229:(1830â31) by Branwell BrontĂ«, Branwell chronicled the establishment of the Glass Town Federation colony by "twelve adventurers who set sail for West Africa" from his persona of Glass Town historian Captain John Bud. In this manuscript, "Branwell drew a map of the Glass Town Federation complete with mountain ranges, rivers and trade routes. It shows the four kingdoms run by the siblings: Wellingtonâs Land, Parryâs Land, Rossâs Land and Sneakyâs Land. Being the baby of the family, Anne has the diminutive kingdom of Ross's Land. Also shown on the map, outlined in red, is the cosmopolitan district. This contains the Great Glass Town capital, (later known as âVerreopolisâ or âVerdopolisâ). This grew to be a thriving city of factories, prisons, palaces and dungeons. As explained in the history, it even has a labyrinthine network of caves beneath, harbouring criminals and low life".
141:(about twenty thousand words) along with "many long stories, plays and poems" and a catalogue to keep track of her work. Charlotte, in private letters, called Glass Town "her 'world below', a private escape where she could act out her desires and multiple identities". Charlotte's "predilection for romantic settings, passionate relationships, and high society is at odds with Branwell's obsession with battles and politics and her young sisters' homely North Country realism, none the less at this stage there is still a sense of the writings as a family enterprise". "Branwell was at the centre of this universe, often dictating the events of the saga or writing long parliamentary speeches and war epics".
292:
numerous private collectors and other libraries have a page or more, all of which had to be found, identified, dated and virtually stitched into original places to create the chronological record". In addition to contacting libraries and archives, Alexander traced old sales catalogues and "travelled all over the United States and Canada on a
Greyhound bus, knocking on doors of private collectors, eventually finding more than 100 unpublished Charlotte Bronte manuscripts and an equal number of unknown drawings and paintings by the Brontes". Alexander has over the decades since continued to publish an updated catalogue on the various locations of the manuscripts, including private collections.
19:
264:"In 1829 and 1830, Charlotte and Branwell cobbled the pages together from printed waste and scrap paper, perhaps cut from margins of discarded pamphlets. They wrote with steel-nibbed pens, which tend to blot, yet the even script demonstrates their practiced hand". These hand-bound books measure about 2.5 by 5 centimeters. "Only about 20 volumes of Brontë juvenilia are known to remain. Harvard holds nine, the Brontë Museum at the family home in England owns a few, and the remaining are scattered among museums and private collectors".
240:", however, the Brontës eventually "focused on developing two of their own characters : Zamorna, the Duke of Wellington's son, and Alexander Percy, known throughout the later works as Northangerland. Although both were regular characters in Charlotte and Branwell's early Glass Town writings , it is not until 1834, the siblings' new kingdom Angria, and Zamorna's subsequent marriage to Northangerland's daughter, Mary, that the duo's incredible dynamic is fully unleashed. Betrayal and revenge are paramount in the Angrian saga".
173:. "At the end of 1839, BrontĂ« said goodbye to her fantasy world in a manuscript called Farewell to Angria. More and more, she was finding that she preferred to escape to her imagined worlds over remaining in reality â and she feared that she was going mad. So she said goodbye to her characters, scenes and subjects. She wrote of the pain she felt at wrenching herself from her 'friends' and venturing into lands unknown". Both Branwell and Emily continued to write about their worlds until their deaths.
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the
Twelves (as the company is known) set up a colonial outpost, and lay claim to land as their own. After building their first settlement â Twelves Town â they find themselves at war with the native Ashantee tribe. The Twelves win, which impresses the British Government. One of the Twelves, Arthur Wellesley, is chosen by the British to lead troops against the Emperor Napoleon. He defeats Napoleon and returns victorious to Glass Town where he becomes king". Emma Butcher wrote, in the
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214:. The manuscripts were originally centred on "the Glass Town Federation and its principal city Verdopolis (initially called the Great Glass Town), and then moved to Angria, a new kingdom created in 1834 to the west of the Federation. The Brontës filled this imaginative space with their own version of early nineteenth-century society with its international relations and domestic affairs . Wars and political upheavals dominate the events of the saga throughout its history".
