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895:. The spring and its healing powers were the basis of the reputation and wealth of the town. Originally it was simply a basin carved into the rock. In the 2nd century BC it was covered by a stone building with a decorative facade of stones in a fishscale pattern. A stone stairway led from the spring up to the top of the nearby hill. In the 1st century AD the Roman legionnaire M. Licinius Verecundus built an altar to the right of the stairway, dedicated to the god Glanis, the Glannicae, and to Fortuna Redux, the goddess responsible for the safe return of those far from home. The inscription reads: "To the god Glanis, and the Glanicae, and to Fortuna Redux: Marcus Licinius Verecundus, of the tribe Claudia
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909:. The remains of a small chapel devoted to Hercules, the guardian of springs, is located near the spring. Against the walls, the archeologist Henri Roland discovered six altars to Hercules, and the torso of a large statue of Hercules, 1.3 meters high, holding a vase of water, evidently the water of the Glanum spring. The inscription on the base of the statue indicates that it was placed in gratitude for the safe return of the tribune C. Licinius Macer, and the centurions and soldiers from Glanum from a campaign during the 2nd century AD.
314:, which had been founded in about 600 BC. The contact influenced the architecture and art of Glanum – villas were built in the Hellenic style. But by the 2nd century BC conflicts and wars arose between the Salyens and the Greeks of Marseille, who not having a powerful army, called upon the assistance of their Roman allies. In 125 BC the Salyens were defeated by the army of the Roman consul Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, and the following year decisively defeated by C. Sextus Calvinus. Many of the old monuments of Glanum were destroyed.
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643:(late 2nd century BC). The well is three meters in diameter and has a stairway with thirty-seven steps which descended to the water. There is no dedication on the temple, but it probably was connected with the sacred nature of the well. The original buildings were destroyed and the well covered over during the construction of the first Roman forum on the same site during the 1st century BC. At the end of Antiquity the well was filled with statuary and debris from the
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north was the basilica, the large hall that was the palace of justice and seat of government. The basilica was 47 by 24 meters in size, supported by 24 large columns. The facade has disappeared, but the back wall and side walls still exist. Behind the basilica was the curia, where a statue of the
Emperor was placed in a niche in the wall. In the center was a square room which served as a tribunal and as the chapel of the cult of the Emperor.
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321:, and the attraction of its healing spring, the town prospered again. The city produced its own silver coins and built new monuments. The prosperity lasted until 90 BC when the Salyens again rebelled against Rome. The public buildings of Glanum were again destroyed. The rebellion was crushed this time by the Consul Caecilius, and the remains of the main buildings demolished and replaced by more modest structures.
653:(2nd–1st centuries BC) was a meeting place for notables, built in the Hellenic style, with an open space with an altar in the center surrounded by stepped rows of seats on three sides. There was a portico with three columns at one end. The northern part of the Bouleuterion was obliterated during Roman times by the construction of the Twin Temples, but the space was preserved and used as a
474:, is a circular chapel with Corinthian columns. It contains two statues wearing togas, presumably the father and grandfather of the Julii. (The heads of the statues were lost at an earlier date, and replaced in the 18th century). The conical roof is decorated with carved fish scales, traditional for Roman mausoleums. The frieze beneath the conical roof is decorated with a
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417:. Eventually Glanum became a source of stone and other building materials for Saint-Remy. Since the Roman system of drains and sewers was not maintained, the ruins became flooded and covered with mud and sediment. The mausoleum and triumphal arch, together known as "Les Antiques", were famous and were visited by
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The first systematic excavations began in 1921, directed by the architect of historic monuments Jules Formigé. From 1921 until 1941, the archaeologist Pierre de Brun worked on the site, discovering the baths, the basilica, and the residences of the northern part of the town. From 1928 to 1933, Henri
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columns. Vestiges remain of the original structure from the 2nd to 1st century BC. It was rebuilt in about 40 BC, and parts of the columns and portico from this period have been restored. Inside the building were small basins fed by water conduits in the back wall, suggesting that this building was
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The sacred spring of Glanum is located at the southern and highest part of the town. The valley was closed by a stone wall, built in the late 2nd or early 1st centuries BC. This wall had a gate large enough for chariots, a square tower, and a smaller gate for pedestrians. To the left and right of
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The second Roman forum, built between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, was the central market, business place, place of justice and site of official religious rituals. A large open space was enclosed on two sides by porticos of columns. On the southern side was a semi-circular excedre, while on the
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Glanum was laid out on a north–south axis through the valley of Notre-Dame-du-Vallon. At the northern end was the residential quarter, with the public baths, and at the southern end was the sacred quarter, with the spring and grotto. In the center was the monumental quarter, the site of the forum
253:, it expanded under Greek influence before becoming a Roman city. As it was never built over by settlements after the Roman period but was partly buried by deposits washed from the hills above, much of it was preserved. Many of the impressive buildings have been excavated and can be visited today.
