Hartung proposed that this described the formation of the crater
Giordano Bruno.
210:
1086:
1042:
633:
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226:
903:
167:, although the area is viewed from the side and not much detail can be seen. It lies between the craters
592:
242:
329:
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million years, much too old for the hypothesis. Further scientific studies have strengthened this age.
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constantly rain down, they kick up enough dust to quickly (in geological terms) erode a ray system.
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event; such an alignment would only be observable from a specific spot on the Earth's surface.
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168:
163:, just beyond the northeastern limb. It lies in an area that can be viewed during a favorable
873:
691:
669:
656:"Lunar-like silicate material forms the Earth quasi-satellite (469219) 2016 HO3 Kamoʻoalewa"
629:
519:
477:
458:"Was the Formation of a 20-km Diameter Impact Crater on the Moon Observed on June 18, 1178?"
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721:"Earth's weird 'quasi-moon' Kamo'oalewa is a fragment blasted out of big moon crater"
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Sharkey, Ben; Reddy, Vishnu; Malhotra, Renu; et al. (11 November 2021).
70:
57:
231:
215:
164:
94:
539:
837:
1046:
589:"What Medieval Witnesses Saw Was Not Big Lunar Impact, Grad Student Says"
262:
246:
178:
When viewed from orbit, Giordano Bruno is at the center of a symmetrical
87:
877:
531:
818:
Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical
Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature
766:
1066:
1056:
298:
294:
at an estimated 800 million years, still have prominent ray systems.
187:
183:
124:
678:
266:
225:
209:
136:
245:, that shortly after sunset on 18 June 1178, they saw "the upper
755:
160:
38:
1052:
Lunar probe Kaguya overflight of
Giordano Bruno crater (video)
566:
297:
High-resolution images obtained by the
Japanese satellite
305:
within it and its ejecta deposits. This gave an age of
328:
In 2021, the 40–100 m (130–330 ft) asteroid
1041:, an excellent oblique view of the ray system with
123:
113:
101:
86:
47:
198:This feature was named after Italian intellectual
441:. Blackwell Publishing, First Edition (May 1990)
630:"How Young is the Lunar Crater Giordano Bruno?"
251:
595:. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013
451:
449:
447:
261:Modern theories predict that a (conjectural)
8:
497:
495:
493:
382:
380:
249:split in two". Furthermore, Gervase writes:
24:
815:Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995).
30:
695:
677:
481:
16:Impact crater on the far side of the Moon
301:in 2008 were used to date the crater by
972:Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes
358:
661:Communications Earth & Environment
606:
23:
767:"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature"
373:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
7:
241:reported to the abbey's chronicler,
836:McDowell, Jonathan (15 July 2007).
390:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
371:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
563:"Historic lunar impact questioned"
483:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1976.tb00319.x
410:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb01211.x
14:
794:The Clementine Atlas of the Moon
218:showing the extent of the rays.
1057:Giordano Bruno, The Big Picture
975:(6th revised ed.). Dover.
765:Blue, Jennifer (25 July 2007).
758:Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature
151:is a 22-kilometre (14 mi)
1073:Featured Image, 25 August 2011
997:. Cambridge University Press.
925:. Cambridge University Press.
587:Stiles, Lori (20 April 2001).
1:
719:Lea, Robert (23 April 2024).
561:Kettlewell, Jo (1 May 2001).
1063:Featured Image, 26 June 2012
923:The Moon Observer's Handbook
524:10.1126/science.199.4331.875
303:counting the smaller craters
995:Mapping and Naming the Moon
222:is in the right foreground.
1118:
1092:Impact craters on the Moon
798:Cambridge University Press
697:10.1038/s43247-021-00303-7
1067:Outside of Giordano Bruno
1012:Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000).
613:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
456:Jack B., Hartung (1976).
367:"Giordano Bruno (crater)"
290:at 108 million years and
29:
1045:in the foreground, from
1102:12th century in science
921:Price, Fred W. (1988).
842:Jonathan's Space Report
402:2009M&PS...44.1115M
904:Sterling Publishing Co
256:
234:
223:
145:
858:Space Science Reviews
634:University of Hawaiʻi
593:University of Arizona
229:
213:
171:to the northwest and
140:
838:"Lunar Nomenclature"
821:. Tudor Publishers.