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222:, the BrontĂ« siblings named their toy soldiers "the Twelves or âYoung Menâ and created names and personalities that brought them to life. As Wellington was Charlotteâs âYoung Manâ and Parry was Emilyâs, this is evidence of a partnership of the imagination between the two sisters. The mention of the toy soldiers dates the little book to at least 1826, when the toy soldiers were given to the children".
352:, a British biographer, highlighted that the BrontĂ« juvenilia consists of poetry, plays, and magazines "with accompanying maps and histories" and is over 50,000 words; "much of it set in imaginary places like Glass Town and Angria, with interlocking casts of countless characters. Harman compares it aptly to computer gaming â although the Brontes created it all from scratch".
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116:. Glass Town was founded when twelve wooden soldiers were offered to Branwell Brontë by his father, Patrick Brontë, on 5 June 1826. It was only during December 1827 that the world really took shape, when Charlotte suggested that everyone own and manage their own island, which they named after heroic leaders: Charlotte had Wellington, Branwell had Sneaky, Emily had
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128:. They provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for literary vocations in adulthood. "Much of the saga was formulated only in discussion amongst the creators; knowledge was assumed between the collaborators, who had no need to explain circumstances or background in individual stories".
401:
at the forefront of popular discussion. The early writings of Glass Town (1829â34) adopted and reimagined historical and contemporary people, place names and events. Although convoluted and fictional, Charlotte and
Branwell's depiction of their juvenile heroesâfirst Wellington and Napoleon and then
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ideology of the 19th century in this fictional history. This was an era when
Britain was a global empire, one which was built on expansion and conquests, with little regard for native inhabitants. We see exactly this played out in the Brontës' imagined world. On reaching the shores of West Africa,
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highlighted that "the Brontës featured themselves as Gods in their worlds, of which they wrote long sagas in tiny micro-script, as well as using both fictional and real-life characters, reminiscent of the creations of JRR Tolkein and CS Lewis. Glass Town originated from games the children would
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had acquired a large amount of the manuscripts from
Nicholis and "subsequently sold off most of the collection in small bits and pieces . Over ten publicly accessible repositories in the U.S. and England contain significant amounts of manuscripts, sometimes dividing single works among them; and
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pointed "to the way the Brontës created favourite characters and settings in the same way science fiction and fantasy fans now play in the detailed imaginary 'universes' of Star Trek or Harry Potter" and said "the sense of fantasy is strong and there are examples of what might be called the
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reported that "the 19-page, 4,000-word manuscript measures about 1.5 by 2.5 inches. It features vividly dramatic hand-lettered ads , as well as three stories set in the fictional settlement of Glass Town, including one featuring a scene that seems to be a precursor to the famous one in
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In an early manuscript (1826â28) by
Charlotte Brontë, "there is a map, which is carefully divided into four provinces (one for each sibling). The two lists of places explain what belongs to Wellington and what belongs to Parry". According to the
313:' where Mr. Rochesterâs wife sets fire to his bed. The BrontĂ« Parsonage already owns four of the six volumes of The Young Menâs Magazine. (The whereabouts of the remaining one have been unknown since around 1930, according to the museum)".
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highlighted that the BrontĂ« siblings created depictions of "fantastical, magical kingdoms, steeped in violence, politics, lust and betrayal. Written in dozens of miniature books, these manuscripts â with curious, secretive titles such as
260:'s collection. Set in Verdopolis and "sub-titled âA Tale of Our Own Timesâ, the story has magical elements but also touches on themes relevant to Victorian society, such as child cruelty, social class, orphans and inheritance".
