697:
2132:
432:
of the Salyes after the sack of
Entremont by the Romans ca. 122 BC. Major construction programs were launched between ca. 120 and 90 BC, including sanctuaries, public squares and administrative buildings, presumably for Glanon to assert itself as the dominant settlement of the area and display its new status to its neighbours. Glanon was abandoned ca. 270 AD after suffering from raids by Germanic tribes, and a new walled town was built in its vicinity at the site of St-RĂ©my.
382:). It displays Greek influence in its sculpture, its defences, and the layout of its streets. However, the religious monuments and iconography were overwhelmingly native. The settlement saw a relatively late development during the 3rdâ2nd centuries BC. It was able to control the east-west routes connecting the RhĂŽne to the Alps, as well as the north-south routes between Massalia and the Durance. Entremont was seized ca. 122 BC by the Roman consul
258:
675:... though the early writers of the Greeks call the Sallyes 'Ligues', and the country which the Massiliotes hold, 'Ligustica', later writers name them 'Celtoligues', and attach to their territory all the level country as far as Luerio and the Rhodanus, the country from which the inhabitants, divided into ten parts, used to send forth an army, not only of infantry, but of cavalry as well.
712:) represented the frontier between the Ligurian tribes dwelling along the Mediterranean coast and the Celtic tribes of the lower RhĂŽne Valley, who displayed a common force against the Roman conqueror at the end of the 2nd century BC. This geo-cultural frontier was probably used by the Romans when tracing the administrative border between the
737:) may suggest that Celtic speakers formed the ruling class of the confederation. As seen during the Roman conquest of the region, the local aristrocracy developed links with neighbouring Gallic tribes such as the Allobroges, although literary sources point towards a more complex reality, with significant Greek and Ligurian influences.
363:
481:
by land and sea, and were so powerful that the road was scarcely practicable even for great armies. And it was not until the eightieth year of the war that the Romans succeeded, though only with difficulty, in opening up the road for a breadth of only twelve stadia to those travelling on public business.
480:
These were the first of the
Transalpine Celti that the Romans conquered, though they did so only after carrying on war with both them and the Ligures for a long timeâbecause the latter had barred all the passes leading to Iberia that ran through the seaboard. And, in fact, they kept making raids both
431:
to Italy and occupied from the 6thâ5th centuries BC onward, Glanon came under Greek influence from the mid-2nd century BC, which has been interpreted either as a takeover by the
Massaliotes, or else as a Greek cultural imprint on the local Salluvian aristocracy. Glanon may have become the chief town
502:
Conflicts between Rome and the Salyes lasted during nearly eighty years from the end of the Second Punic War (201 BC), during which the eastern part of Iberia came under Roman control and
Massalia remained a faithful ally of Rome, up until the rendition of the Salluvian chief town Entremont ca. 122
840:
The ties uniting those various tribes were probably loose, and local oppida must have retained considerable autonomy, as evidenced by the short lapse of time during which the confederacy collapsed when the Romans destroyed the
Salluvian chief town and subjugated their leaders in 122â121 BC.
503:
BC. Involved in piracy and raids, the
Ligurians threatened throughout the 2nd century BC the Massaliotes colonies along the Mediterranean coast, and more generally the trade route between the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. This culminated in a Roman military intervention in 154 BC against the
776:
in 1969, the Salyes were probably at the head of what he has called the "Salluvian confederation", a political entity dominated by the Salyes that likely emerged in the 2nd century BC. It may have included at its height the
76:('severed head'), as well as in the names of their towns and leaders. During the 2nd century BC, the Salyes were most likely at the head of a political and military confederation that united both Gallic and Ligurian tribes.
537:
and some other
Ligurian tribes presumably part of the Salluvian confederation on the eastern borders of the Massaliote territory, then celebrated his triumph in Rome in 123 BC. Shortly after, another consul,
662:
implies that the 'Ligurian' (ÎÎŻÎłÏ
αÏ) Salyes mentioned by earlier writers occupied the hinterland of
Massalia, whereas the later 'Celto-Ligurian' (ÎΔλÏολίγÏ
αÏ) Salyes also controlled the area between the
309:
and extends as far as
Massilia or a little farther, the tribe of the Sallyes inhabits the Alps that lie above the seaboard and alsoâpromiscuously with the Greeksâcertain parts of the same seaboard.
589:. Toutomotulus' followers were killed, enslaved, or driven into exile, while Crato, the Salluvian leader of the pro-Graeco-Roman faction, was granted 900 of his fellow citizens from slavery.
330:
The
Salluvian confederation, a political entity dominated by the Salyes that likely emerged in the 2nd century BC, covered a much larger area stretching from the
468:. During the 5th century BC, the Salyes remained a small tribal group, although they controlled an important trade route that went through the valley of the
1670:(2006). "From Ligury to Spain: Unaccented *yo > (y)e in Narbonensic votives ('gaulish' DEKANTEM), Hispanic coins ('iberian' -(sk)en) and some theonyms".
