252:
2905:
31:
3534:
3098:(IPCC) provides the generally accepted values for GWP, which changed slightly between 1996 and 2001, except for methane, which had its GWP almost doubled. An exact definition of how GWP is calculated is to be found in the IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report. The GWP is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of a trace substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas:
6883:
6871:
3518:. However GWP* has been criticised both for its suitability as a metric and for inherent design features which can perpetuate injustices and inequity. Developing countries whose emissions of SLCPs are increasing are "penalized", while developed countries such as Australia or New Zealand which have steady emissions of SLCPs are not penalized in this way, though they may be penalized for their emissions of CO
3548:
6907:
6895:
2958:
different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense. GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared-absorbing ability) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years) relative to that of carbon dioxide.
224:(HFCs), a group of high-GWP compounds. It requires countries to use a set of GWP100 values equal to those published in the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). This allows policymakers to have one standard for comparison instead of changing GWP values in new assessment reports. One exception to the GWP100 standard exists:
2841:
has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC Third
Assessment Report). The GWP value depends on how the gas concentration decays over time in the atmosphere. This is often not precisely known and hence the values should not be considered exact. For this reason when quoting a GWP
2938:
A high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated. Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much, if the atmosphere already absorbs
2884:. Its concentration in the atmosphere is limited by air temperature, so that radiative forcing by water vapour increases with global warming (positive feedback). But the GWP definition excludes indirect effects. GWP definition is also based on emissions, and anthropogenic emissions of water vapour (
3505:
Another metric called GWP* (pronounced "GWP star") has been proposed to take better account of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) such as methane. A permanent increase in the rate of emission of an SLCP has a similar effect to that of a one-time emission of an amount of carbon dioxide, because
3270:
is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm kg) and (t) is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t=0. The denominator contains the corresponding quantities for the reference
2957:
provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to influence the climate system to one another, global warming potentials (GWPs) are one type of simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future impacts of emissions of
2828:
A substance's GWP depends on the number of years (denoted by a subscript) over which the potential is calculated. A gas which is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect, but for longer time periods, as it has been removed, it becomes less important. Thus methane has a
3498:(GTP) is another way to compare gases. While GWP estimates infrared thermal radiation absorbed, GTP estimates the resulting rise in average surface temperature of the world, over the next 20, 50 or 100 years, caused by a greenhouse gas, relative to the temperature rise which the same mass of CO
4652:
An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the
3264:
3347:
which would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP multiplied by mass of the other gas. For example, if a gas has GWP of 100, two tonnes of the gas have
263:
and evaluated for a specific timescale. Thus, if a gas has a high (positive) radiative forcing but also a short lifetime, it will have a large GWP on a 20-year scale but a small one on a 100-year scale. Conversely, if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than
119:
of a tonne of methane is equivalent to emitting 81.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide measured over 20 years. As methane has a much shorter atmospheric lifetime than carbon dioxide, its GWP is much less over longer time periods, with a GWP-100 of 27.9 and a GWP-500 of 7.95.
4073:
O. As mentioned in the article, the oxygen and water is not considered for GWP purposes, and one molecule of methane (molar mass = 16.04 g mol) will yield one molecule of carbon dioxide (molar mass = 44.01 g mol). This gives a mass ratio of 2.74. (44.01/16.04 ≈
3069:
2939:
most radiation at that wavelength. A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a "window" of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent. The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph.
4825:
Ocko, Ilissa B.; Hamburg, Steven P.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Keith, David W.; Keohane, Nathaniel O.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Roy-Mayhew, Joseph D.; Schrag, Daniel P.; Pacala, Stephen W. (5 May 2017). "Unmask temporal trade-offs in climate policy debates".
3443:
For example, the table above shows GWP for methane over 20 years at 86 and nitrous oxide at 289, so emissions of 1 million tonnes of methane or nitrous oxide are equivalent to emissions of 86 or 289 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, respectively.
3286:
are not necessarily constant over time. While the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, a few important ones display non-linear behaviour for current and likely future abundances (e.g.,
3103:
3475:, which had been published in 2007. Those 2007 estimates are still used for international comparisons through 2020, although the latest research on warming effects has found other values, as shown in the tables above.
4789:
Wedderburn-Bisshop, Gerard; Longmire, Andrew; Rickards, Lauren (2015). "Neglected
Transformational Responses: Implications of Excluding Short Lived Emissions and Near Term Projections in Greenhouse Gas Accounting".
2970:
3306:
which is non-linear, all GWP values are affected. Assuming otherwise as is done above will lead to lower GWPs for other gases than a more detailed approach would. Clarifying this, while increasing CO
6607:
3383:
of an atmospheric greenhouse gas or aerosol is more complex and involves the atmospheric concentrations of those gases, their GWPs, and the ratios of their molar masses to the molar mass of CO
4346:
3310:
has less and less effect on radiative absorption as ppm concentrations rise, more powerful greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption frequencies to CO
6783:
4994:
Report of the
Conference of the Parties on its third session, held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 December 1997 Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its third session
6451:
4274:
259:
The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO
212:
As governments develop policies to combat emissions from high-GWP sources, policymakers have chosen to use the 100-year GWP scale as the standard in international agreements. The
6624:
3468:
914:
The values given in the table assume the same mass of compound is analyzed; different ratios will result from the conversion of one substance to another. For instance, burning
6060:
5886:
6055:
251:
5923:
930:, each tonne of which has a GWP of 1. This is a net reduction of 22.26 tonnes of GWP, reducing the global warming effect by a ratio of 25:2.74 (approximately 9 times).