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sanctuary, to the south. From 1942 until 1969, Rolland took over the work and excavated the area from the forum to the sanctuary. The objects he discovered are on display today at the Hôtel de Sade in nearby Saint-Rémy. New excavation and exploration work began in 1982, devoted mainly to the
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were built in about 75 BC. Later, during the reign of Lucius Verus (161–169 AD) they were rebuilt and the building clad with marble. Modest in size, they consisted of a pelastre, an open-air exercise area surrounded by an arcade of columns; a hall with cold baths; and two halls heated by a
303:); by the statues and pottery; by the customs, such as displaying the severed heads of enemies at the city gate; and by the cooking utensils found in the ruins, which showed that the people of Glanis boiled their food in pots, rather than frying it in pans like other Mediterranean tribes.
760:, or hot bath, including a masonry bathing pool. On the south, next to the pelastre, was a large swimming pool. Water was fed into the pool through the mouth of a stone theatrical mask. The original is now in the nearby museum in St. Remy but a reproduction sits in its original position.
717:. A monumental fountain, dating to about 20 BC, was located on the southern end of the forum. It consisted of a rectangular basin and a semi-circular apse with Corinthian columns, which probably sheltered a statue. The fountain was supplied with water by an aqueduct from the nearby dam.
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It is believed that the mausoleum was the tomb of the mother and father of the three Julii brothers, and that the father, for military or civil service, received Roman citizenship and the privilege of bearing the name of the Julii, one of the most distinguished families in Rome.
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The earliest monuments discovered in Glanum were built by the
Salyens in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries BC and were strongly influenced by the Hellenic style of the nearby Greek colony of Marseille. They included a large building around a trapezoidal
367:, which gave residents the civil and political status of citizens of Rome. A triumphal arch was built outside the town in about 10 BC (the first such arch to be built in Gaul), as well as an impressive mausoleum of the Julii family, both still standing.
421:, who had the surroundings cleaned up and maintained. Some excavations were made around the monuments as early as the 16th and 17th centuries, finding sculptures and coins, and by the Marquis de Lagoy in the Vallons-de-Notre-Dame in the 19th century.
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The northern part of Glanum, at the bottom of the sloping site, was the residential quarter: the site of villas and of the extensive public baths. The baths were the center of social life, and helped serve to romanize the local population.
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temples, identical in style but one larger than the other, enclosed on three sides by a peribole, or arcade of columns. Three columns, and a part of the facade, in the style of the early years of the reign of the
Emperor
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The middle stage, or quadrifons, is an arch with four bays. The archivoltes, or curved bands of decoration on the tops of the arches, also have acanthus leaves. At the top of each arch is the carved head of a
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East face – an infantryman unhorses an Amazon warrior, a warrior takes trophies from a dead enemy, and the figure of Fame recites the story of the battle to a man and woman. The scene may be inspired by the
790:. Near the residences was a pre-Roman marketplace, surrounded by Doric columns, with four small shops on the west side. In Roman times half of the marketplace was transformed into a small temple to the
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The town had a strong Celtic identity, shown by the names of the residents (Vrittakos, Eporix, Litumaros); by the names of the local gods (Glanis and his companions, the
Glanicae, (similar to the Roman
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The
Mausoleum of the Julii, located across the Via Domitia, to the north of, and just outside the city entrance, dates to about 40 BC, and is one of the best preserved mausoleums of the Roman era.