570:
554:). Sextius also forced the Salyes to cede the areas they controlled near the Mediterranean coast; part of their territory was granted to the Massaliotes.
3548:
72:
used the denomination 'Celto-ligurian' in the early 1st century AD. A Celtic influence is noticeable in their religion, which centred on the cult of the
79:
During most of their early history, the Salyes were in conflict with the neighbouring Greek inhabitants of Massalia, and later on with their ally the
2068:
524:
3296:
2097:
1872:
1850:
1785:
1744:
1629:
1610:
1496:
3794:
1961:
1763:
1703:
1694:(2005). "Ptolemy and the linguistic history of the Narbonensis". In de Hoz, Javier; LujĂĄn, Eugenio R.; Sims-Williams, Patrick (eds.).
1562:
1518:
3809:
3804:
1903:
1725:
1540:
2131:
1620:
Collin Bouffier, Sophie (2009). "Marseille et la Gaule MĂ©diterranĂ©enne avant la ConquĂȘte Romaine". In Cabouret, Bernadette (ed.).
696:
641:, including much of the Salluvian lands that had been handed over to Massalia ca. 122 BC, became subject to Arelate (modern
1833:
Rawlings, Louis (2017). "The Roman Conquest of Southern Gaul, 125-121 BC". In Whitby, Michael; Sidebottom, Harry (eds.).
2061:
1667:
586:
202:
3819:
960:
956:
952:
1756:
Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
3541:
1914:
527:
to Massalia's assistance. The establishment of a Greek colony at Glanum, on Salluvian territory, may have been the
3534:
3188:
420:
2788:
889:
885:
3473:
3448:
3208:
270:
2688:
2054:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
865:
688:
613:
494:
322:
3178:
2017:
Roman, Yves (1991). "L'intervention romaine de 154 av. J.-C. en Gaule transalpine : essai d'analyse".
543:
539:
383:
84:
2708:
2108:
782:
3768:
3261:
3286:
1601:
Boissinot, Philippe (2019). "Les Ligyens et les Salyens d'Hécatée à Strabon". In Bats, Michel (ed.).
802:
617:
469:
218:
2723:
3478:
2718:
2166:
2091:
1773:
754:
705:
574:
375:
88:
730:
558:
3193:
3183:
2630:
1937:
1915:"La fortune éphémÚre de Glanum : du religieux à l'économique (à propos d'un article récent)"
1647:
1635:
597:
3613:
3319:
3271:
3243:
3218:
3198:
2955:
2817:
2638:
2195:
427:, probably took its origin from a nearby river. Located on the great trade route connecting the
3281:
3228:
3163:
2388:
3758:
3728:
3638:
3628:
3578:
3153:
3070:
2778:
2450:
2189:
2185:
2146:
1957:
1899:
1895:
1868:
1846:
1781:
1759:
1740:
1721:
1699:
1679:
1625:
1606:
1589:
1558:
1536:
1514:
1492:
476:(218â201 BC), they also controlled areas as far south as the coastal mountains near Massalia.
428:
3753:
3708:
3688:
3583:
2668:
2658:
2161:
757:. The cult persisted at Entremont until the sack of the settlement by the Romans ca. 122 BC.
3814:
3698:
3683:
3673:
3593:
3253:
3158:
3145:
2643:
2426:
2408:
2200:
2026:
2005:
1980:
1929:
1891:
1838:
1821:
1800:
1713:
473:
2560:
2305:
1718:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
3789:
2565:
1949:
1659:
1528:
944:
709:
551:
379:
351:
155:
65:
3799:
3693:
3213:
2693:
2530:
2445:
2375:
2227:
1860:
625:
593:
578:
396:
257:
80:
49:
39:
3783:
3433:
2827:
2615:
1941:
1865:
Gallia Narbonensis: With a Chapter on Alpes Maritimae: Southern France in Roman Times
1842:
1691:
1484:
857:
723:
638:
577:
in 121 BC. In August of the same year, the Roman army, strengthened by the troops of
565:, who refused to hand them over to Rome. A further and larger Roman force, including
104:
3438:
3406:
3238:
2753:
2673:
2465:
2300:
2102:
1804:
1557:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, Horace L. Harvard University Press.
1238:
877:
750:
609:
566:
520:
335:
57:
2009:
760:
A Celtic-Ligurian sanctuary dedicated to the god Glan and the Matres was found at
1778:
La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies
1513:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Yardley, J. C. Harvard University Press.
1491:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Edwards, H. J. Harvard University Press.