870:1971SSRv...12..136M
688:2021ComEE...2..231S
516:1978Sci...199..875C
474:1976Metic..11..187H
153:lunar impact crater
67: /
26:
21:Feature on the moon
1014:Observing the Moon
878:10.1007/BF00171763
749:Andersson, L. E.;
330:469219 Kamoʻoalewa
271:laser rangefinding
235:
230:Oblique view from
224:
214:Oblique view from
186:that has a higher
175:to the southeast.
146:
1023:978-1-85233-193-1
1004:978-0-521-62248-6
991:Whitaker, Ewen A.
982:978-0-486-20917-3
958:978-0-913135-17-4
945:Atlas of the Moon
932:978-0-521-33500-3
913:978-0-304-35469-6
828:978-0-936389-27-1
807:978-0-521-81528-4
431:The Cosmic Winter
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510:(4331): 875–87.
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396:(8): 1115–1120.
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324:Ejected asteroid
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237:Five monks from
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36:Giordano Bruno.
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1087:LQ06 quadrangle
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760:. NASA RP-1097.
751:Whitaker, E. A.
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119:258° at sunrise
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1097:Giordano Bruno
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1033:External links
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949:Kalmbach Books
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894:Moore, Patrick
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864:(2): 136–186.
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71:35.9°N 102.8°E
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1039:AS08-12-2209
1016:. Springer.
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845:. Retrieved
817:
796:. New York:
793:
774:. Retrieved
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728:. Retrieved
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637:. Retrieved
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899:On the Moon
462:Meteoritics
115:Colongitude
93:22.13
76:35.9; 102.8
74: /
49:Coordinates
41: photo
1081:Categories
847:24 October
790:Spudis, P.
786:Bussey, B.
679:2111.06372
354:References
349:, asteroid
292:Copernicus
276:ray system
239:Canterbury
180:ray system
1043:Lomonosov
886:122125855
725:Space.com
706:243985893
548:206570050
418:128669423
232:Apollo 16
216:Apollo 11
206:Formation
165:libration
1047:Apollo 8
993:(1999).
969:(1962).
943:(1990).
896:(2001).
792:(2004).
776:5 August
753:(1982).
730:24 April
609:cite web
599:13 March
540:17757584
341:See also
263:asteroid
169:Harkhebi
157:far side
88:Diameter
62:102°48′E
866:Bibcode
742:Sources
684:Bibcode
672:: 231.
668:(231).
639:17 June
572:8 April
532:1745270
512:Bibcode
504:Science
470:Bibcode
398:Bibcode
243:Gervase
173:Szilard
159:of the
155:on the
108:Unknown
59:35°54′N
1020:
1001:
979:
955:
929:
910:
884:
825:
804:
704:
670:Nature
546:
538:
530:
439:Napier
416:
299:SELENE
188:albedo
184:ejecta
144:mosaic
125:Eponym
882:S2CID
702:S2CID
674:arXiv
544:S2CID
528:JSTOR
435:Clube
414:S2CID
288:Tycho
267:comet
103:Depth
1018:ISBN
999:ISBN
977:ISBN
953:ISBN
927:ISBN
908:ISBN
849:2007
823:ISBN
802:ISBN
778:2007
771:USGS
756:NASA
732:2024
641:2023
615:link
601:2013
574:2012
536:PMID
437:and
247:horn
193:Boss
161:Moon
39:NASA
1071:LRO
1061:LRO
874:doi
692:doi
567:BBC
520:doi
508:199
478:doi
406:doi
265:or
182:of
142:LRO
1083::
1069:,
1059:,
951:.
947:.
906:.
902:.
880:.
872:.
862:12
860:.
840:.
800:.
788:;
769:.
723:.
700:.
690:.
682:.
664:.
658:.
632:.
611:}}
607:{{
591:.
565:.
542:.
534:.
526:.
518:.
506:.
492:^
476:.
466:11
464:.
460:.
446:^
433:,
412:.
404:.
394:44
392:.
379:^
369:.
312:−3
310:+6
202:.
95:km
1026:.
1007:.
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961:.
935:.
916:.
888:.
876::
868::
851:.
831:.
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408::
400::
307:4
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