218:, was first found in North America near Hull, Quebec, in 1922 (Rose and Lindquist 1985). By 1930, severe damage was occurring in spruce stands in the Lower St. Lawrence–Gaspé region of Quebec. Population levels exploded, and further damage subsequently occurred in New Brunswick and the northeastern United States (Balch 1936a, b, 1937; Blais 1961). Loss of wood from spruce mortality was estimated at 10 million cubic metres (Rose and Lindquist 1985), but by the mid-1980s pest numbers on all species of spruce in Canada from Manitoba to the Atlantic Ocean and in adjacent parts of the United States had become relatively low under the influence of spontaneous virus disease and introduced
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in the spring. The adults emerge soon thereafter. Males are very rare, and reproduction usually takes place without fertilization. The females lay their eggs in slits cut in the needles. Upon hatching, the larvae feed on the older needles in June and July. Full-grown larvae (about 20 mm long)
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Rose, A.H.; Lindquist, O.H. 1985. Insects of eastern spruces, fir and, hemlock, revised edition. Gov’t Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, For. Tech. Rep. 23. 159 p. (cited in Coates et al. 1994, cited orig ed
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drop to the ground and spin cocoons. The adults emerge within a month and lay their eggs, the (second-generation) larvae from which feed from mid-August through
September.
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Blais, J.R. 1961. Spruce budworm outbreaks in the lower St. Lawrence and Gaspé regions. For. Chron. 37(3):192–202.
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Balch, R.E. 1936a. The
European spruce sawfly outbreak in 1935. For. Chron. 12(2):144–151.
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Balch, R.E. 1937. The spruce sawfly outbreak in 1936. Pulp Pap. Mag. Can. Feb. 1937.
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Balch, R.E. 1936b. European spruce sawfly outbreak in 1935. Can. Entomol. 68:23–31.
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222:. In Newfoundland, control was helped by the introduction of the
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This sawfly has 1 or 2 generations per year. In
Ontario, the
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overwinter in cocoons in the litter layer and change into
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443:22d46978-1d20-46f9-923f-8b8e0979ba00
19:For other species, see the page on
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226:, a cocoon-hunting insectivore.
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53:Adult (top) and larvae (bottom)
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59:Scientific classification
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30:European spruce sawfly
216:European spruce sawfly
438:Fauna Europaea (new)
342:Gilpinia_hercyniae
313:Gilpinia hercyniae
211:Gilpinia hercyniae
178:Gilpinia hercyniae
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568:Open Tree of Life
305:Taxon identifiers
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200:Diprion hercyniae
160:G. hercyniae
16:Species of sawfly
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21:spruce sawflies
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516:NatureServe
464:iNaturalist
136:Diprionidae
116:Hymenoptera
242:References
122:Suborder:
96:Arthropoda
521:2.1081031
328:Q14406326
220:parasites
154:Species:
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
600:Category
482:11305061
373:BugGuide
349:BioLib:
322:Wikidata
191:Synonyms
147:Gilpinia
132:Family:
126:Symphyta
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
583:7006832
547:1170502
456:1249740
142:Genus:
112:Order:
106:Insecta
102:Class:
580:uBio:
573:419524
560:153547
508:152775
469:371190
430:354126
417:213915
404:GILPPO
391:604198
378:241635
365:294438
231:larvae
214:, the
184:Hartig
495:25211
477:IRMNG
412:EUNIS
352:63170
257:1977)
235:pupae
542:NCBI
503:ITIS
451:GBIF
399:EPPO
360:BOLD
529:NBN
490:ISC
386:EoL
337:ADW
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249:^
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