3344:
2678:
2520:
2440:
2422:
2360:
2340:
2114:
1581:
814:
773:
529:
511:, two Ligurian tribes that were presumably part of the Salluvian confederation.
339:
1971:
Verdin, Florence (1998). "Les Salyens : faciĂšs culturels et populations".
91:
ca. 122 BC. Revolts against the Roman conquerors were crushed in 90 and 83 BC.
3738:
3488:
3401:
3324:
3035:
2905:
2895:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2845:
2835:
2811:
2768:
2748:
2648:
2620:
2535:
2470:
2434:
2430:
2383:
2365:
2345:
2260:
2120:
1603:
D'un monde à l'autre : Contacts et acculturation en Gaule méditerranéenne
1535:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press.
798:
562:
465:
286:
1683:
1586:
Les Peuples préromains du Sud-Est de la Gaule: étude de géographie historique
3763:
3743:
3658:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3588:
3503:
3396:
3354:
3329:
3309:
3266:
3168:
3135:
3130:
3095:
3085:
3040:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
2980:
2965:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2855:
2807:
2763:
2698:
2590:
2575:
2495:
2490:
2280:
2275:
2255:
2245:
2210:
1933:
794:
343:
290:
1593:
592:
Between 120 and 117, the territory of the Salyes was incorporated into the
2030:
1984:
1825:
181:
The origin of the name remains obscure. The original form was most likely
3668:
3633:
3598:
3573:
3483:
3453:
3443:
3378:
3373:
3362:
3349:
3339:
3276:
3203:
3173:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3065:
3055:
3010:
2970:
2900:
2880:
2860:
2840:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2758:
2653:
2605:
2585:
2540:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2485:
2460:
2403:
2290:
2285:
2265:
2250:
2240:
988:
830:
818:
810:
806:
778:
664:
581:, inflicted a decisive defeat on a massive combined force of Allobroges,
561:(or Teutomalius), fled with the rest of their armies to their allies the
547:
534:
504:
461:
449:
405:
387:
331:
298:
294:
282:
266:
175:
61:
1812:
Pralon, Didier (1998). "Les Salyens dans les textes historiques grecs".
1639:
620:
suppressed a revolt of the Salyes. Another revolt was crushed in 83 BC.
452:
at the latest in the 6th century BC. According to a legend recounted by
3748:
3703:
3678:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3557:
3463:
3388:
3358:
3304:
3233:
3120:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3050:
3030:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2960:
2890:
2728:
2713:
2663:
2610:
2595:
2580:
2570:
2550:
2545:
2525:
2500:
2455:
2418:
2413:
2398:
2355:
2350:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2270:
2235:
2181:
2176:
2171:
972:
826:
790:
786:
719:
713:
668:
630:
457:
424:
371:
306:
278:
274:
214:
167:
53:
17:
362:
3718:
3713:
3623:
3568:
3493:
3468:
3458:
3411:
3334:
3223:
3060:
3045:
2885:
2850:
2803:
2733:
2703:
2683:
2600:
2555:
2480:
2475:
2325:
2315:
1550:
901:
822:
761:
734:
659:
582:
557:
During the conflict, the leaders of the Salyes, including their king
508:
435:
The oppidum of Baou-Roux was located between Entremont and Massalia.
412:
391:
347:
201:
some decades later in the late 1st century BC. According to linguist
143:
69:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1040:
1038:
197:
in the oldest surviving attestation of the name, while Pliny wrote
3663:
3517:
3498:
3368:
2930:
2393:
2295:
2205:
2156:
2077:
695:
642:
634:
361:
256:
1086:, Map 15: Arelate-Massalia, Map 16: Col. Forum Iulii-Albingaunum.
3723:
3314:
2738:
2335:
2151:
1506:
1222:
1220:
834:
453:
342:), and reaching the Mediterranean sea to the south, between the
127:
3530:
2050:
1055:
1053:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
616:
took place in their territory in 102 BC. In 90 BC, the consul
193:(/Salluwii/). It is the form used by Caesar under the variant
213:, meaning 'the own ones'. In the Celtic context, the name is
43:
1696:
New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography
1207:
1205:
1096:
1094:
1092:
228:. It has also been compared with the Italic personal names
3526:
1622:
Rome et l'occident: du IIe s. av. J.-C au IIe s. apr. J.-C
704:
In fact, the area surrounding the Salluvian chief-town of
1882:
Rivet, A. L. F.; Drinkwater, John F. (2016). "Salluvii".