173:). The GWP thus represents the combined effect of the differing times these substances remain in the atmosphere and their effectiveness in causing radiative forcing."
2965:(RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:
5860:
3394:
e calculations depend on the time-scale chosen, typically 100 years or 20 years, since gases decay in the atmosphere or are absorbed naturally, at different rates.
229:
169:
following an emission of a unit mass of a given substance, accumulated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of the reference substance, carbon dioxide (CO
3456:, in 1997 the Conference of the Parties standardized international reporting, by deciding (see decision number 2/CP.3) that the values of GWP calculated for the
5569:
4389:
3801:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3721:(the "Montreal Protocol"), adopted at Kigali on October 15, 2016, by the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (the "Kigali Amendment").
3690:
3598:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3359:
On a global scale, the warming effects of one or more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can also be expressed as an equivalent atmospheric concentration of CO
5215:
Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (1 November 2019). "Unintentional unfairness when applying new greenhouse gas emissions metrics at country level".
3502:
would cause. Calculation of GTP requires modelling how the world, especially the oceans, will absorb heat. GTP is published in the same IPCC tables with GWP.
5802:
3871:
Forster, P., T. Storelvmo, K. Armour, W. Collins, J.-L. Dufresne, D. Frame, D.J. Lunt, T. Mauritsen, M.D. Palmer, M. Watanabe, M. Wild, and H. Zhang, 2021:
3471:(UNFCCC, decision number 24/CP.19) to require using a new set of 100-year GWP values. They published these values in Annex III, and they took them from the
5686:
5945:
5903:
5119:"Demonstrating GWP*: a means of reporting warming-equivalent emissions that captures the contrasting impacts of short- and long-lived climate pollutants"
3946:
4548:
108:
it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered.
6824:
5940:
5525:
4410:
Abernethy, Sam; Jackson, Robert B (February 2022). "Global temperature goals should determine the time horizons for greenhouse gas emission metrics".
3406:
3095:
901:
3891:"Analyzing the mechanism of nitrous oxide production in aerobic phase of anoxic/aerobic sequential batch reactor from the perspective of key enzymes"
6155:
5876:
5594:
5371:
2904:
4335:
3982:
6511:
6300:
3672:"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Radiative Forcing in the AR5"
3371:
which would warm the earth as much as a particular concentration of some other gas or of all gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. For example, CO
5468:
6160:
6123:
5977:
5962:
5881:
5530:
5474:
4967:
4719:
3772:
3259:{\displaystyle {\mathit {GWP}}\left(x\right)={\frac {a_{x}}{a_{r}}}{\frac {\int _{0}^{\mathit {TH}}(t)\,dt}{\int _{0}^{\mathit {TH}}(t)\,dt}}}
926:
released (ratio 1:2.74). For a starting amount of 1 tonne of methane, which has a GWP of 25, after combustion there would be 2.74 tonnes of CO
6819:
5957:
3718:
3654:
3486:
has skipped the 500-year values but introduced GWP estimations including the climate-carbon feedback (f) with a large amount of uncertainty.
6841:
5797:
5792:
275:
lists the GWP as 83 over a time scale of 20 years, 30 over 100 years and 10 over 500 years. The decrease in GWP at longer times is because
3613:
6322:
6100:
5918:
5850:
5840:
5823:
5730:
5537:
2880:
O can function as a greenhouse gas because it has a profound infrared absorption spectrum with more and broader absorption bands than CO
2802:
6751:
6612:
6569:
6065:
5030:
Godal, Odd; Fuglestvedt, Jan (2002). "Testing 100-year global warming potentials: Impacts on compliance costs and abatement profile".
4306:
6933:
6678:
6554:
6371:
5574:
4918:
6911:
6549:
6529:
6476:
6428:
5490:
1596:
5005:
4090:
6668:
6619:
6045:
6007:
5952:
5422:
3375:
e of 500 parts per million would reflect a mix of atmospheric gases which warm the earth as much as 500 parts per million of CO
193:
4665:
6943:
6736:
6020:
5777:
3758:
232:
requires the use of GWP20, despite being a different standard from all other countries participating in phase downs of HFCs.
225:
189:
3600:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
2845:
The GWP for a mixture of gases can be obtained from the mass-fraction-weighted average of the GWPs of the individual gases.
268:
its GWP will increase when the timescale is considered. Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods.
5334:
4369:
3879:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 923–1054, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.009.
3299:
O). For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.
6846:
6381:
5913:
5300:
5280:
4579:
4370:
Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases
4231:"Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing"
3479:
3472:
3457:
1231:
6829:
6501:
6030:
6025:
5930:
5807:
5364:
5320:
3686:
3483:
911:
The IPCC lists many other substances not shown here. Some have high GWP but only a low concentration in the atmosphere.
