Gliding - Knowledge (XXG)

1308:. The main difference is that both hang gliders and paragliders are simpler, less sophisticated and cheaper aircraft that use the pilot's feet as the undercarriage. All paragliders and most hang gliders have no protective structure around the pilot. However, the dividing line between basic gliders and sophisticated hang-gliders is becoming less distinct. For example, hang gliders typically use fabric wings, shaped over a framework, but hang gliders with rigid wings and three-axis controls are also available. The lower air speeds and lower glide ratios of typical hang gliders means that shorter cross-country distances are flown than in modern gliders. Paragliders are more basic craft. They are also foot-launched, but their wings usually have no frames and their shape is created by the flow and pressure of air. The airspeeds and glide ratios of paragliders are generally lower still than the typical hang gliders, and so their cross-country flights are even shorter. 1007:

altitude gain of at least 1,000 metres (3,281 ft), made a five-hour duration flight, and has flown cross-country for a straight-line distance of at least 50 kilometres (31 mi): these three attainments are usually, but not invariably, achieved in separate flights. A pilot who has earned the Gold badge has achieved an altitude gain of 3,000 metres (9,843 ft), made a flight of five-hours duration, and flown cross-country for a straight-line distance of at least 300 kilometres (186 mi). A pilot who has completed the three parts of the Diamond Badge has flown 300 kilometres (186 mi) to a pre-defined goal, has flown 500 kilometres (311 mi) in one flight (but not necessarily to a pre-defined goal) and gained 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) in height. The FAI also issues a diploma for a flight of 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) and further diplomas for increments of 250 kilometres (155 mi).

966:, which typically would shift forward if water is stored only in the wings ahead of the spar. Ballast enables a sailplane to attain its best lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) at higher speeds but slows its climb rate in thermals, in part because a sailplane with a heavier wing loading cannot circle within a thermal as tightly as one with a lower, unballasted wing loading. But if lift is strong, typically either from thermals or wave, the disadvantage of slower climbs is outweighed by the higher cruising speeds between lift areas. Thus, the pilot can improve the average speed over a course by several percent or achieve longer distances in a given time. If lift is weaker than expected, or if an off-field landing is imminent, the pilot can jettison the water ballast by opening the dump valves. 979: 1075: 873:. Glide ratio is dependent on an aircraft's class, and can typically range from 44:1 (for modern designs in the Standard Class) up to 70:1 (for the largest aircraft). A good gliding performance combined with regular sources of rising air enables modern gliders to fly long distances at high speeds. The weather is a major factor in determining cross-country speeds. The record average speed for 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) is 203.1 kilometres per hour (126.2 mph) and required unusually good conditions, but even in places with less favorable conditions (such as 1027:", landing out (or "outlanding") is a routine event in cross-country gliding. A location needs to be identified where the glider can land safely without damaging the glider, the pilot, or property such as crops or livestock. The glider and the pilot(s) can then be retrieved by road from the outlanding location using a purpose-built trailer. If this is not possible due to an inaccessible location such as a mountain range, the glider may be loaded into its trailer and airlifted by helicopter. In some instances, a tow-plane can be summoned to re-launch the aircraft. 1144:, gliders surround the pilots with strong structures and have undercarriages to absorb impacts when landing. These features prevent injuries from otherwise minor incidents, but there are some hazards. Although training and safe procedures are central to the ethos of the sport, a few fatal accidents occur every year, almost all caused by pilot error. In particular there is a risk of mid-air collisions between gliders, because two pilots might choose to fly to the same area of lift and so might collide. To avoid other gliders and 959:

requiring the pilot to spend more time circling to regain the altitude. The MacCready speed represents the optimal trade-off between cruising and circling. Most competition pilots use MacCready theory to optimize their average speeds, and have the calculations programmed in their flight computers, or use a "McCready ring", a rotatable bezel on the glider's variometer to indicate the best speed to fly. The greatest factor in maximizing average speed, however, remains the ability of the pilot to find the strongest lift.

689: 845:". For this launch method, the glider's main wheel rests in a small concrete trough. The hook normally used for winch-launching is instead attached to the middle of the bungee. Each end is then pulled by three or four people. One group runs slightly to the left, the other to the right. Once the tension in the bungee is high enough, the glider is released and the glider's wheel pops out of the trough. The glider gains just enough energy to leave the ground and fly away from the hill. 232:. Thus, in the 1920s and 1930s, while aviators and aircraft makers in the rest of the world were working to improve the performance of powered aircraft, the Germans were designing, developing and flying ever more efficient gliders and discovering ways of using the natural forces in the atmosphere to make them fly farther and faster. With the active support of the German government, there were 50,000 glider pilots by 1937. The first German gliding competition was held at the 783: 911: 435: 1199: 748: 1227:

flights are allowed when they have sufficient experience to find sources of lift away from their home airfield, to navigate, and to select and land in a field if necessary. In most countries pilots must take a written examination on the regulations, navigation, use of the radio, weather, principles of flight and human factors. Proposals are being made to standardise the training requirements across European countries.

353: 862: 829: 1062:, non-retractable propellers are used. Some powered gliders are "self launching", which makes the glider independent of a tow plane. However some gliders have "sustainer" engines that can prolong flight but are not powerful enough for launching. All power units have to be started at a height that includes a margin that would still allow a safe landing out to be made, if there were a failure to start. 927:

several reasons. Because it would be unsafe for many gliders to cross a start line at the same time, pilots can choose their own start time. Furthermore, gliders are not visible to the spectators for long periods during each day's contest and the scoring is complex, so traditional gliding competitions are difficult to televise. In an attempt to widen the sport's appeal, a new format, the

47: 1016: 540: 613: 1128:(such as inverted flight, loop, roll, and various combinations). Each maneuver has a rating called the "K-Factor". Maximum points are given for the maneuver if it is flown perfectly; otherwise, points are deducted. Efficient maneuvers also enable the whole program to be completed with the height available. The winner is the pilot with the most points. 987: 487: 256: 1086: 1036: 240:. The best flight lasted two minutes and set a world distance record of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). Within ten years, it had become an international event in which the achieved durations and distances had increased greatly. In 1931, Gunther Grönhoff flew 272 kilometres (169 mi) on the front of a storm from 1234:

are also defined for each glider. Because most gliders are designed to the same specifications of safety, the upper weight limit for a pilot, after allowing for a parachute, is usually 103 kilograms (227 lb). There is also a limit, 193 centimetres (6 ft 4 in), on the tallest pilots who