1339:
1337:
1280:
1278:
519:
In 125 BC, the Salyes waged war on Massalia, leading the
2046:
1414:
1412:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1324:
1322:
1253:
1251:
1144:
1142:
1140:
745:
The religion of the Salyes centred on the cult of the
658:
Writing in the early 1st century AD, Greek geographer
550:
post, thereafter to be known as Aquae Sextiae (modern
749:('severed head'), with important shrines located as
423:). The name, meaning 'the clear/transparent one' in
390:
near some warm spring in its vicinity. Refounded by
3424:
3387:
3295:
3252:
3144:
2826:
2629:
2374:
2226:
2219:
2139:
2084:
1795:Olshausen, Eckart; Sauer, Vera (2006). "Salluvii".
1624:. Presses Universitaire du Mirail. pp. 35â60.
1044:
464:ca. 600, but were defeated by the roving armies of
68:. Although earlier writers called them 'Ligurian',
1313:
1226:
1131:
673:
478:
303:
277:river. Their homeland was located north of the
533:. Flaccus defeated the Salyes, along with the
305:As for the stretch of country which begins at
3542:
2062:
1954:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
8:
1196:
700:Sculptures of severed heads from Entremont.
3549:
3535:
3527:
2223:
2069:
2055:
2047:
460:settlers at the time of the foundation of
209:may be a Celtic rendering of an original *
189:(pronounced /Salwes/), later latinized as
1184:
1059:
1004:
1884:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1698:. Ediciones ClĂĄsicas. pp. 173â188.
1605:. Centre Jean BĂ©rard. pp. 189â210.
1328:
546:, and established near its ruin a Roman
448:The Salyes settled in the hinterland of
265:The Salyes dwelled in the hinterland of
1896:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5677
1837:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1â7.
1454:
1172:
1083:
1029:
850:
2040:Les Salyens et leur territoire présumé
1655:
1645:
1442:
1418:
1403:
1391:
1257:
1112:
1071:
729:The Celtic names of Salluvian rulers (
680:
486:
314:
2098:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
2042:(PhD thesis). Université de Provence.
1466:
1430:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1296:
1284:
1269:
1211:
1160:
1148:
1100:
573:, who defeated the Allobroges at the
400:, it was made a full colony known as
7:
772:As originally proposed by historian
1973:Documents d'Archéologie Méridionale
1835:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles
1814:Documents d'Archéologie Méridionale
402:Colonia Iulia Augusta Aquis Sextiis
370:Their pre-Roman chief town was the
2019:Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise
1737:The Creation of the Roman Frontier
25:
637:) in 46 BC, a large area west of
2130:
1843:10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0450
585:and the remaining Salyes at the
569:, was sent under the command of
411:Another settlement was known as
261:The Salyes in southeastern Gaul.
2000:Lafond, Yves (2006). "Glanum".
1956:. Princeton University Press.
1805:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1028380
1739:. Princeton University Press.
1:
2010:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e424670
1754:Falileyev, Alexander (2010).
1668:de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia
862:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
203:Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel
52:people dwelling between the
1890:. Oxford University Press.
1888:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1132:Rivet & Drinkwater 2016
571:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
542:, sacked their chief town,
3836:
1913:Roth-CongĂšs, Anne (1997).
1735:Dyson, Stephen L. (1985).
623:After the foundation of a
456:, they fought against the
350:and the later province of
44:
3795:Historical Celtic peoples
3564:
3512:
2128:
2038:Verdin, Florence (1990).
587:Battle of the IsĂšre River
3810:Tribes conquered by Rome
3805:Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul
1045:de Bernardo Stempel 2006
338:river (just west of the
1934:10.3406/galia.1997.2996
764:near a mineral spring.
726:in the 1st century BC.
614:Battle of Aquae Sextiae
87:sacked their hill-fort
1950:Talbert, Richard J. A.
1163:, pp. 39â40, 212.
977:GeĆgraphikáž HyphážgÄsis
768:Political organisation
701:
694:
579:Quintus Fabius Maximus
540:Gaius Sextius Calvinus
525:Marcus Fulvius Flaccus
500:
384:Gaius Sextius Calvinus
378:(3 km north of modern
367:
366:Vestiges of Entremont.
328:
262:
99:They are mentioned as
85:Gaius Sextius Calvinus
2109:First Transalpine War
2031:10.3406/ran.1991.1378
1985:10.3406/dam.1998.1178
1826:10.3406/dam.1998.1177
882:Ab Urbe Condita Libri
699:
472:. By the time of the
365:
260:
27:Celto-Ligurian people
1774:Lambert, Pierre-Yves
1314:Collin Bouffier 2009
1227:Collin Bouffier 2009
618:Gaius Coelius Caldus
170:(2nd c. AD), and as
2167:Gallo-Roman culture
2092:Battle of the Allia
1457:, pp. 187â188.
1214:, pp. 42, 198.
1103:, pp. 136â137.
1062:, pp. 189â190.