124:. Each island's capital was called Glass Town, hence the name of the Glass Town Confederacy. The sagas they created were episodic and elaborate, and they exist in incomplete manuscripts, some of which have been published as
72:. It was initiated by Charlotte and her brother Branwell; Emily and Anne Brontë later participated in further developing the stories and geography of its world, although they also broke away to conceptualize
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162:, which included many of their poems. This occurred at the time when Charlotte left her siblings to go and study at Roe Head. Emily and Anne kept writing about their world "into early adulthood".
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Christine
Alexander, a Brontë juvenilia historian, wrote that "this fictitious world established in Africa bears little resemblance to Africa owes as much to fairy tale and the
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1142:"Bronte, Branwell, Charlotte, Anne, and Emily. 2010. Tales of Glass Town, Angria, and Gondal: Selected Early Writings, edited by Christine Alexander"
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1011:"Napoleonic Periodicals and the Childhood Imagination: The Influence of War Commentary on Charlotte and Branwell Brontë's Glass Town and Angria"
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play with toy soldiers and its map, drawn by
Branwell, was based on a map on real explorations of America in the 19th Century".
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Zamorna and
Northangerlandâprovides insight into contemporary reaction to Wellington's and Napoleon's eminent personalities".
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1647:"Autobiography, Wish-Fulfilment, and Juvenilia. The 'Fractured Self' in Charlotte Brontë's Paracosmic Counterworld"
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1325:"The Sci-fi Brontës are the surprise inclusion in the British Library's celebration of science fiction | Culture24"
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272:, Charlotteâs husband, sold volumes "after her death to a collector, who gave them to poet and fellow collector
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1596:"BWW Interview: Miriam Pultro Talks New Brontë Family-Inspired Rock Musical GLASS TOWN, Streaming on CyberTank"
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as it does to geographical descriptions of what was known as 'the dark continent'". On the manuscript
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423:-like world of its own, and the Brontës find themselves pulled through into their own creation".
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writings began in
December 1827, and as largely unfinished manuscripts, they constitute the
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1378:"When the Brontës were kids, they built an imaginary world. A new novel brings it to life"
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In 2011, the Brontë juvenilia was included in a science fiction-focused exhibition at the
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Glass Town was built around "the Great Bay at the confluence of rivers" in a fictional
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444:-shaped world are Gondal, Angria, and Glass Town based on the Brontë juvenilia.
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788:"The secret history of Jane Eyre: Charlotte Brontë's private fantasy stories"
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The History of the Young Men from their First Settlement to the Present Time
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Between 1829 and 1830, Charlotte produced a dozen issues for the siblings'
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1275:"Review: Harman's 'A Fiery Heart' is a fierce Charlotte Bronte biography"
847:"Understanding Emily Brontë: 'Stronger than a man, simpler than a child'"
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1481:"Glass Town by Isabel Greenberg review â inside the BrontĂ«s' dreamworld"
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1214:"Rare Charlotte Bronte book coming home after museum's auction success"
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After 1831, Charlotte and Branwell concentrated on an evolution of the
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Portraits of Zamorna and Northangerland by Branwell Brontë, c. 1835.
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The Brontë siblings began writing prose and poetry related to their
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1429:"From the Somme to the Moors: Literary History in the DNA of DIE"
1189:"Miniature Bronte manuscript returns to author's childhood home"
1111:"Professor Christine Alexander and Charlotte Bronte's juvenilia"
694:
Tales of Glass Town, Angria, and Gondal: Selected Early Writings
1668:
1570:"Playbill's Weekly Streaming Guide: What to Watch March 15â19"
817:"It's time to bring Branwell, the dark Brontë, into the light"
697:. Christine Alexander. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010.
152:
However, from 1831 onwards, Emily and Anne 'seceded' from the
1994:
which was home to and is greatly associated with the Brontës)
1352:"16 science fiction and fantasy books to read this September"
323:
Tales of Glass Town, Angria, and Gondal: Selected Writings
22:
Map of the Glass Town Federation and surrounding lands in
1515:"10 New Graphic Novels to Read for Women's History Month"
469:, Glass Town has loosely inspired the forthcoming novel.