812:, built around a small basin of water, fed by rainwater from the roof, which channelled the water into a cistern, then into the drains which ran under the pavement of the street. It is named after two
663:. A small circular stone basin from the period of Greek influence, (2nd-1st centuries BC), probably a fountain, stands next to the road. This is one of the oldest fountains discovered in France.
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The triumphal arch stood just outside the northern gate of the city, next to the mausoleum and was the visible symbol of Roman power and authority. It was built near the end of the reign of
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The panel to the left shows another prisoner in a
Gaullish cloak, with a smaller man, wearing his cloak in the Roman style, placing his hand on the shoulder of the prisoner.
352:, a curved stone arch dam, and the oldest known of its kind, and an aqueduct were built in the 1st century BC, to supply water for the town's fountains and public baths.
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The quarter contains the ruins of several villas and residences in the Greek style, pre-dating the Roman city. Between the baths and the forum was a house with a Doric
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South face – Cavaliers hunt for wild boar in a forest. One cavalier is wounded and dying in the arms of a companion. This may represent the legend of the hunt for the
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277:, the largest of the Celto-Ligurian tribes in Provence, built a rampart of stones on the peaks that surrounded the valley of Notre-Dame-de-Laval, and constructed an
233:, as well as Glano, Calum, Clano, Clanum, Glanu, Glano) was an ancient and wealthy city which still enjoys a magnificent setting below a gorge on the flanks of the
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A road paved with blocks of stone ran from north to south through the centre of Glanum. Under the street was a drain which carried away rainwater and sewage.
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with two naves, used as a public hall for transacting business and legal affairs. Only the north corner of the east portico of this building still exists.
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802:. In the temple there was also an altar dedicated to the priestess Loreia, with a stone carving of the ears of the goddess, that she might hear prayers.
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in 260 AD and subsequently abandoned, its inhabitants moving a short distance north into the plain to found a city that eventually became modern day
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The panel to the right of the entrance shows a female figure seated on a pile of weapons, and a
Gaullish prisoner with his hands tied behind him.
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The frieze at the top of the quadrifons is decorated with carvings of tritons, carrying the disk of the sun, and with sea monsters.
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283:, or fortified town, around the spring in the valley, which was known for its healing powers. A shrine was built at the spring to
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It is particularly known for two well-preserved Roman monuments of the 1st century BC, known as "Les
Antiques", a mausoleum and a
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1309:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a), "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher
Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),
885:. This small temple was dedicated to Valetudo, the Roman goddess of health. The inscription indicates that it was built by
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the gate are vestiges of the older walls, dating from between the 6th and 3rd centuries BC, making a rampart 16 meters high.
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The House of the Antae, a
Hellenistic-style residence with a peristyle of Tuscan columns and a basin to capture rainwater.
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was built in the style of Greek houses around the Mediterranean. A two-storey house with three wings and a portico of
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hypocaust, by which hot air was circulated under the rooms through brick channels. One was a hot air sweating room or
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The Bouleuterion, or open-air meeting place for notables (2nd–1st centuries BC), which later became the Roman Curia.
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The sculptures decorating the arch illustrated both the civilization of Rome and the dire fate of her enemies.
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The first Roman forum in Glanum was built around 20 BC, at about the time that Glanum was given the title of
1327:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),
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A circular fountain in the Hellenic style, built near the old Agora, or public square (2nd–1st century BC)
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798:. In springtime the priestesses of Cybele brought a sacred pine into the sanctuary, symbolizing the god
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930:, Glanum is a sentient, living, moving city which eventually settles at its present site in Provence.