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since the 1920s. For the lower badges, such as the first solo flight, national gliding federations set their own criteria. Typically, a bronze badge shows preparation for cross-country flight, including precise landings and witnessed soaring flights. Higher badges follow the standards set down by the

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On days with particularly strong and widespread lift pilots can attain high average speeds by alternating periods of fast flight with pull-ups, merely slowing down in areas of lift without deviating from the course. This 'dolphining' technique can result in high average speeds because the height lost

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from the tow-plane, or the "high tow" position just above the wake. In Australia the convention is to fly in low tow, whereas in the United States and Europe the high tow prevails. One rare aerotow variation is attaching two gliders to one tow-plane, using a short rope for the high-towed glider and a

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Powered-aircraft and winches are the two most common means of launching gliders. These and other launch methods require assistance and facilities such as airfields, tugs, and winches. These are usually provided by gliding clubs who also train new pilots and maintain high safety standards. Although in

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In a competition, using the engine ends the soaring flight. Unpowered gliders are lighter and, as they do not need a safety margin for starting the engine, they can safely thermal at lower altitudes in weaker conditions. Consequently, pilots in unpowered gliders may complete competition flights when

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theory allows the optimal cruising speed between thermals to be computed, using thermal strength, glider performance and other variables. It accounts for the fact that if a pilot flies faster between thermals, the next thermal is reached sooner. However at higher speeds the glider also sinks faster,

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may choose to 'dolphin'. This is when the pilot merely slows down in rising air, and then speeds up again in the non-rising air, thus following an undulating flight path. Dolphining allows the pilot to minimize the loss of height over great distances without spending time turning. Climb rates depend

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Ridge lift rarely allows pilots to climb much higher than about 600 metres (2,000 ft) above the terrain; thermals, depending on the climate and terrain, can allow climbs in excess of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in flat country and much higher above mountains; wave lift has allowed a glider to

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Many clubs provide training for new pilots. The student flies with an instructor in a two-seat glider fitted with dual controls. The instructor performs the first launches and landings, typically from the back seat, but otherwise the student manages the controls until the student is deemed to have

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Winch launches are much cheaper than aerotows and permit a higher launch frequency. A winch may also be used at sites where an aerotow could not operate, because of the shape of the field or because of noise restrictions. The height gained from a winch is usually less than that from an aerotow, so

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pilot uses upward air movements caused when the wind blows on to the sides of hills. It can also be augmented by thermals when the slopes also face the sun. In places where a steady wind blows, a ridge may allow virtually unlimited time aloft, although records for duration are no longer recognized

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National competitions generally last one week, with international championships running over two. The winner is the pilot who has amassed the greatest number of points over all the contest days. However, these competitions have as yet failed to draw much interest outside the gliding community for

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Gliding as a sport began in the 1920s. Initially the objective was to increase the duration of flights but soon pilots attempted cross-country flights away from the place of launch. Improvements in aerodynamics and in the understanding of weather phenomena have allowed greater distances at higher

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In some countries, the need for more land for housing is threatening small airfields. These airfields may also be used for other general aviation activities, and the addition of gliding may be difficult to accommodate. This can limit the number of available airfields and so it can require longer

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After the first solo flights glider pilots are required to stay within gliding range of their home airfield. In addition to solo flying, further flights are made with an instructor until the student is capable of taking a glider cross-country and of handling more difficult weather. Cross-country

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are still based there. However the meteorological conditions that allow soaring are common and the sport has been taken up in many countries. At the last count, there were over 111,000 active civilian glider pilots and 32,920 gliders, plus an unknown number of military cadets and aircraft. Clubs

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Gliding did not return to the Olympics after the war for two reasons: a shortage of gliders, and the failure to agree on a single model of competition glider. (Some in the community feared doing so would hinder development of new designs.) The re-introduction of air sports such as gliding to the

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The FAI's Sporting Code defines the rules for observers and recording devices to validate the claims for badges that are defined by kilometres of distance and metres of altitude gained. The Silver-C badge was introduced in 1930. Earning the Silver Badge shows that a glider pilot has achieved an

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increased from 1,000 to 16,000 by 1980. The increased numbers of pilots, greater knowledge and improving technology helped set new records, for example the pre-war altitude record was doubled by 1950, and the first 1,000-kilometre (620 mi) flight was achieved in 1964. New materials such as

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open to both sexes, plus three classes for women and two junior classes. The latest worldwide statistics for 2011 indicate that Germany, the sport's birthplace, is still a center of the gliding world: it accounted for 27 percent of the world's glider pilots, and the three major

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Most gliders do not have engines or at least engines that would allow a take-off under their own power. Various methods are therefore used to get airborne. Each method requires specific training, therefore glider pilots must be in current practice for the type of launch being used.

286:, was developed in Germany for the event, but World War II intervened. By 1939 the major gliding records were held by Russians, including a distance record of 748 kilometres (465 mi). During the war, the sport of gliding in Europe was largely suspended, though several German 1066:

some powered competitors cannot. Conversely, motor glider pilots can start the engine if conditions will no longer support soaring flight, while unpowered gliders will have to land out, away from the home airfield, requiring retrieval by road using the glider's trailer.

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Thermals begin as bubbles of rising air that are formed on the ground through the warming of the surface by sunlight. If the air contains enough moisture, the water will condense from the rising air and form cumulus clouds. When the air has little moisture or when an

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A variation on the direct autotow is known as the "reverse pulley" method. In this method, the truck drives towards the glider being launched. The cable passes around a pulley at the far end of the airfield, resulting in an effect similar to that of a winch launch.