2085:(lifelong friend and correspondent of Charlotte Brontë)
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Early characters were "literal transmogrifications of
2000:(house in Thornton, birthplace of the Brontë sisters)
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in the 1820s, and in December 1827 produced a novel,
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547:Charlotte Brontë : the imagination in history
495:"Brontë juvenilia: 'The History of the Young Men'"
462:is a band the four Brontës have created together.
1542:"Glass Town: The Imaginary World of the Brontës"
386:highlights that "it is impossible to ignore the
521:The Brontë Family: Passionate Literary Geniuses
2042:(waterfall associated with the Brontë sisters)
550:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 9.
2048:(footpath associated with the Brontë sisters)
1680:
982:"Earliest known writings of Charlotte Brontë"
8:
898:"Manuscript of Emily Brontë's Gondal poetry"
299:purchased one of these manuscripts in 2019.
458:In Miriam Pultro's 2021 meta rock musical,
2026:(landscape portrayed in the Brontë novels)
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1673:
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667:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
283:In the 1970s, Christine Alexander, of the
1453:Rondeau, Christopher (10 November 2019).
1239:Schuessler, Jennifer (18 November 2019).
949:"Brontë juvenilia: The History of Angria"
76:, while Charlotte conceptualized Angria.
2054:(school attended by the Brontë sisters)
1823:Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day
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1973:(husband of first cousin once removed)
1857:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell
1621:"Hope Graduate to Publish Debut Novel"
1376:Grady, Constance (11 September 2017).
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1187:Cabrera, Michaela (19 November 2019).
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922:Reed, Christopher (16 December 2011).
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2101:(lifelong friend of Charlotte Brontë)
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1049:"Brontë juvenilia: 'The foundling'"
871:Price, Sandra Leigh (17 May 2018).
268:'s collection originated from when
2111:who was loved by Charlotte Brontë)
1513:Puc, Samantha (29 February 2020).
137:and an additional four volumes of
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2058:St Michael and All Angels' Church
1479:Smart, James (22 February 2020).
1427:Dritz, Sidney (6 February 2019).
419:(2017), "Glass Town turns into a
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1568:Harms, Talaura (15 March 2021).
1455:"Die #9 Review â Major Spoilers"
440:, three of the locations on the
364:beginnings of science fiction".
194:
185:
1241:"A Tiny Brontë Book Comes Home"
2020:which was home to the Brontës)
2010:which was home to the Brontës)
585:. Twenty-First Century Books.
346:A Leaf from an Unopened Volume
252:Charlotte Brontë's manuscript
156:to create a 'spin-off' called
1:
1657:(2): 65â76. 28 November 2021.
1140:Shillingsburg, Peter (2012).
1109:Plater, Diana (6 June 2016).
749:The Review of English Studies
415:âs young-adult fiction novel
285:University of New South Wales
27:
2064:of which Patrick Brontë was
1651:Journal of Juvenilia Studies
1015:Victorian Periodicals Review
579:Smith Kenyon, Karen (2002).
519:Smith Kenyon, Karen (2002).
394:Victorian Periodicals Review
380:The History of the Young Men
227:The History of the Young Men
145:, a creative partner of the
1838:The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
1273:Company, Tampa Publishing.
2248:
743:Thomson, Patricia (1989).
606:Harrison, David W (2003).
338:A Peep into a Picture Book
101:Gondal (fictional country)
94:
2184:
1745:
1625:Liverpool Hope University
1115:The Sydney Morning Herald
877:The Sydney Morning Herald
467:A Tale of Two Glass Towns
276:; she donated the set to
45:created and written as a
1897:The Young Men's Magazine
1781:F. De Samara to A. G. A.
1174:10.2979/textcult.7.2.122
1158:10.2979/textcult.7.2.122
633:Miller, Lucasta (2005).