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901:(Rapaces, or predators, was the nickname of the XXI Legion, which was serving at the time in Germany)
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The lowest part of the mausoleum is decorated with carved garlands of vegetation, theater masks and
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preservation of the site, and to exploring beneath sites already discovered for older works.
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Excavations of ancient Glanum, at the foot of Mont Gaussier. The church spire of modern
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On the reverse side of the arch are sculptures of two more pairs of Gaullish prisoners.
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Votive stones devoted to Hercules, guardian of the spring, and the chapel of Hercules.
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Mask which spouted water into the swimming pool of the public baths (1st century BC).
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647:. The well has been uncovered and fragments of the walls of the temple can be seen.
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287:, a Celtic god. The town grew, and a second wall was built in the 2nd century BC.
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1282:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 331–339,
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Restored columns of twin Corinthian temple in first Roman Forum of Glanum (20 BC)
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a place where pilgrims to the spring would ritually wash and purify themselves.
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leaves, used in Roman mortuary architecture to represent eternal rebirth.
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North face – a battle of horsemen, and a winged victory carries a trophy.
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405:"Les Antiques" of Glanum, with the Mausoleum (left) and the Arch (right)
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captured Marseille and, after a period of destructive civil wars, the
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mountains. It is located about one kilometre south of the town of
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1260:, Paris: Editions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux,
1386:, both in French and in English. Contains information on Glanum.
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1076:, Editions d Patrimoine, Centre des Munuments Historique. Pg. 3
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In the 1st century AD the city built a new forum and temples.
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The mausoleum is built in three stages. The upper stage, or
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Vestige of the Roman fountain near the forum, (about 20 BC)
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Sextius, Marcus and Lucius Julius, sons of Gaius, to their
903:– has accomplished his vow with gratitude and good faith."
1135:. SimScience. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012
874:. Just inside the gate was a building with a portico of
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of the building facing the old Roman road, which reads:
825:(2nd century BC) was named for the castrated lover of
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Glanum was not as prosperous as the Roman colonies of
707:. The first forum had on its northern side a modest
363:, and in this province Glanum was given the title of
1331:, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 75–96,
1313:, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 9–20,
1274:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000), "Reservoirs and Dams", in
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1422:Populated places disestablished in the 3rd century
1417:Populated places established in the 4th century BC
1296:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978), "Römische Talsperren",
545:, the Greeks and Trojans fighting for the body of
1384:Official tourist office of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
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456:SEX · M · L · IVLIEI · C · F · PARENTIBVS · SVEIS
1447:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in France
691:. The main features of the first forum were two
500:Bas-relief on the lower part of Glanum mausoleum
1477:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux
317:Due to its commercially useful location on the
35:can be seen in the middle distance to the left.
1129:"Key Developments in the History of Arch Dams"
1074:Glanum - De l'oppidum salyen à la cité latine
8:
1467:Buildings and structures in Bouches-du-Rhône
1258:Glanum- De l"oppidum salyen à la cité latine
731:The residential quarter and the public baths
490:, the traditional protector of Roman tombs.
19:
393:and other public buildings clad in marble.
273:Between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, the
199:Jules Foremigé, Pierre LeBrun, Henri Roland
1427:260s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
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512:, and with mythical or legendary scenes.
409:The town was overrun and destroyed by the
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1395:Livius.org: Glanum (St.Rémy-de-Provence)
794:, a goddess of the oracle, and later to
1472:Tourist attractions in Bouches-du-Rhône
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947:The triumphal arch of Glanum (10–25 BC)
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397:Destruction, rediscovery and excavation
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959:Mausoleum of the Julii (about 40 BCE)
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1280:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
899:, veteran of the XXI Legion Rapaces
858:The Temple of Valetudo, about 39 BC
788:The Market and the Temple of Cybele
1437:Roman towns and cities in Provence
1026:Claude Ptolémée, Book 2, Ch. 10, 8
425:Rolland (1887–1970) worked on the
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1462:Former populated places in France
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1492:Roman towns and cities in France
1390:Locator map of Glanum (Michelin)
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897:(an electoral district in Rome)
846:The Valley of the Sacred Spring
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345:of Provence and Glanum began.