931:, has been introduced. Innovations introduced in the Grand Prix format include simultaneous starts for a small number of gliders, cockpit mounted cameras, telemetry giving the positions of the gliders, tasks consisting of multiple circuits, and simplified scoring. 1092: 407:

reach an altitude of 23,202 metres (76,122 ft). In a few countries such as the UK, gliders may continue to climb into the clouds in uncontrolled airspace, but in many European countries the pilot must stop climbing before reaching the cloud base (see

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of the tow-plane or the glider. Under extreme loads the weak link will fail before any part of the glider or plane fails. There is a remote chance that the weak link might break at low altitude, and so pilots plan for this eventuality before launching.

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Once a thermal is encountered, the pilot can fly in tight circles to keep the glider within the thermal, thus gaining altitude before flying toward the destination or to the next thermal. This is known as "thermalling". Alternatively, glider pilots on

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and improved weather forecasting have since allowed many pilots to make flights that were once extraordinary. Today over 550 pilots have made flights over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). Although there is no Olympic competition, there are the

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Lack of publicity: without coverage by television or popular publications, many people are unaware that gliding is even a sport. Without this knowledge the public may have a poor understanding of how flying without an engine is possible and

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Another method of launching, the "autotow", is rarer nowadays. The direct autotow requires a hard surface and a powerful vehicle that is attached to the glider by a long steel cable. After gently taking up slack in the cable, the driver

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As it requires rising heated air, thermalling is most effective in mid-latitudes from spring through late summer. During winter, the sun's heat can only create weak thermals, but ridge and wave lift can still be used during this period.

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are commonly used. The tow-plane takes the glider to the height and location requested by the pilot where the glider pilot releases the tow-rope. A weak link is often fitted to the rope to ensure that any sudden loads do not damage the

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In addition to national laws controlling aviation, the sport in many countries is regulated through national gliding associations and then through local gliding clubs. Much of the regulation concerns safety and training.

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As the performance of gliders improved in the 1960s, the concept of flying as far away as possible became unpopular with the crews who had to retrieve the gliders. Pilots now usually plan to fly around a course (called a

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Bungee launching was widely used in the early days of gliding, and occasionally gliders are still launched from the top of a gently sloping hill into a strong breeze using a substantial multi-stranded rubber band, or

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pilots need to find a source of lift soon after releasing from the cable, or else the flight will be short. A break in the cable or the weak link during a winch launch is a possibility for which pilots are trained.

169:. When conditions are favourable, experienced pilots can now fly hundreds of kilometres before returning to their home airfields; occasionally flights of more than 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) are achieved. 733: 637:. Glider pilots can gain altitude by flying along the intersection as if it were a ridge of land. Convergence may occur over considerable distances and so may permit virtually straight flight while climbing. 3275: 1305: 899:

Initially, ground observers confirmed that pilots had rounded the turn-points. Later, the glider pilots photographed these places and submitted the film for verification. Today, gliders carry secure

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On cross-country flights on days when strong lift is forecast, pilots fly with water ballast stored in tanks or bags in the wings and fin. The fin tank is used to reduce trim drag by optimizing the

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to mark the thermals, thermals are not always associated with any feature on the ground. The pilot must then use both skill and luck to find them using a sensitive vertical speed indicator called a

896:. The winner is the fastest, or, if the weather conditions are poor, the furthest round the course. Tasks of up to 1,000 km have been set and average speeds of 120 km/h are not unusual. 3463:"Comment Response Document (CRD) to Notice of Proposed Amendment (NPA) 2008-17B for an Agency Opinion on a Commission Regulation establishing the Implementing Rules for the licensing of pilots" 1023:

If lift is not found during a cross-country flight, for example because of deteriorating weather, the pilot must choose a location to "land out". Although inconvenient and often mistaken for "

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test pilots' abilities to make best use of local weather conditions as well as their flying skills. Local and national competitions are organized in many countries, and there are biennial

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warning system is used to help avoid mid-air collisions between gliders. A few modern gliders have a ballistic emergency parachute to stabilize the aircraft after a collision.

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Time pressures on participants: gliding typically takes whole days that many people today find harder to devote. As a result, the average age of glider pilots is increasing.

513: 512: 509: 1089: 779:, attached to the glider. The cable is released at a height of about 35% of the cable length after a short, steep ride. A strong headwind will result in higher launches. 514: 426: 424: 421: 3605: 1182:

In December 2016, an aviation YouTuber, popular for his thrill seeking exploits, was killed after crashing shortly after take off in deliberately challenging conditions.

677: 425: 938:, in which pilots upload their GPS data files and are automatically scored based on distance flown. Worldwide, 6,703 pilots registered for this contest in 2010. 736: 633:

or in desert regions. In a sea-breeze front, cold air from the sea meets the warmer air from the land and creates a boundary between two masses of air like a shallow

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is usually credited with developing mathematical principles for optimizing the speed at which to fly when cross-country soaring, although it was first described by

299: 67: 3190: 3267: 1413: 1565: 2200: 1287:, gliding costs have increased, although without the continuous use of engines and fuel, they are still considerably lower than traditional power flying. 759:

mounted on a heavy vehicle. This method is widely used at many European clubs, often in addition to an aerotow service. The engine is usually powered by

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Glider pilots can stay airborne for hours by flying through air that is ascending as fast or faster than the glider itself is descending, thus gaining

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3D plot of 3 minutes from a flight of a glider flying 5 loops to ride a vertical thermal. Rate of climb was 3 meters/second. No vertical exaggeration.

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is a specially calibrated element, connecting two parts of the winch cable, designed to break if the tension on the winch cable exceeds safe values.

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Increasing costs: due to higher costs of fuel and insurance, and due to greater regulation requiring equipment such as new radios, or in some cases

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most countries the standards of safety of the pilots and the aircraft are the responsibility of governmental bodies, the clubs and sometimes

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In addition to the regulation of pilots, gliders are inspected annually and after exceeding predetermined flight times. Maximum and minimum

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rules in some countries, such as the US, differentiate between aerotows and ground launch methods, due to the widely different techniques.

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crashed when their flight paths intersected. The tail of one of the gliders was severed, causing it to crash land and killing its pilot.