905:
272:
30:
84:
to the atmosphere). The GWP makes different greenhouse gases comparable with regard to their "effectiveness in causing
6040:
5893:
5855:
2946:
to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global
3671:
3506:
both raise the radiative forcing permanently or (in the case of carbon dioxide) practically permanently (since the CO
5078:"Reply to Comment on 'Unintentional unfairness when applying new greenhouse gas emissions metrics at country level'"
6899:
6663:
6466:
6423:
6196:
6118:
5972:
5309:
3064:{\displaystyle {\mathit {RF}}=\sum _{i=1}^{100}{\text{abs}}_{i}\cdot F_{i}/\left({\text{l}}\cdot {\text{d}}\right)}
6953:
6768:
6443:
6418:
6391:
6353:
6270:
6088:
5935:
5898:
5648:
5417:
5412:
5407:
4530:
3872:
1428:
181:
148:
3796:
3593:
918:
to carbon dioxide would reduce the global warming impact, but by a smaller factor than 25:1 because the mass of
6938:
6773:
6704:
6544:
6050:
6015:
5908:
5835:
5676:
5505:
5441:
5402:
2861:
2015:
6763:
4695:
3935:
5340:
5289:
4544:
900:
Estimates of GWP values over 20, 100 and 500 years are periodically compiled and revised in reports from the
147:
that would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the
6948:
6887:
6809:
6719:
6461:
6433:
6113:
5750:
5357:
2912:(warming influence) of long-lived atmospheric greenhouse gases has accelerated, almost doubling in 40 years.
4385:
3732:
6486:
6306:
6248:
6165:
6150:
6035:
5681:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
4605:
Elrod, M. J. (1999). "Greenhouse
Warming Potentials from the Infrared Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Gases".
314:
at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases (more values provided at global warming potential)
116:
39:
6875:
6521:
6398:
6206:
5666:
5589:
5055:
4807:
3971:
3539:
3482:(SAR) and IPCC Fourth Assessment Report values for reasons of comparison in their emission reports. The
2943:
1836:
1493:
6714:
6592:
6283:
6253:
5828:
5755:
5224:
5187:
5130:
5089:
4890:
4835:
4761:
4614:
4476:
4429:
4242:
4185:
3398:
2931:
1964:
1756:
1137:
851:
3478:
Though recent reports reflect more scientific accuracy, countries and companies continue to use the
299:. It has a lifetime of 109 years and an even higher GWP level running at 273 over 20 and 100 years.
6731:
6506:
5740:
5735:
2838:
1938:
1195:
814:
276:
4991:
Conference of the
Parties (25 March 1998). "Methodological issues related to the Kyoto Protocol".
2869:
does contribute to anthropogenic global warming, but as the GWP is defined, it is negligible for H
6559:
6491:
6408:
6258:
6223:
6180:
6175:
6170:
5745:
5250:
5047:
4879:"Guidance on emissions metrics for nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement"
4859:
4504:
4445:
4419:
3682:
3571:
3080:
2921:
2765:
1111:
730:
4275:"Methane released in gas production means Australia's emissions may be 10% higher than reported"
4089:
Warwick, Nicola; Griffiths, Paul; Keeble, James; Archibald, Alexander; John, Pile (2022-04-08).
3533:
3467:
After some intermediate updates, in 2013 this standard was updated by the Warsaw meeting of the
6793:
6456:
6201:
5967:
5760:
5723:
5510:
5464:
5156:
4851:
4803:
4211:
4173:
3910:
3803:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256,
3752:
3650:
3561:
2954:
2909:
1794:
1376:
1171:
1081:
221:
217:
166:
160:
112:
85:
69:
4600:
3804:
6836:
6403:
6386:
6327:
6218:
5982:
5706:
5579:
5515:
5240:
5232:
5195:
5146:
5138:
5097:
5039:
4898:
4843:
4799:
4769:
4750:
and its use in understanding the climate effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations"
4622:
4494:
4484:
4437:
4250:
4201:
4193:
3902:
3642:
3566:
1990:
1899:
1857:
1773:
1749:
768:
213:
4295:
6788:
6709:
6673:
6602:
6576:
6564:
6481:
6413:
6288:
6145:
5767:
5718:
5696:
4653:
emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fixed period of time, such as 100 years.
2942:
Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum, the use of
2916:
When calculating the GWP of a greenhouse gas, the value depends on the following factors:
1878:
1815:
1315:
292:
3677:. Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences.
5228:
5191:
5134:
5093:
4894:
4839:
4765:
4618:
4480:
4433:
4246:
4189:
17:
6741:
6597:
6539:
6534:
6376:
6265:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5845:
5782:
5520:
5500:
5459:
5380:
5151:
5118:
4206:
3890:
3639:
Radiative
Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties
3453:
3272:
2947:
2857:
923:
356:
296:
241:
197:
180:
is a scientific concept used to quantify and compare the external drivers of change to
93:
73:
51:
35:
3460:
were to be used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable CO
3343:-e) of a quantity of gas is calculated from its GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO
283:
through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Similarly the third most important GHG,
6927:
6814:
6746:
6471:
6293:
6278:
6213:
6108:
5254:
5051:
4863:
4508:
4449:
3553:
2893:
2885:
1336:
1230:
The values provided in the table below are from 2007 when they were published in the
1033:
473:
284:
88:". It is expressed as a multiple of the radiation that would be absorbed by the same
43:
3424:
In industry: million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCDE) and MMT CO
6699:
6496:
6140:
6130:
5787:
5671:
5584:
4673:
4640:
3889:
Yang, Rui; Yuan, Lin-jiang; Wang, Ru; He, Zhi-xian; Lei, Lin; Ma, Yan-chen (2022).
3087:
represents the integrated infrared absorbance of the sample in that interval, and F
2866:
5283:
4992:
4811:
4499:
6726:
6243:
6235:
5495:
5117:
Lynch, John; Cain, Michelle; Pierrehumbert, Raymond; Allen, Myles (April 2020).