465:In Nicola Friar's novel
321:Upon the publication of
134:The Young Men's Magazine
97:The Young Men's Magazine
87:of the Brontë siblings.
2030:Brontë Parsonage Museum
1081:"The genesis of genius"
639:. New York. p. 5.
612:. Trafford Publishing.
327:Oxford World's Classics
297:Bronte Parsonage Museum
147:Bronte Parsonage Museum
1009:Butcher, Emma (2015).
725:: CS1 maint: others (
609:The Brontes of Haworth
544:Glen, Heather (2004).
523:. Lerner. p. 29.
451:'s 2020 graphic novel
261:
256:(1833) is part of the
167:Glass Town Confederacy
154:Glass Town Confederacy
139:Tales of the Islanders
34:
2232:Collaborative fiction
2091:(lifelong friend and
2032:(former home and now
1961:(Charlotte's husband)
873:"Emily Bronte and Me"
413:Catherynne M. Valente
251:
21:
2176:Victorian literature
2095:of Charlotte Brontë)
1959:Arthur Bell Nicholls
1864:List of Brontë poems
1329:www.culture24.org.uk
426:In the comic series
270:Arthur Bell Nicholls
177:World and characters
26:by Branwell Brontë,
2052:Cowan Bridge School
1774:To a Wreath of Snow
1594:Rabinowitz, Chloe.
1053:The British Library
986:The British Library
953:The British Library
902:The British Library
499:The British Library
417:The Glass Town Game
1953:Elizabeth Branwell
1849:Collaborative work
1304:has generic name (
1245:The New York Times
1220:. 18 November 2019
771:– via JSTOR.
406:In popular culture
262:
225:In the manuscript
68:, siblings of the
35:
2204:
2203:
2161:To Walk Invisible
2089:Elizabeth Gaskell
1998:Brontë Birthplace
1802:Wuthering Heights
1788:Come hither child
1600:BroadwayWorld.com
1547:Publishers Weekly
704:978-0-19-153987-9
619:978-1-55369-809-8
592:978-0-8225-0071-1
582:The Bronte Family
557:978-1-4294-7076-6
432:(2018) by writer
382:(1830â1831), the
289:Thomas James Wise
244:Existing versions
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2145:Les SĆurs BrontĂ«
2105:Constantin HĂ©ger
2040:Brontë Waterfall
1947:Elizabeth Brontë
1883:A Book of Ryhmes
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955:. Archived from
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359:. Guest curator
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2024:Brontë Country
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2001:
1995:
1984:
1982:
1978:
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1971:William Morgan
1968:
1967:(uncle-in-law)
1962:
1956:
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1929:Maria Branwell
1926:
1923:Patrick Brontë
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1459:Major Spoilers
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1152:(2): 122â124.
1127:
1098:
1087:. 26 June 2014
1065:
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998:
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940:
924:"Tiny Brontës"
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889:
863:
834:
823:. 26 June 2017
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375:Arabian Nights
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1941:Maria Brontë
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1485:The Guardian
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1407:Image Comics
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2163:(2016 film)
2155:(2005 play)
2147:(1979 film)
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2099:Mary Taylor
1631:29 November
1464:10 November
1438:10 November
1412:10 November
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436:and artist
388:imperialist
361:Andy Sawyer
212:West Africa
66:Anne Brontë
2211:Categories
2093:biographer
2076:Associates
2046:Brontë Way
1890:Glass Town
1830:Agnes Grey
1553:27 October
1526:27 October
1498:27 October
474:References
460:Glass Town
453:Glass Town
280:in 1925".
274:Amy Lowell
234:Wellington
114:Glass Town
107:paracosmic
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317:Reception
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1943:(sister)
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1729:Villette
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1294:cite web
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1035:24642971
745:"Review"
655:57627321
238:Napoleon
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2018:village
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1193:Reuters
266:Harvard
169:called
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2066:pastor
2062:church
2034:museum
1955:(aunt)
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