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stops the warm air from rising high enough for the moisture to condense, thermals do not create cumulus clouds. Without clouds or

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are also used. The winch pulls in a 1,000 to 2,500-metre (3,000 to 7,500 ft) cable, made of high-tensile steel wire or a

2925: 2568: 1637: 1114: 2763:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. 2003. pp. 4–8. FAA-8083-15. 717:

During the aerotow, the glider pilot keeps the glider behind the tow-plane in either the "low tow" position, just below the

313:, many of which still exist. This stimulated the development of both gliding and gliders, for example the membership of the 180:. Techniques to maximize a glider's speed around the day's task in a competition have been developed, including the optimum 3118: 3018: 2833: 3735: 3328: 2628: 1336: 1231: 1074: 339:. The first event was held at the Samedan in 1948. Since World War II it has been held every two years. There are now six 201: 3760: 3412: 3143: 3068: 2804: 2486: 2358: 2121: 1838: 1473: 3903: 869:

One of the measures of a glider's performance is the distance that it can fly for each meter it descends, known as its

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hard and as a result the glider rises rapidly to about 400 metres (1,300 ft), especially if there is a good

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by repeatedly crossing the boundary between air masses of different horizontal velocity. However, such zones of high "

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that quickly indicates climbs and descents. Occasionally reliable thermals can be found in the exhaust gases from

4429: 4396: 3359:"YouTuber killed in glider crash deliberately took off in 'roaring' winds, investigation hears | The Independent" 904: 555:, in 1933. Gliders can sometimes climb in these waves to great altitudes, although pilots must use supplementary 331: 185: 3879: 1304:. Although all three sports rely on rising air, there are significant differences which are listed in detail in 4368: 3785: 475:

on conditions, but rates of several meters per second are common and can be maximized by gliders equipped with

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In many countries during the 1950s, a large number of trained pilots wanted to continue flying. Many were also

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Schematic cross section through a sea breeze front. If the air inland is moist, cumulus often marks the front.

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or sailplanes using naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to remain airborne. The word

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over a campground near Whistler, Canada. All occupants in the plane and glider were killed in the collision.

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actively seek new members by giving trial flights, which are also a useful source of revenue for the clubs.

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Although adding to the weight and expense, some gliders are fitted with small power units and are known as

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In an aerotow a powered aircraft is attached to a glider with a tow rope. Single-engined light aircraft or

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uses scale-models of gliders mainly for ridge soaring; however thermic aeromodelling craft are also used.

1121: 1000: 688: 52: 1384: 4045: 3441: 1262: 1172:, Australia killing the pilot and passenger while scattering the ashes of one of the passenger's father. 900: 62: 1541: 1243:

According to the FAI President, gliding as a sport faces challenges in the years ahead. These include:

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traffic, pilots must comply with the Rules of the Air and keep a good lookout. They also usually wear

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can be minimised until particularly strong lift is encountered when circling would be most effective.

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A glider can simply be pushed down a slope until gravity can create enough speed for it to take off.

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satellites. These recording devices now provide the proof that the turn-points have been reached.

782: 228:, which imposed severe restrictions on the manufacture and use of single-seat powered aircraft in 4444: 4207: 2956: 2514: 2464: 1321: 1125: 995: 928: 693: 528: 146: 3193:. Le Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses (BEA) pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation civile. Archived from 586:, wore pressure suits. The current world distance record of 3,008 kilometres (1,869 mi) by 2758: 2321: 1096:

Georgij Kaminski' demonstration flight on the 90th anniversary of the gliding sport of Russia.

877:) a skilled pilot can expect to complete flights over 500 kilometres (310 mi) every year. 4202: 3950: 3856: 3837: 3818: 2548: 2266: 2230: 2176: 2067: 2033: 2008: 1962: 1720: 1666: 1641: 1203: 1039: 1024: 963: 951: 560: 283: 3714: 3636: 479:. Thermals can also be formed in a line usually because of the wind or the terrain, creating 4569: 4493: 4477: 4467: 4434: 4245: 4118: 3965: 2196: 1812: 1268:

Competition from other activities: there is now a greater variety of similar sports such as

1220: 1145: 772: 626: 567: 372: 224:). However, the sport of gliding only emerged after the First World War, as a result of the 125: 79: 3493: 2678: 2433: 4523: 4508: 4363: 4330: 4190: 3883: 3667: 3550: 2706: 919: 910: 874: 776: 768: 718: 641: 606: 476: 434: 310: 229: 217: 189: 157:

average speeds. Long distances are now flown using any of the main sources of rising air:

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Wolfgang Weinreich, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique (2005-03-04).

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May 25, 2024, two gliders crashed while landing near Brackley, UK, killing one pilot.

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of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) or more. This method has also been used on desert

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long rope for the low tow. The current record is nine gliders in the same aerotow.

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Letter by British Gliding Association to Government Equalities Office 29 Sep 2009

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In addition to just trying to fly further, glider pilots also race each other in

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British Gliding Association (2003). "Section 4 Chapter 16 Winch Launching".

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are also beginning to be used in training, especially during poor weather.

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who could design, build and maintain gliders. They started both clubs and

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Olympics has occasionally been proposed by the world governing body, the

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In 2013, four people and a dog were killed when a glider crashed with a

302:(FAI), but has been rejected on the grounds of lack of public interest. 4145: 4010: 3171:

Every, Douglas (October–November 2006). "Accident/incident Summaries".

2459: 2353: 2173:

Meteorology and Flight: Pilot's Guide to Weather (Flying & Gliding)

1050:. This avoids the inconvenience of landing out. The power units can be 986: 379: 263: 212:

The development of heavier-than-air flight in the half century between

172:

Some competitive pilots fly in races around pre-defined courses. These

162: 55:

glider landing while jettisoning water that has been carried as ballast

30:

This article is about the aerial sport of gliding. For other uses, see

612: 4498: 3788:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 3763:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 3738:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 3685:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 2903:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 2878:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 2733:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 2652:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 2124:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 1866: 1451:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 1423:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 1391:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aeronautique. Archived from 809: 640:

Glider pilots have occasionally been able to use a technique called "

556: 241: 3876: 3789: 652:" are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders. 486: 3216: 255: 3565:

Roake, John (March–April 2004). "Gliding Membership Report 2004".