575:Battle of Vindalium
523:to send the consul
421:St-RĂ©my-de-Provence
146:(early 1st c. AD),
83:, until the consul
3820:Gallia Narbonensis
3449:Basel-MĂŒnsterhĂŒgel
949:Naturalis Historia
702:
612:(113â101 BC), the
604:Early Roman period
598:Gallia Transalpina
368:
297:, and east of the
271:Massif de l'Ătoile
263:
130:(late 1st c. BC),
48:) were an ancient
3777:
3776:
3769:Viturii Langenses
3524:
3523:
3420:
3419:
2451:Bituriges Vivisci
2002:Brill's New Pauly
1874:978-0-7134-5860-2
1852:978-1-4051-8645-2
1797:Brill's New Pauly
1787:978-2-87772-089-2
1746:978-1-4008-5489-9
1714:Delamarre, Xavier
1631:978-2-8107-0052-3
1612:978-2-38050-003-5
1588:. E. de Boccard.
1498:978-0-674-99080-7
1346:, pp. 40â41.
1316:, pp. 51â52.
1287:, pp. 39â40.
1115:, pp. 33â34.
429:Iberian Peninsula
165:
118:
107:(mid-1st c. BC),
16:(Redirected from
3827:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
2224:
2134:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2034:
2013:
1988:
1967:
1945:
1919:
1909:
1878:
1856:
1829:
1808:
1791:
1769:
1750:
1731:
1709:
1687:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1616:
1597:
1568:
1546:
1524:
1502:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1197:Roth-CongĂšs 1997
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1002:
996:
986:
980:
970:
964:
942:
936:
899:
893:
875:
869:
855:
692:
498:
474:Second Punic War
386:, who founded a
326:
226:Turma salluitana
163:
116:
47:
46:
21:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3560:
3555:
3525:
3520:
3508:
3426:
3416:
3383:
3291:
3248:
3140:
2822:
2625:
2370:
2215:
2196:La TĂšne culture
2135:
2126:
2080:
2075:
2037:
2016:
1999:
1996:
1994:Further reading
1991:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1881:
1875:
1861:Rivet, A. L. F.
1859:
1853:
1832:
1811:
1794:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1690:
1672:Palaeohispanica
1666:
1654:
1644:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1549:
1543:
1533:Natural History
1527:
1521:
1511:History of Rome
1505:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1477:Primary sources
1474:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1243:Ab Urbe condita
1237:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1003:
999:
987:
983:
971:
967:
943:
939:
900:
896:
876:
872:
856:
852:
847:
770:
743:
710:Aix-en-Provence
693:
679:
656:
654:Ethnic identity
651:
606:
552:Aix-en-Provence
517:
499:
485:
446:
441:
408:(27 BCâ14 AD).
380:Aix-en-Provence
360:
352:Alpes Maritimae
327:
313:
289:, south of the
255:
250:
138:( ΣΏλλÏ
ΔÏ) and
97:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
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3775:
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3772:
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3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
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3731:
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3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
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3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
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3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
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3554:
3553:
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3539:
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3507:
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3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
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3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
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3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3297:Eastern Europe
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
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3176:
3171:
3166:
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3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Bituriges Cubi
2443:
2438:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2123:(50 BCâ476 AD)
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2014:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1968:
1963:978-0691031699
1962:
1946:
1928:(1): 157â202.
1910:
1904:
1879:
1873:
1857:
1851:
1830:
1809:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1765:978-0955718236
1764:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1726:
1710:
1705:978-8478825721
1704:
1692:de Hoz, Javier
1688:
1664:
1656:|journal=
1630:
1617:
1611:
1598:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:978-0674990562
1563:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1520:978-0674992566
1519:
1503:
1497:
1489:The Gallic War
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1433:, p. 137.
1423:
1421:, p. 182.
1408:
1396:
1384:
1382:, p. 196.
1372:
1360:
1358:, p. 150.
1348:
1333:
1318:
1301:
1289:
1274:
1262:
1247:
1231:
1216:
1201:
1199:, p. 159.
1189:
1187:, p. 180.
1185:Delamarre 2003
1177:
1165:
1153:
1151:, p. 138.
1136:
1117:
1105:
1088:
1076:
1074:, p. 181.
1064:
1060:Boissinot 2019
1049:
1034:
1032:, p. 206.
1017:
1005:Falileyev 2010
997:
981:
965:
937:
894:
870:
849:
848:
846:
843:
769:
766:
742:
739:
677:
655:
652:
650:
647:
626:colonia romana
605:
602:
594:Roman province
516:
515:Roman conquest
513:
483:
445:
442:
440:
437:
419:, near modern
397:colonia latina
359:
356:
311:
293:, west of the
269:, between the
254:
251:
249:
246:
96:
93:
81:Roman Republic
56:river and the
50:Celto-Ligurian
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
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3730:
3727:
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3700:
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3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
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3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
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3435:
3432:
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3429:
3423:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
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3268:
3265:
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3260:
3259:
3257:
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3235:
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3217:
3215:
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3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
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3165:
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3160:
3157:
3155:
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3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
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2952:
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2927:
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2909:
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2889:
2887:
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2797:
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2757:
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2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Longostaletes
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
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2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1905:9780199381135
1901:
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1727:9782877723695
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1542:9780674993648
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1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1469:, p. 16.