5059:
3873:
Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity
185:
100:), which is taken as a reference gas. Therefore, the GWP has a value of 1 for CO
5236:
5200:
5175:
5142:
5102:
5077:
4903:
4878:
4571:
4489:
4464:
4441:
3906:
6758:
6135:
5772:
5043:
4093:(Report). UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS).
3529:
3076:
2889:
77:
3914:
3719:
Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
3615:
7.SM.6 Tables of greenhouse gas lifetimes, radiative efficiencies and metrics
5713:
4847:
4197:
3547:
3379:
would warm it. Calculation of the equivalent atmospheric concentration of CO
5245:
5160:
4855:
4215:
5288:
Forster, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; et al. (2007).
4336:"Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2018, p. ES-3"
4229:
Etminan, M.; Myhre, G.; Highwood, E. J.; Shine, K. P. (28 December 2016).
255:
Global warming potential of five greenhouse gases over 100-year timescale.
4255:
4230:
3514:
in emission rate of an SLCP a supposedly equivalent amount (tonnes) of CO
1077:
960:
684:
165:
The global warming potential (GWP) is defined as an "index measuring the
151:
of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas.
66:
5308:
Myhre, G.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; et al. (2013).
4877:
Denison, Steve; Forster, Piers M; Smith, Christopher J (December 2019).
4174:"Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain"
3266:
where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; a
242:
Greenhouse gas § Global warming potential (GWP) and CO2 equivalents
5691:
4626:
4529:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Spring 2023.
984:
919:
915:
599:
431:
389:
47:
5290:"Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and Radiative Forcing"
4522:
3876:
3800:
3597:
310:
Atmospheric lifetime and global warming potential (GWP) relative to CO
143:-eq) can be calculated from the GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO
115:
has a GWP over 20 years (GWP-20) of 81.2 meaning that, for example, a
6694:
5271:
Schimel, D.; Alves, D.; Enting, I.; Heimann, M.; et al. (1995).
5001:
1167:
1107:
637:
553:
515:
4774:
4745:
76:
would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the
5323:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 659–740.
5303:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 129–234.
4465:"The global warming potential of near-surface emitted water vapour"
4424:
3646:
5701:
5272:
4792:
The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses
3410:
2903:
250:
54:(the latter is the reference value, therefore it has a GWP of one)
29:
5349:
4578:
Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories.
3943:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report
1234:. These values are still used (as of 2020) for some comparisons.
4575:
3622:
201:
89:
6645:
6350:
6086:
5646:
5558:
5439:
5391:
5353:
2873:
O: an estimate gives a 100-year GWP between -0.001 and 0.0005.
2862:
Climate change feedbacks § Water vapor feedback (positive)
306:
for several greenhouse gases are given in the following table:
4463:
Sherwood, Steven C.; Dixit, Vishal; Salomez, Chryséis (2018).
3773:"Global warming potential of greenhouse gases relative to CO2"
3431:
For vehicles: grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per mile (gCO
105:
6608:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
4942:
4296:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its 19th Session"
3510:
stays in the air for a long time). GWP* therefore assigns an
2848:
Commonly, a time horizon of 100 years is used by regulators.
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3222:
3219:
3175:
3172:
3115:
3112:
3109:
2979:
2976:
5335:
List of Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes
4919:"Glossary:Carbon dioxide equivalent – Statistics Explained"
302:
Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO
5076:
Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (1 June 2021).
3318:, so rising ppms of these gases are far more significant.
6784:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
271:
Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 2 years. The
5310:"Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing"
2842:
it is important to give a reference to the calculation.
4720:"Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations – Rationale"
247:
Current values (IPCC Sixth Assessment Report from 2021)
5174:
Meinshausen, Malte; Nicholls, Zebedee (1 April 2022).
340:
Global warming potential (GWP) for given time horizon
34:
Comparison of global warming potential (GWP) of three
6625:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3106:
2973:
4601:
Matthew Elrod, "Greenhouse Warming Potential Model."
6802:
6687:
6656:
6585:
6520:
6442:
6364:
6315:
6232:
6189:
6099:
6006:
5869:
5816:
5659:
5483:
5452:
5277:Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change
4091:Atmospheric implications of increased hydrogen use
3258:
3063:
3448:Use in Kyoto Protocol and for reporting to UNFCCC
3367:e can then be the atmospheric concentration of CO
3302:Since all GWP calculations are a comparison to CO
2927:the time horizon of interest (integration period)
2858:Greenhouse gas § Special role of water vapor
6825:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
5273:"Chapter 2: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change"
4159:
4116:
4045:
3314:that are not filled up (saturated) as much as CO
5317:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
5297:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
4057:This is so, because of the reaction formula: CH
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3352:e of 200 tonnes, and 9 tonnes of the gas has CO
230:Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
5570:History of climate change policy and politics
5365:
4572:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)"
4523:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)"
4390:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
4968:"The Truth About Electric Vehicle Emissions"
4744:Gohar, L. K.; Shine, K. P. (November 2007).