3329:"Major incident after two gliders 'collide mid-air' but miss town" 1452: 1153: 1084: 1073: 1035: 1034: 1014: 985: 977: 909: 860: 827: 781: 756: 687: 672: 611: 538: 506: 485: 418: 351: 254: 2734: 4472: 1296:

The two air sports that are most closely related to gliding are

327: 3892: 2320:(2003). "Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers". 934:

There is a decentralized Internet-based competition called the

4346: 3637:"Letter opposing an application for more controlled airspace" 3606:"Letter opposing an application for more controlled airspace" 3437: 2832:

Eckschmiedt, George; John Bisscheroux (February–March 2004).

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In the 1930s, gliding spread to many other countries. In the

1715:

Wings Like Eagles, The Story of Soaring in the United States

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Achievements in gliding have been marked by the awarding of

746: 731: 3191:"Analysis of serious and fatal gliding accidents in France" 2847:(1). Soaring Association of Canada: 8–9, 18. Archived from 755:

Gliders are often launched using a stationary ground-based

2926:"BGA Laws & Rules—Code of practice for field landings" 2432:. Gliding & Motorgliding International. Archived from 3786:"Home Page of the International Aeromodelling Commission" 3071:. Förderverein für Segelkunstflug im BWLV. Archived from 3043:. Auxiliary-powered Sailplane Association. Archived from 2201:"Canadian Aviation Regulations 401.24 Gliders—Privileges" 1788: 1786: 1593:. International Scale Soaring Association. Archived from 1306:

a comparison of sailplanes, hang gliders, and paragliders

278:, and it was scheduled to be a full Olympic sport in the 3522:. Gliding and Motorgliding International. Archived from 3268:"Investigation launched following collision at airfield" 2599:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 1768:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 1743:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 1689:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 1793:

Roake, John (2012-02-20). "Gliding Membership Report".

402:, analogous to the ripples on the surface of a stream). 3383:"Victim in mid-air crash was experienced glider pilot" 625:

The boundaries where two air masses meet are known as

1003:

of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).

3413:"Learning to fly Gliders—Earning your Glider Rating" 2827: 2825: 2785:

Pettersson, Åke (October–November 2006). "Letters".