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:, p. 35.
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:, p. 33.
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:, p. 55.
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Rawlings 2017
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:, p. 42.
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:, p. 32.
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:, p. 22.
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:, p. 49.
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:, p. 37.
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:, p. 46.
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
844:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
767:
765:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
733:) and towns (
732:
727:
725:
724:Aquae Sextiae
721:
717:
716:
711:
708:(near modern
707:
698:
690:
686:
682:
676:
672:
670:
666:
661:
653:
648:
646:
644:
640:
639:Aquae Sextiae
636:
632:
628:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:war elephants
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
496:
492:
488:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:Early history
443:
438:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
324:
320:
316:
310:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
252:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
178:(4th c. AD).
177:
173:
169:
161:
158:(1st c. AD),
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3733:
3514:
3439:Argentomagus
3407:Tolistobogii
3239:Vertamocorii
2789:Vertamocorii
2754:Segovellauni
2743:
2674:Budenicenses
2466:Coriosolites
2301:Mediomatrici
2111:(125â121 BC)
2103:Galatian War
2094:(ca. 387 BC)
2039:
2025:(1): 35â38.
2022:
2018:
2001:
1979:(1): 27â36.
1976:
1972:
1953:
1925:
1921:
1887:
1883:
1867:. Batsford.
1864:
1834:
1820:(1): 21â26.
1817:
1813:
1796:
1777:
1755:
1736:
1717:
1695:
1675:
1671:
1621:
1602:
1585:
1582:Barruol, Guy
1574:Bibliography
1554:
1532:
1510:
1488:
1462:
1455:Barruol 1969
1450:
1438:
1426:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1292:
1265:
1242:
1234:
1192:
1180:
1173:Lambert 1994
1168:
1156:
1108:
1084:Talbert 2000
1079:
1067:
1030:Barruol 1969
1012:
1008:
1000:
993:Ora maritima
992:
984:
976:
968:
948:
940:
905:
897:
881:
873:
861:
853:
839:
771:
759:
751:Roquepertuse
746:
744:
731:Toutomotulos
728:
714:
703:
684:
674:
657:
624:
622:
610:Cimbrian War
607:
591:
559:Toutomotulos
556:
528:
521:Roman Senate
518:
501:
490:
479:
447:
434:
416:
410:
401:
395:
369:
329:
318:
304:
264:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
210:
206:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
171:
166:ΣΏλÎčÎșΔÏ) by
159:
151:
147:
142:(ΣαλÏÏÎœ) by
139:
135:
131:
123:
119:
112:
108:
100:
98:
78:
73:
58:Greek colony
35:
31:
29:
3427:settlements
3345:Hercuniates
3194:Gallianates
3184:Bromanenses
2679:Camactulici
2631:Narbonensis
2521:Nitiobroges
2441:Bodiocasses
2423:Brannovices
2361:Veliocasses
2341:Silvanectes
2115:Gallic Wars
1780:. Errance.
1720:. Errance.
1443:Lafond 2006
1419:de Hoz 2005
1404:Verdin 1998
1392:Verdin 1998
1258:Pralon 1998
1113:Verdin 1998
1072:de Hoz 2005
906:GeĆgraphikĂĄ
815:Camactulici
774:Guy Barruol
747:tĂȘte coupĂ©e
685:GeĆgraphikĂĄ
681:Strabo 1923
608:During the
530:casus belli