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1457:Geography of Bouches-du-Rhône
535:West face – a scene from the
216:http://www.site-glanum.fr/en/
774:surrounded by four dolphins.
573:The triumphal arch of Glanum
1452:Prehistoric sites in France
995:The Sacred Spring of Glanum
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1256:Congès, Anne Roth (2000),
641:The sacred well, or dromos
607:Glanum's monumental center
581:Rear side view of the arch
269:The Celto-Ligurian oppidum
1153:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
914:Glanum in popular culture
833:with a shallow basin, or
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1349:, London: Peter Davies,
1108:, London: Peter Davies,
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1442:Roman sites in Provence
819:that flank its doorway.
764:Hellenistic residences.
715:The Monumental fountain
1487:Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
1345:Smith, Norman (1971),
1329:Historische Talsperren
1311:Historische Talsperren
1104:Smith, Norman (1971),
907:The Chapel of Hercules
883:The Temple of Valetudo
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806:The House of the Antae
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70:Alternative name
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114:43.77389°N 4.83250°E
16:Roman city in France
1072:Congès, Anne Roth,
1050:Ravenna Cosmography
568:shown on horseback.
434:Monuments of Glanum
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61:Shown within France
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1215:Congès, pg. 28-29
1106:A History of Dams
1028:(p. 146, line 26)
1007:The House of Atys
893:The Sacred Spring
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365:oppidum latinum
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1432:Razed cities
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343:romanisation
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230:
223:
222:
1298:Antike Welt
319:Via Domitia
228:Hellenistic
117: /
93:Coordinates
1411:Categories
1250:References
693:Corinthian
543:Trojan War
449:architrave
350:Glanum Dam
337:In 49 BC,
191:1921, 1982
183:Site notes
133:Settlement
102:43°46′26″N
835:impluvium
772:capricorn
768:peristyle
758:caldarium
754:laconicum
626:peristyle
547:Patroclus
460:forebears
312:Marseille
204:Condition
161:Abandoned
105:4°49′57″E
1398:Archived
1149:cite web
792:Bona Dea
709:basilica
705:Basilica
698:Augustus
558:Meleager
528:and the
480:acanthus
427:Iron Age
411:Alamanni
383:Cabellio
357:Augustus
308:Massalia
297:Rosmerta
235:Alpilles
207:In ruins
78:Location
1278:(ed.),
1139:18 July
1040:, 343.6
934:Gallery
924:fantasy
887:Agrippa
636:style.
560:, with
530:Amazons
476:rinceau
391:thermae
379:Avennio
375:Arelate
280:oppidum
275:Salyens
264:History
250:oppidum
212:Website
169:Periods
153:Founded
147:Salyens
143:Builder
138:History
1482:Salyes
1353:
1335:
1317:
1286:
1264:
1112:
1052:, 4.28
926:novel
839:schola
831:atrium
827:Cybele
814:fluted
796:Cybele
634:Tuscan
630:dromos
566:Pollux
562:Castor
526:Greeks
506:cupids
488:gorgon
472:tholos
381:, and
293:Matres
285:Glanis
231:Γλανόν
224:Glanum
164:260 AD
87:France
73:Γλανόν
20:Glanum
1013:Notes
876:Doric
817:antae
655:Curia
538:Iliad
510:putti
387:forum
301:Epona
177:Roman
81:Near
1351:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1155:link
1141:2010
1110:ISBN
800:Atys
703:The
564:and
541:and
348:The
299:and
130:Type
922:'s
918:In
508:or
1413::
1300:,
1172:^
1151:}}
1147:{{
1131:.
684:.
377:,
260:.
241:.
175:,
85:,
1302:8
1157:)
1143:.
657:.
549:.
532:.
226:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