4486: 4453: 4417: 4379: 4339: 4281: 4228: 4154: 4079: 4036: 3926: 3581:"List of airfields which may be under threat in UK" 3121:. The British Aerobatic Association. Archived from 3096:. The British Aerobatic Association. Archived from 2395:"Las Vegas Soaring Association Newsletter Nov 2009" 2265:. Morrison & Gibb Ltd, London & Edinburgh. 1152:. In several European countries and Australia, the 375:. The most commonly used sources of rising air are 119: 109: 101: 96: 88: 78: 73: 60: 2594:"FAI web-site 2005 European Gliding Championships" 2509: 2507: 2227:101 things to do with your private pilot's license 2000: 1766:"List of pilots who have flown over 1,000 km" 1712: 3468:. European Aviation Safety Agency. Archived from 2292:. Gliding Federation of Australia. Archived from 1861: 1859: 1687:"<Air Sports in the Olympics> News Archive" 1120:competitions are held regularly. In this type of 330:shapes and airfoils, electronic instruments, the 2988:. Schemmp-Hirth Flugzeugbau GmbH. Archived from 1235:can safely fit into a typical glider's cockpit. 903:that record the position every few seconds from 445:, which suggest active thermals and light winds. 3327:Bedford, Corey; Pridmore, Oliver (2023-08-17). 3012:"LS8-st: 15/18 Meter Standard-Turbo made by DG" 2986:"LS8-st: 15/18 Meter Standard-Turbo made by DG" 2753: 2751: 2400:. Las Vegas Soaring Association. Archived from 601:producing strong lift. Pilots near Australia's 27:Recreational activity and competitive air sport 1175:August 17, 2023, two gliders taking part in a 566:This lift is often marked by long, stationary 543:A lenticular cloud produced by a mountain wave 3904: 3713:. British Gliding Association. Archived from 3611:. British Gliding Association. Archived from 3560: 3558: 3041:"Guide to Self-launching Sailplane Operation" 2931:. British Gliding Association. Archived from 2705:. British Gliding Association. Archived from 1929:. British Gliding Association. Archived from 1811:. British Gliding Association. Archived from 1663:Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe in World War II 1529: 1527: 1525: 430:Circling in thermal lift during a competition 196:pilots can avoid this by starting an engine. 8: 3415:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 3166: 3164: 3146:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 2807:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 2489:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 2149:. Cloud Appreciation Society. Archived from 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1841:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 1540:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 1504:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 1476:. Soaring Society of America. Archived from 1257:: in many European countries, the growth of 865:Glider on a cross-country flight in the Alps 494:ridge soaring in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania US 438:Good gliding weather: Competitors studying 39: 1741:"First 1000km flight by Alvin Horne Parker" 1054:engines, electrical motors, or retractable 294:, began their flight training in gliders. 137:is a recreational activity and competitive 3911: 3897: 3889: 3069:"Results for 2009 Aerobatic Championships" 2957:"SoaringNZ Issue 51 by mccawmedia – Issuu" 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2116: 2114: 1898:. Civil Aviation Authority. Archived from 1833: 1831: 1829: 1414:"Frequently asked questions about gliding" 1019:Glider and its trailer after an outlanding 252:, farther than had been thought possible. 38: 3711:"Response to EASA proposals on insurance" 3119:"What happens at a typical BAeA contest?" 2870: 2868: 2423: 2421: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1276:that may attract potential glider pilots. 1168:April 27, 2024 a motor glider crashed in 547:The powerfully rising and sinking air in 3010:Ewald, Jochen (September–October 2005). 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 1197: 433: 1376: 1353: 2569:"Introduction to gliding competitions" 2096:. Spokane, WA. 1954-12-27. p. 1. 1952: 1950: 518:Using mountain ridges to gain altitude 300:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 68:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3834:Gliding: A handbook on soaring flight 3179:(5). British Gliding Association: 61. 3094:"The BAeA/BGA Aerobatic Badge Scheme" 220:in 1903 mainly involved gliders (see 7: 3680:"Report on transponders by IGC 2004" 2793:(5). British Gliding Association: 6. 2547:. William Clowes & Son, London. 1873:from the original on 20 October 2020 2731:"FAI web-site—Sailplane Grand Prix" 1239:Challenges for the gliding movement 1042:—a self-launching two-seater glider 889:, returning to the starting point. 593:A rare wave phenomenon is known as 3243:"Safety Aspects for Glider Pilots" 2455:"YouTube clip of a gravity launch" 2066:. EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. 25: 3393:from the original on May 22, 2024 3278:from the original on May 26, 2024 1719:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 3815:Gliding: From Passenger to Pilot 3217:"Electronic Collision Avoidance" 1634:The Story of Gliding 2nd edition 1535:"History of gliding and soaring" 551:was discovered by glider pilot, 204:often have delegated authority. 45: 3643:from the original on 2010-12-22 3587:from the original on 2015-04-15 3500:from the original on 2011-08-10 3496:. British Gliding Association. 3444:from the original on 2015-05-26 3339:from the original on 2024-05-22 3309:from the original on 2024-05-22 3249:from the original on 2015-05-26 3223:from the original on 2011-09-05 3021:from the original on 2011-08-22 2967:from the original on 2021-12-12 2767:from the original on 2005-12-18 2700:"BGA Competition Handbook 2010" 2677:. LX Navigation. Archived from 2631:from the original on 2013-03-26 2525:from the original on 2015-06-23 2467:from the original on 2021-12-15 2361:from the original on 2021-01-29 2330:from the original on 2005-12-18 2318:Federal Aviation Administration 2100:from the original on 2021-01-20 1572:from the original on 2013-02-04 1568:. Tribune Star. June 18, 2007. 1327:Glossary of gliding and soaring 3639:. Soaring Society of America. 3520:"IGC Keynote Speech, Lausanne" 3299:"Gliding Accident 27 Apr 2024" 3297:Flockhart, Doug (2024-04-27). 3219:. Bicester Aviation Services. 2627:. Soaring Society of America. 2088:"Gliding Record Attempt Fatal" 1124:, the pilots fly a program of 248:(Kaaden in German) in Western 1: 3357:Wilcock, David (2018-02-08). 2876:"Gliding Badges and Diplomas" 1337:List of notable glider pilots 751:A DG1000 being winch-launched 266:produced in Germany from 1936 202:national gliding associations 4575:Former Summer Olympic sports 3920:Extreme and adventure sports 3569:. Gliding International Ltd. 2834:"A Modest Proposal (1.3 Mb)" 2805:"Soaring proficiency awards" 2229:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 1797:. Gliding International Ltd. 644:" allowing a glider to gain 214:Sir George Cayley's coachman 153:is also used for the sport. 3855:. Air Pilot Publisher Ltd. 1206:, a typical training glider 982:Swedish A-certificate badge 836:by the Midland Gliding Club 337:World Gliding Championships 290:in the conflict, including 178:World Gliding Championships 4591: 2064:Advanced Soaring Made Easy 1999:Reichmann, Helmut (1978). 1332:Flying and gliding animals 1261:is reducing the amount of 1103: 364: 315:Soaring Society of America 188:and the carrying of water 29: 4397:Aggressive inline skating 3853:The Glider Pilot's Manual 3817:. The Crowood Press Ltd. 2032:. A&C Black, London. 1961:. A&C Black, London. 1665:. Pen & Sword Books. 527:because of the danger of 332:Global Positioning System 230:Germany's Weimar Republic 44: 3813:Longland, Steve (2001). 3583:. Action For Airfields. 2287:"Aerotowing Manual 2006" 2028:Delafield, John (1982). 2007:. Thomson Publications. 