491:GeĆgraphikĂĄ
487:Strabo 1923
358:Settlements
319:GeĆgraphikĂĄ
315:Strabo 1923
222:Salluienses
219:Celtiberian
152:Salluuiorum
134:(ΣΏλλÏ
αÏ),
124:Salluuiorum
74:tĂȘte coupĂ©e
64:during the
3784:Categories
3739:Segobrigii
3614:Euburiates
3489:Magetobria
3402:Tectosages
3325:Cornacates
3320:Britolagai
3272:Lactorates
3244:Votodrones
3219:Montunates
3199:Gennanates
3036:Savincates
2956:Cosuanetes
2906:Bodiontici
2896:Benacenses
2876:Ausuciates
2871:Aneuniates
2866:Ambisontes
2846:Adunicates
2836:Acitavones
2818:Vulgientes
2812:Tectosages
2769:Tricastini
2749:Segobrigii
2649:Allobroges
2639:Agesinates
2621:Viducasses
2536:Petrocorii
2471:Durocasses
2435:Eburovices
2431:Diablintes
2384:Abrincatui
2366:Viromandui
2346:Suessiones
2261:Caeracates
2121:Roman Gaul
2117:(58â50 BC)
1467:Rivet 1988
1431:Dyson 1985
1380:Rivet 1988
1368:Rivet 1988
1356:Dyson 1985
1344:Rivet 1988
1297:Rivet 1988
1285:Rivet 1988
1270:Rivet 1988
1212:Rivet 1988
1161:Rivet 1988
1149:Dyson 1985
1101:Dyson 1985
845:References
799:Segobrigii
563:Allobroges
466:Bellovesus
287:Segobrigii
3764:Vediantii
3744:Statielli
3659:Intimilii
3619:Friniates
3609:Epanterii
3604:Eguiturii
3589:Briniates
3504:Vertillum
3479:Entremont
3425:Pre-Roman
3397:Aigosages
3355:Scordisci
3330:Costoboci
3310:Arabiates
3282:Tarusates
3267:Cocosates
3254:Aquitania
3229:Subinates
3169:Arusnates
3164:Anesiates
3146:Cisalpina
3136:Vindelici
3131:Vesubiani
3096:Vediantii
3086:Triulatti
3041:Sebaginni
3026:Rucinates
3021:Quariates
3016:Nemeturii
3006:Nantuates
2981:Graioceli
2966:Eguiturii
2951:Ceutrones
2946:Caturiges
2941:Catubrini
2936:Catenates
2926:Calucones
2921:Brixentes
2916:Brigianii
2911:Brigantii
2856:Ambidravi
2808:Arecomici
2764:Tolosates
2699:Dexivates
2591:Tricasses
2576:Segusiavi
2496:Lemovices
2491:Latobrigi
2389:Ambiliati
2281:Catalauni
2276:Catuslugi
2256:Bellovaci
2246:Atrebates
2211:Vergobret
2186:Cisalpine
1942:186319120
1684:1578-5386
1678:: 45â58.
1658:ignored (
1648:cite book
1555:Geography
979:, 2:10:8.
795:Dexivates
755:Entremont
715:civitates
706:Entremont
544:Entremont
376:Entremont
344:Arecomici
307:Antipolis
291:Dexivates
253:Territory
248:Geography
234:Sallubius
230:Salluvius
217:with the
162:(ΣΏλÏ
ΔÏ;
89:Entremont
3759:Veaminii
3729:Roudelli
3669:Lapicini
3639:Iadatini
3634:Hercates
3629:Genuates
3599:Deciates
3579:Binbelli
3574:Bagienni
3515:Part of:
3484:Gergovia
3474:Ensérune
3454:Bibracte
3444:Avaricum
3379:Varciani
3374:Taurisci
3363:Celegeri
3350:Latobici
3340:Eravisci
3277:Sotiates
3204:Insubres
3189:Cenomani
3174:Bagienni
3154:Anamares
3126:Vergunni
3116:Vennones
3111:Venostes
3106:Venisami
3101:Velaunii
3071:Suanetes
3066:Sogionti
3056:Segusini
3011:Nemaloni
2971:Gallitae
2901:Bergalei
2881:Avantici
2861:Ambilici
2841:Adanates
2799:Vocontii
2794:Verucini
2784:Tritolli
2779:Tricorii
2774:Tricores
2759:Suelteri
2689:Cenomani
2654:Anatilii
2606:Vellavii
2586:Tigurini
2541:Pictones
2516:Namnetes
2511:Mandubii
2506:Lingones
2486:Helvetii
2461:Carnutes
2427:Cenomani
2404:Andecavi
2291:Eburones
2286:Condrusi
2266:Caeroesi
2251:Atuatuci
2241:Aresaces
2201:Religion
2190:Galatian
2182:Language
2147:Ambactus
2105:(189 BC)
1952:(2000).
1863:(1988).
1776:(1994).
1758:. CMCS.
1716:(2003).
1640:43606588
1584:(1969).
1553:(1923).
1531:(1938).
1509:(2019).
1487:(1917).
1245:5.34â35.