3895:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1248:(2007 estimates, for 2013–2020 comparisons)
5687:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
4666:"Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis"
4290:
4288:
27:Potential heat absorbed by a greenhouse gas
6906:
6894:
6653:
6642:
6361:
6347:
6096:
6083:
5656:
5643:
5555:
5449:
5436:
5388:
5372:
5358:
5350:
4641:"Glossary: Global warming potential (GWP)"
1236:
932:
6452:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5595:United Nations Climate Change conferences
5319:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
5299:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
5279:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
5244:
5199:
5150:
5101:
4902:
4773:
4498:
4488:
4423:
4386:"Understanding Global Warming Potentials"
4254:
4205:
3733:"Understanding Global Warming Potentials"
3490:Other metrics to compare greenhouse gases
3469:UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
3246:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3199:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3140:
3134:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3096:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3051:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2991:
2975:
2974:
2972:
902:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6156:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
5071:
5069:
4643:. U.S. Energy Information Administration
4330:
4328:
4326:
2896:within weeks, so its GWP is negligible.
1200:
1039:
990:
308:
291:O), is a common gas emitted through the
6512:National Adaptation Programme of Action
6301:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
4547:. U.S. Global Change Research Program.
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
3582:
6161:Economics of climate change mitigation
6124:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5475:Scientific consensus on climate change
4582:from the original on 22 September 2013
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3750:
2764:
1989:
1963:
1937:
1748:
1295:
6820:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
4943:"How Clean is Your Electric Vehicle?"
4380:
4378:
4268:
4266:
4084:
4082:
4080:
3988:from the original on 15 December 2007
3091:represents the RF for that interval.
889:No single lifetime for atmospheric CO
184:. Radiative forcing is the change in
7:
6842:Representative Concentration Pathway
5793:Tipping points in the climate system
5469:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
5341:GWP and the different meanings of CO
3952:from the original on 13 October 2017
3713:
3711:
3608:
3606:
3588:
3586:
2803:Trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride
6613:Nationally determined contributions
6323:Individual action on climate change
5538:World energy supply and consumption
4804:10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v07i03/37242
3877:https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/
3496:Global Temperature change Potential
2829:potential of 25 over 100 years (GWP
6752:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
4551:from the original on 21 April 2021
4343:US Environmental Protection Agency
3637:National Research Council (2005).
2260:HFE-43-10pccc124 (H-Galden 1040x)
1246:100-year Global warming potentials
65:) is an index to measure how much
25:
6679:Satellite temperature measurement
6284:forestry for carbon sequestration
5575:History of climate change science
4570:Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020).
4533:from the original on 24 May 2023.
3696:from the original on 4 March 2016
6905:
6893:
6882:
6881:
6869:
6530:Climate Change Performance Index
3737:US EPA, Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3546:
3532:
3409:): billion metric tonnes = n×10
3405:By the UN climate change panel (
1597:1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane
922:burned is less than the mass of
904:. The most recent report is the
6669:Instrumental temperature record
6620:Sustainable Development Goal 13
5011:from the original on 2000-08-23
4352:from the original on 2020-04-14
4312:from the original on 2014-07-13
4273:Morton, Adam (26 August 2020).
3641:. The National Academic Press.
3278:). The radiative efficiencies a
2833:= 25) but 86 over 20 years (GWP
6737:Climate variability and change
5778:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
5217:Environmental Research Letters
5180:Environmental Research Letters
5176:"GWP*is a model, not a metric"
5123:Environmental Research Letters
5082:Environmental Research Letters
4966:Whitehead, Jake (2019-09-07).
4883:Environmental Research Letters
4469:Environmental Research Letters
4412:Environmental Research Letters
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
944:Global warming potential, GWP
220:sets the global phase-down of
1:
6847:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
6382:Climate emergency declaration
4947:Union of Concerned Scientists
4607:Journal of Chemical Education
4545:"Annual Greenhouse Gas Index"
3979:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
3805:doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022
3480:IPCC Second Assessment Report
3473:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
3458:IPCC Second Assessment Report
3435:e/mile) or per kilometer (gCO
3331:Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO
1232:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
908:(Working Group I) from 2023.
6830:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
6056:Middle East and North Africa
4235:Geophysical Research Letters
3484:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
906:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
188:in the atmosphere caused by
4724:European Environment Agency
6970:
6664:Global surface temperature
6555:Popular culture depictions
6467:Ecosystem-based adaptation
6197:Carbon capture and storage
6119:Carbon offsets and credits
3907:10.1007/s11356-022-18800-3
3757:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2963:radiative forcing capacity
2855:
2824:Importance of time horizon
2801:
2771:
2743:
2722:
2704:
2678:
2652:
2626:
2600:
2578:
2552:
2526:
2500:
2478:
2456:
2434:
2416:
2398:
2380:
2358:
2337:
2311:
2289:
2259:
2237:
2215:
2189:
2163:
2137:
2115:
2093:
2071:
2053:
2035:
2014:
1996:
1975:
1949:
1919:
1898:
1877:
1856:
1835:
1814:
1793:
1772:
1755:
1722:
1700:
1678:
1656:
1638:
1616:
1595:
1576:
1545:
1526:
1492:
1461:
1427:
1396:
1375:
1353:
1335:
1314:
1300:
1296:Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
1280:
1266:
1252:
279:decomposes to water and CO
239:
158:
6876:Climate change portal
6863:
6769:Extreme event attribution
6652:
6641:
6392:School Strike for Climate
6360:
6346:
6271:Climate-smart agriculture
6095:
6082:
5655:
5642:
5565:
5554:
5448:
5435:
5418:Climate change adaptation
5413:Climate change mitigation
5408:Effects of climate change
5398:
5387:
3327:Carbon dioxide equivalent
2016:Bis(difluoromethyl) ether
1429:1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
943:
938:
935:
887:
339:
333:
327:
321:
318:
125:carbon dioxide equivalent
6934:Greenhouse gas emissions
6779:Global warming potential
6586:International agreements
6233:Preserving and enhancing
5677:Arctic methane emissions
5599:Years in climate change
5506:Greenhouse gas emissions
5403:Causes of climate change
5301:Fourth Assessment Report
5281:Second Assessment Report
5237:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4928
5201:10.1088/1748-9326/ac5930
5143:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d7e
5103:10.1088/1748-9326/ac02ec
4972:www.realclearscience.com
4904:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4df4
4490:10.1088/1748-9326/aae018
4442:10.1088/1748-9326/ac4940
1226:Earlier values from 2007
59:Global warming potential
38:over a 100-year period:
18:Global Warming Potential
6810:Climate change scenario
6462:Disaster risk reduction
6114:Carbon emission trading
5924:U.S. insurance industry
5904:Civilizational collapse
5751:sea surface temperature
5321:Fifth Assessment Report
5044:10.1023/A:1013086803762
4848:10.1126/science.aaj2350
4198:10.1126/science.aar7204
3687:Fifth Assessment Report
3670:Drew, Shindell (2013).