1711:Schweizer, Paul (1988). 1310:Radio-controlled gliding 1081:—modern aerobatic glider 1031:Use of engines or motors 942:Maximizing average speed 274:in Berlin gliding was a 32:Gliding (disambiguation) 3832:Piggott, Derek (2002). 3661:IGC Strategic Plan 2000 3272:Northamptonshire Police 3173:Sailplane & Gliding 3017:. DG Flugzeugbau GmbH. 2787:Sailplane & Gliding 2261:Piggott, Derek (1977). 2062:Eckey, Bernard (2007). 1661:Kaplan, Philip (2007). 1449:"Gliding World Records" 1219:necessary to fly solo. 1194:Training and regulation 832:A bungee launch at the 694:Grob G103 Twin Astir II 382:(updrafts of warm air); 2760:Glider Flying Handbook 2543:Wills, Philip (1977). 2487:"Cross-country flying" 2323:Glider Flying Handbook 2171:Bradbury, Tom (2000). 1959:Meteorology and flight 1957:Bradbury, Tom (1989). 1499:"Soaring Competitions" 1207: 1101: 1082: 1070:Aerobatic competitions 1043: 1020: 991: 983: 923: 866: 837: 787: 752: 744: 701: 685: 617: 544: 519: 495: 446: 431: 357: 307:aeronautical engineers 267: 236:in 1920, organized by 102:Country or region 4273:Parachuting/Skydiving 3851:Stewart, Ken (2003). 3567:Gliding International 2428:Ellis, Chris (2004). 2263:Understanding Gliding 2122:"World Record Claims" 2030:Gliding Competitively 2003:Cross Country Soaring 1795:Gliding International 1263:uncontrolled airspace 1251:drives to reach them. 1201: 1095: 1077: 1060:touring motor gliders 1038: 1018: 990:The FAI Diamond Badge 989: 981: 913: 901:GNSS Flight Recorders 864: 831: 785: 750: 742: 691: 683: 629:. These can occur in 621:Other sources of lift 615: 542: 517: 489: 472:cross-country flights 437: 429: 355: 258: 4387:Freestyle scootering 4213:Traditional climbing 3333:Nottinghamshire Live 2963:. 22 November 2017. 2225:Cook, LeRoy (2003). 2093:The Spokesman-Review 1342:Gliding competitions 346:glider manufacturers 272:1936 Summer Olympics 226:Treaty of Versailles 174:gliding competitions 141:in which pilots fly 4314:Powered paragliding 4141:Whitewater kayaking 4136:Whitewater canoeing 3836:. A & C Black. 3440:. Silent Wings AS. 2901:"FAI Sporting Code" 2675:"LX Colibri logger" 2463:. 5 November 2013. 2381:Instructor Handbook 2357:. 6 February 2009. 2175:. A & C Black. 1632:Welch, Ann (1980). 1177:gliding competition 1106:Gliding competition 1052:internal combustion 603:Gulf of Carpentaria 409:Visual Flight Rules 276:demonstration sport 222:History of aviation 184:, navigation using 63:governing body 41: 4445:Ski mountaineering 4208:Free solo climbing 4146:Whitewater rafting 3882:2017-12-01 at the 3666:2008-10-12 at the 3549:2010-10-13 at the 3245:. DG Flugzeugbau. 2430:"Bungee launching" 1322:Glider (sailplane) 1292:Related air sports 1215:the skill and the 1208: 1102: 1083: 1044: 1025:emergency landings 1021: 1001:Gliding Commission 992: 984: 924: 867: 838: 788: 753: 745: 702: 686: 618: 605:make use of it in 545: 520: 496: 447: 432: 358: 268: 143:unpowered aircraft 4557: 4556: 4203:Big wall climbing 3951:Kite landboarding 3303:Gliding Australia 3241:Sperber, Martin. 3215:Feakes, Richard. 3050:on March 12, 2008 3039:Greenwell, Eric. 2515:"On-line Contest" 2073:978-0-9807349-0-4 1672:978-1-84415-460-9 1385:"FAI Commissions" 1204:Schleicher ASK 13 1160:Notable incidents 1093: 964:center of gravity 773:electrical motors 740: 681: 627:convergence zones 515: 427: 132: 131: 16:(Redirected from 4582: 4494:Adventure racing 4468:Extreme sledding 4435:Freestyle skiing 4246:Ski-BASE jumping 4119:Technical diving 3966:Mountainboarding 3913: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3866: 3847: 3828: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3553: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3494:"Who can glide?" 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3389:. July 1, 2013. 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3274:. May 25, 2024. 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3016: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2625:"About contests" 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2571:. 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A glider, the 259:The "gull wing" 216:in 1853 and the 49: 42: 21: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4524:Obstacle racing 4509:Extreme ironing 4482: 4449: 4413: 4375: 4364:Mountain biking 4335: 4331:Wingsuit flying 4277: 4224: 4191:Alpine climbing 4150: 4075: 4032: 3922: 3917: 3884:Wayback Machine 3873: 3863: 3850: 3844: 3831: 3825: 3812: 3809: 3807:Further reading 3804: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3668:Wayback Machine 3659: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3551:Wayback Machine 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3363:The Independent 3356: 3355: 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4399: 4392:Inline skating 4389: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4253:Bungee jumping 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4186:Mountaineering 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179:Mixed climbing 4171: 4169:Crane climbing 4166: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3877:Gliding at FAI 3872: 3871:External links 3869: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3777: 3752: 3736:"Hang Gliding" 3727: 3702: 3671: 3653: 3628: 3597: 3572: 3554: 3536: 3510: 3485: 3454: 3438:"Silent Wings" 3429: 3404: 3374: 3349: 3319: 3289: 3259: 3233: 3207: 3182: 3160: 3135: 3110: 3085: 3060: 3031: 3002: 2977: 2948: 2917: 2892: 2864: 2821: 2796: 2777: 2747: 2722: 2691: 2666: 2650:"Competitions" 2641: 2616: 2585: 2560: 2553: 2545:Free As A Bird 2535: 2503: 2478: 2446: 2417: 2386: 2371: 2340: 2309: 2278: 2271: 2242: 2235: 2217: 2188: 2181: 2163: 2138: 2110: 2079: 2072: 2045: 2038: 2020: 2013: 1974: 1967: 1946: 1915: 1884: 1855: 1839:"Lift sources" 1825: 1800: 1782: 1757: 1732: 1725: 1703: 1678: 1671: 1653: 1646: 1607: 1582: 1557: 1521: 1490: 1465: 1440: 1405: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1277: 1266: 1259:civil aviation 1252: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1133: 1130: 1071: 1068: 1032: 1029: 1012: 1009: 975: 972: 952:Wolfgang Späte 948:Paul MacCready 943: 940: 936:Online Contest 858: 855: 850: 849:Gravity launch 847: 825: 822: 796: 793: 727: 724: 670: 667: 657: 656:Launch methods 654: 646:kinetic energy 622: 619: 578:. The pilots, 549:mountain waves 536: 533: 504: 501: 464:power stations 416: 413: 404: 403: 396:standing waves 389: 383: 367:Lift (soaring) 365:Main article: 362: 359: 326:, advances in 292:Erich Hartmann 261:Göppingen Gö 3 250:Czechoslovakia 209: 206: 130: 129: 123: 117: 116: 113: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 71: 70: 65: 58: 57: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4587: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544:Ultramarathon 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4357:Freestyle BMX 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263:Cliff jumping 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4198:Rock climbing 4196: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4016:River surfing 4014: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4006:Street luging 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3981:Skateboarding 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971:Riverboarding 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936:Bellyboarding 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3862:1-84336-078-0 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3843:0-7136-6148-8 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3824:1-86126-414-3 3820: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3792:on 2010-04-27 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3767:on 2010-05-12 3766: 3762: 3761:"Paragliding" 3756: 3753: 3742:on 2010-04-27 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3717:on 2011-07-16 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3692:on 