1009:Salluvii
989:Avienius
831:Deciates
819:Suelteri
811:Tritolli
807:Tricores
779:Anatilii
741:Religion
678:â
667:and the
548:garrison
535:Vocontii
505:Deciates
484:â
462:Massalia
458:Phocaean
450:Massalia
406:Augustus
388:garrison
312:â
299:Anatilii
295:Tritolli
283:Tricores
273:and the
267:Massalia
242:Sallyius
238:Salluius
199:Salluvii
191:Salluvii
176:Avienius
109:Salluvii
66:Iron Age
62:Massalia
36:Salluvii
3815:Ligures
3754:Tigulli
3749:Taurini
3709:Nerusii
3704:Nearchi
3689:Maielli
3679:Ligauni
3654:Ingauni
3649:Ilvates
3644:Iemerii
3584:Bivelli
3558:Ligures
3464:Cenabum
3389:Galatia
3359:Dindari
3305:Anartes
3287:Vasates
3234:Taurini
3209:Libicii
3121:Veragri
3091:Ucennii
3081:Tebavii
3076:Suetrii
3051:Segovii
3031:Salassi
3001:Medulli
2996:Licates
2991:Ingauni
2986:Iemerii
2976:Genauni
2961:Ecdinii
2891:Belouni
2729:Nearchi
2714:Ligauni
2709:Libicii
2669:Bormani
2664:Avatici
2659:Atacini
2611:Venelli
2596:Tulingi
2581:Sequani
2571:Senones
2566:Santoni
2551:Redones
2546:Rauraci
2531:Parisii
2526:Osismii
2501:Lexovii
2456:Cadurci
2419:Aulerci
2414:Arverni
2399:Ambarri
2376:Celtica
2356:Triboci
2351:Treveri
2331:Paemani
2321:Nemetes
2311:Menapii
2271:Caletes
2236:Ambiani
2228:Belgica
2220:Peoples
2177:Oppidum
2172:Nemeton
2162:Eubages
2140:Culture
2085:History
1594:3279201
1007:, s.v.
973:Ptolemy
934:4:6:3â4
827:Ligauni
791:Avatici
787:Nearchi
783:Libicii
720:Arelate
669:Luberon
649:Culture
631:Arelate
439:History
425:Gaulish
415:(Latin
372:oppidum
334:to the
279:Avatici
275:Durance
215:cognate
195:Sallyas
168:Ptolemy
136:SĂĄllues
132:SĂĄlluas
120:Saluium
101:Sallyas
54:Durance
18:Salyens
3790:Salyes
3734:Salyes
3719:Oxybii
3714:Orobii
3699:Matici
3694:Marici
3684:Ligues
3674:Libici
3624:Garuli
3594:Catuci
3569:Apuani
3494:Noreia
3469:Cularo
3459:Bibrax
3434:Alesia
3412:Trocmi
3335:Gotini
3224:Orobii
3214:Marici
3159:Anauni
3061:Sentii
3046:Seduni
2886:Belaci
2851:Alauni
2828:Alpina
2804:Volcae
2744:Salyes
2734:Oxybii
2724:Memini
2704:Helvii
2694:Comani
2684:Cavari
2644:Albici
2616:Veneti
2601:Turoni
2556:Ruteni
2481:Gabali
2476:Esuvii
2409:Arouii
2326:Nervii
2316:Morini
1960:
1940:
1922:Gallia
1902:
1871:
1849:
1784:
1762:
1743:
1724:
1702:
1682:
1638:
1628:
1609:
1592:
1561:
1551:Strabo
1539:
1517:
1495:
1485:Caesar
1239:Livius
1013:Salyes
995:, 701.
930:4:1:12
926:4:1:11
902:Strabo
878:Livius
858:Caesar
833:, and
823:Oxybii
803:Comani
762:Glanon
735:Glanon
660:Strabo
583:Arveni
509:Oxybii
417:Glanum
413:Glanon
404:under
392:Caesar
348:Cavari
346:, the
240:, and
207:Salues
187:Salues
183:Salyes
172:Salyes
160:SĂĄlues
148:Sallui
144:Strabo
140:SalĂșĆn
113:Saluum
105:Caesar
70:Strabo
45:ΣΏλÏ
ΔÏ
32:Salyes
3800:Gauls
3664:Laevi
3518:Celts
3499:Tylis
3369:Serdi
2931:Carni
2561:Sagii
2394:Aedui
2306:Meldi
2296:Leuci
2206:VÄtes
2157:Druid
2078:Gauls
1938:S2CID
1918:(PDF)
1636:JSTOR
1529:Pliny
961:3:124
945:Pliny
922:4:1:9
918:4:1:6
914:4:1:5
910:4:1:3
890:21:26
689:4:6:3
665:RhĂŽne
643:Arles
635:Arles
495:4:6:3
394:as a
332:RhĂŽne
323:4:6:3
211:Sáž·wes
156:Pliny
126:) by
40:Greek
3724:Reii
3361:and
3315:Boii
3262:Boii
3179:Boii
2810:and
2739:Reii
2336:Remi
2152:Bard
1958:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1680:ISSN
1660:help
1626:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1590:OCLC
1559:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1507:Livy
1493:ISBN
1011:and
957:3:47
953:3:36
886:5:34
866:1:35
835:Reii
753:and
722:and
507:and
454:Livy
336:Loup
285:and
224:and
164:var.
150:and
128:Livy
117:var.
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30:The
2027:doi
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