3592:IPCC, 2021: Annex VII:
6803:Research and modelling
6487:Nature-based solutions
6307:Nature-based solutions
6249:Carbon dioxide removal
6166:Fossil fuel divestment
6151:Climate risk insurance
6061:Small island countries
5682:Arctic sea ice decline
3625:, 2021, p. 7SM-24
3260:
3065:
3007:
2913:
2238:HFE-569sf2 (HFE-7200)
1920:Perfluorocyclopropane
336:(Wmppb, molar basis).
256:
182:Earth's energy balance
55:
40:Perfluorotributylamine
6944:Infrared spectroscopy
6764:Earth's energy budget
6647:Background and theory
6535:Climate crisis (term)
6207:Fossil fuel phase-out
6101:Economics and finance
6066:by individual country
6008:By country and region
5983:Security and conflict
5978:Psychological impacts
5667:Abrupt climate change
5590:Charles David Keeling
5423:By country and region
4500:1959.4/unsworks_57193
4160:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch2 2007
4117:IPCC SAR WG1 Ch2 1995
4046:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch8 2013
3540:Global warming portal
3261:
3066:
2987:
2944:infrared spectroscopy
2907:
2312:HFE-338pcc13 (HG-01)
2216:HFE-449sl (HFE-7100)
1976:Nitrogen trifluoride
1837:Octafluorocyclobutane
1494:1,1,1-Trifluoroethane
334:Radiative Efficiency
254:
33:
6593:Glasgow Climate Pact
6254:Carbon sequestration
5829:Mass mortality event
4256:10.1002/2016GL071930
4048:, pp. 714, 731.
3104:
3071:where the subscript
2971:
2932:atmospheric lifetime
2290:HFE-236ca12 (HG-10)
1965:Nitrogen trifluoride
1950:Sulfur hexafluoride
1757:Carbon tetrafluoride
1138:Carbon tetrafluoride
852:Nitrogen trifluoride
6732:Climate sensitivity
6507:The Adaptation Fund
5963:Infectious diseases
5870:Social and economic
5229:2019ERL....14k4039R
5192:2022ERL....17d1002M
5135:2020ERL....15d4023L
5094:2021ERL....16f8002R
4895:2019ERL....14l4002D
4840:2017Sci...356..492O
4766:2007Wthr...62..307G
4619:1999JChEd..76.1702E
4481:2018ERL....13j4006S
4434:2022ERL....17b4019A
4247:2016GeoRL..4312614E
4190:2018Sci...361..186A
3901:(26): 39877–39887.
3797:Annex VII: Glossary
3401:are commonly used:
3227:
3180:
3081:inverse centimeters
2900:Calculation methods
2839:sulfur hexafluoride
2766:Perfluoropolyethers
1939:Sulfur hexafluoride
1196:Sulfur hexafluoride
815:Sulfur hexafluoride
315:
208:GWP in policymaking
204:per meter squared.
6303:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
6275:Forest management
6259:Direct air capture
6224:Sustainable energy
6181:Net zero emissions
6176:Low-carbon economy
6171:Green Climate Fund
5958:Indigenous peoples
5861:Plant biodiversity
5649:Effects and issues
4676:on 31 January 2016
4627:10.1021/ed076p1702
3683:Rutgers University
3679:envsci.rutgers.edu
3572:Emission intensity
3256:
3208:
3161:
3061:
2922:infrared radiation
2920:the absorption of
2914:
2892:) are removed via
2837:= 86); conversely
2653:HFE-365mcfI’ll t3
1991:Fluorinated ethers
1112:chlorofluorocarbon
731:Tetrafluoromethane
309:
257:
222:hydrofluorocarbons
56:
6921:
6920:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6794:Radiative forcing
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6457:Adaptive capacity
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6202:Energy transition
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
5798:Tropical cyclones
5724:Urban heat island
5638:
5637:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5511:Carbon accounting
5465:Greenhouse effect
5431:
5430:
5337:from the U.S. EPA
4834:(6337): 492–493.
4392:. 12 January 2016
4184:(6398): 186–188.
3777:Our World in Data
3656:978-0-309-09506-8
3562:Carbon accounting
3356:e of 900 tonnes.