2007-01-27 3688: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3618:on 2011-07-16 3614: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3526:on 2014-11-30 3525: 3521: 3514: 3511: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3475:on 2010-05-30 3471: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3419:on 2010-05-13 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3197:on 2011-07-24 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3150:on 2010-05-15 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3125:on 2011-07-18 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3100:on 2010-04-19 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3075:on 2011-07-19 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3020: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2992:on 2011-06-13 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2938:on 2009-06-12 2934: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2907:on 2010-05-05 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2882:on 2011-10-20 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2854:on 2008-02-16 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2811:on 2010-05-15 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2737:on 2010-05-01 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2712:on 2011-07-16 2708: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2656:on 2010-07-23 2655: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2606:on 2011-09-27 2602: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2575:on 2012-05-11 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2554:0-7195-2823-2 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2493:on 2010-05-15 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2436:on 2005-12-30 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2407:on 2010-12-28 2403: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2372: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2272:0-7136-1640-7 2268: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236:0-07-142258-7 2232: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2207:on 2009-01-20 2206: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2182:0-7136-4226-2 2178: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2153:on 2010-06-12 2152: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2128:on 2010-06-20 2127: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039:0-7136-2224-5 2035: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2014:1-883813-01-8 2010: 2005: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968:0-7136-5676-X 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1936:on 2011-07-16 1932: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1905:on 2010-11-21 1901: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1845:on 2010-05-15 1844: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1815:on 2010-08-06 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1772:on 2012-04-19 1771: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1747:on 2012-04-19 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1726:0-87474-828-3 1722: 1717: 1716: 1707: 1704: 1693:on 2010-04-10 1692: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1647:0-7195-3659-6 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1597:on 2011-07-28 1596: 1592: 1591:"Wasserkuppe" 1586: 1583: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1547:on 2015-05-26 1543: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1511:on 2015-05-26 1507: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1480:on 2010-05-15 1479: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1455:on 2010-05-07 1454: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1430:on 2011-06-06 1426: 1422: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1395:on 2012-04-14 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 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The 953: 949: 941: 939: 937: 932: 930: 921: 917: 912: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 890: 888: 884: 878: 876: 872: 863: 857:Cross-country 856: 854: 848: 846: 844: 835: 830: 824:Bungee launch 823: 821: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 794: 792: 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 749: 730: 725: 723: 720: 715: 712: 707: 706:motor gliders 699: 695: 690: 668: 666: 664: 655: 653: 651: 650:wind gradient 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 620: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:Morning Glory 591: 589: 588:Klaus Ohlmann 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 541: 534: 532: 530: 525: 524:ridge soaring 502: 500: 493: 488: 484: 482: 481:cloud streets 478: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 444: 442: 436: 414: 412: 410: 401: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377: 376: 374: 368: 360: 354: 350: 347: 342: 338: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 312: 311:manufacturers 308: 303: 301: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 265: 262: 257: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:Oskar Ursinus 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 207: 205: 203: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 127: 124: 122: 118: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 72: 69: 66: 64: 59: 54: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 4534:Powerbocking 4529:Orienteering 4519:Fell running 4514:Extreme Pogo 4440:Speed skiing 4402:Vert skating 4326:Speed flying 4304:Hang gliding 4298: 4258:Cliff-diving 4236:BASE jumping 4174:Ice climbing 4131:Water skiing 4109:Scuba diving 4081:Water sports 4023:Wakeboarding 3996:Snowboarding 3986:Skimboarding 3976:Sandboarding 3961:Longboarding 3956:Kiteboarding 3941:Bodyboarding 3852: 3833: 3814: 3794:. 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Retrieved 1393:the original 1389:FAI web-site 1388: 1379: 1361: 1356: 1298:hang gliding 1295: 1285:transponders 1270:hang gliding 1242: 1229: 1225: 1213: 1209: 1170:Mount Beauty 1138:hang gliders 1135: 1109: 1064: 1045: 1022: 1005: 993: 968: 961: 956:speed to fly 945: 933: 925: 914:Competition 898: 894:competitions 891: 882: 879: 868: 852: 839: 818: 798: 789: 771:engines and 763:, petrol or 754: 743:Winch launch 729: 716: 703: 696:glider by a 659: 639: 624: 592: 565: 546: 521: 497: 468: 448: 439: 405: 370: 324:carbon fiber 304: 296: 288:fighter aces 269: 211: 198: 182:speed to fly 171: 155: 150: 134: 133: 128:(aerobatics) 36: 4539:Slacklining 4321:Parasailing 4309:Paragliding 4268:Tombstoning 4114:Cave diving 4099:High diving 4089:Coasteering 4038:Motorsports 4028:Windsurfing 4001:Snowskating 3946:Dirtsurfing 3928:Boardsports 2841:Free Flight 1877:4 September 1638:John Murray 1302:paragliding 1274:paragliding 1142:paragliders 1122:competition 1056:jet engines 1011:Landing out 887:turn-points 871:glide ratio 802:accelerates 698:Robin DR400 631:sea breezes 584:Tim Gardner 572:El Calafate 456:dust devils 320:glass fiber 234:Wasserkuppe 194:motorglider 121:World Games 4564:Categories 4549:Zip-lining 4430:Freeriding 4352:BMX racing 4294:Air racing 4289:Aerobatics 4220:Skyrunning 4126:Snorkeling 4104:Jet Skiing 4094:Freediving 4066:Rally raid 4056:Rallycross 3991:Skysurfing 3796:2010-05-06 3771:2010-05-06 3746:2010-05-06 3721:2010-10-02 3696:2010-10-02 3647:2010-10-02 3622:2010-10-02 3591:2010-10-02 3530:2010-05-06 3504:2010-05-06 3479:2010-05-21 3448:2010-05-21 3423:2010-05-06 3368:2024-05-22 3343:2024-05-22 3313:2024-05-22 3253:2010-05-21 3227:2010-05-06 3201:2010-05-06 3154:2010-05-06 3129:2010-05-21 3104:2010-05-06 3079:2010-05-07 3054:2010-05-06 3025:2010-05-06 2996:2010-05-06 2971:2021-12-12 2942:2010-05-06 2911:2010-05-06 2886:2010-05-06 2858:2008-01-08 2815:2010-05-06 2771:2006-11-25 2741:2010-05-06 2716:2010-05-21 2685:2010-05-06 2660:2010-10-15 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