3254:
3156:
3054:
3046:
3012:
2955:radiative forcing
2910:radiative forcing
2821:
2820:
1858:Perfluouropentane
1795:Octafluoropropane
1377:Pentafluoroethane
1243:Chemical formula
1223:
1222:
1172:hydrofluorocarbon
1082:hydrofluorocarbon
898:
897:
894:
236:Calculated values
218:Montreal Protocol
178:radiative forcing
167:radiative forcing
161:Radiative forcing
86:radiative forcing
70:thermal radiation
16:(Redirected from
6961:
6954:Equivalent units
6909:
6908:
6897:
6896:
6885:
6884:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6837:Paleoclimatology
6654:
6643:
6404:Ecological grief
6387:Climate movement
6362:
6348:
6328:Plant-based diet
6219:Renewable energy
6097:
6084:
5919:Economic impacts
5851:Invasive species
5707:Coastal flooding
5657:
5644:
5580:Svante Arrhenius
5556:
5526:from agriculture
5516:Carbon footprint
5501:Greenhouse gases
5450:
5437:
5389:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5324:
5314:
5304:
5294:
5284:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5154:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4672:. Archived from
4662:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4427:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4382:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4340:
4332:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4300:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4172:Alvarez (2018).
4169:
4163:
4157:
4120:
4114:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4075:
4055:
4049:
4043:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3940:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3886:
3880:
3869:
3808:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:. August 8, 2024
3729:
3723:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3590:
3567:Carbon footprint
3556:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3417:equivalent (GtCO
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3206:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2983:
2982:
2924:by the given gas
1900:Perfluorodecalin
1774:Hexafluoroethane
1750:Perfluorocarbons
1237:
1203:
1043:
993:
933:
888:
874:
866:
865:
864:
837:
829:
828:
827:
800:
792:
791:
790:
782:
781:
769:Hexafluoroethane
754:
746:
745:
744:
716:
708:
707:
706:
698:
697:
670:
662:
661:
660:
652:
651:
623:
615:
614:
613:
585:
577:
576:
575:
567:
566:
539:
531:
529:
528:
501:
499:
489:
487:
486:
459:
457:
447:
446:
445:
417:
415:
405:
404:
403:
375:
373:
316:
273:2021 IPCC report
214:Kigali Amendment
36:greenhouse gases
21:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6939:Climate forcing
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6870:
6868:
6851:
6798:
6789:Orbital forcing
6683:
6648:
6629:
6603:Paris Agreement
6581:
6577:Warming stripes
6516:
6482:Managed retreat
6477:Loss and damage
6438:
6372:Business action
6356:
6334:
6311:
6234:
6228:
6185:
6146:Climate finance
6091:
6070:
6002:
5865:
5841:Extinction risk
5817:Flora and fauna
5812:
5773:Permafrost thaw
5768:Ozone depletion
5697:Extreme weather
5651:
5634:
5561:
5542:
5479:
5444:
5427:
5394:
5383:
5378:
5344:
5331:
5312:
5307:
5292:
5287:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5038:(1/2): 93–127.
5032:Climatic Change
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4997:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4775:10.1002/wea.103
4760:(11): 307–311.
4749:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4123:
4115:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:. p. 212.
3974:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:. p. 731.
3938:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3870:
3811:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3463:
3450:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3416:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3207:
3160:
3146:
3136:
3120:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3086:
3079:interval of 10
3042:
3038:
3023:
3008:
2969:
2968:
2902:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2854:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2390:
2386:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2046:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2007:
2003:
1982:
1970:
1956:
1944:
1930:
1926:
1912:
1908:
1891:
1887:
1879:Perfluorohexane
1870:
1866:
1849:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1816:Perfluorobutane
1807:
1803:
1786:
1782:
1765:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1645:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1609:
1605:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1537:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1345:
1328:
1324:
1316:Difluoromethane
1307:
1287:
1273:
1259:
1253:Carbon dioxide
1247:
1240:Greenhouse gas
1228:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1008:80.8 (biogenic)
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
992:
988:
966:
940:
936:Greenhouse gas
929:
892:
872:
863:
860:
859:
858:
856:
835:
826:
823:
822:
821:
819:
798:
789:
786:
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
775:
773:
752:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
714:
705:
702:
701:
700:
696:
693:
692:
691:
689:
668:
659:
656:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
645:
643:
621:
612:
609:
608:
607:
605:
583:
574:
571:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
558:
537:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
497:
495:
485:
482:
481:
480:
478:
455:
453:
444:
441:
440:
439:
437:
413:
411:
402:
399:
398:
397:
395:
371:
369:
364:
313:
305:
293:denitrification
290:
282:
267:
262:
249:
244:
238:
210:
200:as measured in
172:
163:
157:
149:climate effects
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
103:
99:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6967:
6965:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6949:Carbon dioxide
6946:
6941:
6936:
6926:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6879:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6742:Cloud feedback
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6598:Kyoto Protocol
6595:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6552:
6550:Media coverage
6547:
6542:
6540:Climate spiral
6537:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6429:Public opinion
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6384:
6379:
6377:Climate action
6374:
6368:
6366:
6358:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6289:REDD and REDD+
6286:
6281:
6273:
6268:
6266:Carbon farming
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5998:Water security
5995:
5993:Water scarcity
5990:
5988:Urban flooding
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5846:Forest dieback
5843:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Sea level rise
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5756:stratification
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:Carbon leakage
5518:
5513:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5462:
5460:Climate system
5456:
5454:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5381:Climate change
5379:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5329:External links
5327:
5326:
5325:
5305:
5285:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5223:(11): 114039.
5207:
5166:
5109:
5065:
5022:
4983:
4958:
4934:
4910:
4889:(12): 124002.
4869:
4817:
4781:
4747:
4746:"Equivalent CO
4736:
4711:
4687:
4657:
4632:
4593:
4562:
4536:
4514:
4475:(10): 104006.
4455:
4402:
4374:
4362:
4345:. 2020-04-13.
4322:
4305:. 2014-01-31.
4284:
4262:
4221:
4164:
4162:, p. 212.
4121:
4119:, p. 121.
4096:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4050:
3999:
3963:
3936:"Appendix 8.A"
3920:
3881:
3809:
3788:
3764:
3724:
3707:
3662:
3655:
3647:10.17226/11175
3629:
3602:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3543:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3488:
3461:
3454:Kyoto Protocol
3449:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3397:The following
3391:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3088:
3084:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2948:climate change
2936:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2901:
2898:
2886:cooling towers
2881:
2877:
2870:
2853:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:– PFC-9-1-18b
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:Nitrous oxide
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1155:6,630 / 7,350f
1153:
1150:4,880 / 4,950f
1148:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:4,660 / 5,350f
1123:
1120:6,900 / 7,020f
1118:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1095:1,300 / 1,550f
1093:
1090:3,710 / 3,790f
1088:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1011:
1010:82.5 (fossil)
998:
995:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
957:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
937:
927:
924:carbon dioxide
896:
895:
890:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
870:
867:
861:
854:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
833:
830:
824:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
796:
793:
787:
778:
771:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
750:
747:
741:
734:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
712:
709:
703:
694:
687:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
666:
663:
657:
648:
641:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
619:
616:
610:
603:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
581:
578:
572:
563:
556:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
535:
532:
525:
518:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
493:
490:
483:
476:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
451:
448:
442:
435:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
409:
406:
400:
393:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
367:
365:
362:
359:
357:Carbon dioxide
353:
352:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
332:
326:
320:
311:
303:
297:nitrogen cycle
288:
280:
265:
260:
248:
245:
237:
234:
226:New York state
209:
206:
198:climate change
170:
156:
153:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
101:
97:
94:carbon dioxide
74:greenhouse gas
52:carbon dioxide
50:, compared to
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6966:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6914:
6913:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6815:Climate model
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6747:Cloud forcing
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6640:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6522:Communication
6519:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Vulnerability
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6472:Flood control
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6294:reforestation
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:afforestation
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6214:Nuclear power
6212:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Carbon budget
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6081:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5946:Mental health
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5887:United States
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:deoxygenation
5739:
5737:
5736:acidification
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5531:from wetlands
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:Deforestation
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5246:10044/1/77353
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5186:(4): 041002.
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:(4): 044023.
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5088:(6): 068002.
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4984:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4740:
4737:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4563:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4418:(2): 024019.
4417:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:Energy portal
3549:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3464:equivalents.
3459:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3423:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3357:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3300:
3277:
3250:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3166:
3162:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3078:
3075:represents a
3074:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2894:precipitation
2891:
2887:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2823:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:– PFC-5-1-14
1880:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:– PFC-4-1-12
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:– PFC-3-1-10
1817:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1354:HFC-43-10mee
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1337:Fluoromethane
1334:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1035:
1034:Nitrous oxide
1032:
1031:
1025:
1021:39 (biogenic)
1012:
999:
996:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
972:
969:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
947:
934:
931:
925:
921:
917:
912:
909:
907:
903:
893:can be given.
886:
882:
879:
876:
871:
868:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
834:
831:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
797:
794:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
751:
748:
735:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
718:
713:
710:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
667:
664:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
620:
617:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
582:
579:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
536:
533:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
494:
491:
477:
475:
474:Nitrous oxide
472:
471:
467:
464:
461:
452:
449:
436:
434:(non-fossil)
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
410:
407:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
377:
368:
366:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
344:
343:
337:
331:
325:
317:
307:
300:
298:
294:
286:
285:nitrous oxide
278:
274:
269:
253:
246:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
194:anthropogenic
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
168:
162:
154:
152:
150:
126:
121:
118:
114:
111:For example,
109:
107:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
44:nitrous oxide
41:
37:
32:
19:
6910:
6898:
6886:
6867:
6778:
6700:Carbon cycle
6657:Measurements
6352:Society and
6236:carbon sinks
6141:Climate debt
6131:Carbon price
5953:Human rights
5788:Season creep
5746:heat content
5672:Anoxic event
5585:James Hansen
5316:
5296:
5276:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5085:
5081:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
4993:
4986:
4975:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:
4950:. Retrieved
4946:
4937:
4926:. Retrieved
4923:ec.europa.eu
4922:
4913:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4798:(3): 11–27.
4795:
4791:
4784:
4757:
4753:
4739:
4728:. Retrieved
4726:. 2020-02-25
4723:
4714:
4703:. Retrieved
4700:www3.epa.gov
4699:
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4674:the original
4670:www.grida.no
4669:
4660:
4651:
4645:. Retrieved
4635:
4613:(12): 1702.
4610:
4606:
4596:
4584:. Retrieved
4565:
4553:. Retrieved
4539:
4526:
4517:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4394:. Retrieved
4365:
4354:. Retrieved
4342:
4314:. Retrieved
4302:
4279:The Guardian
4278:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4053:
3990:. Retrieved
3978:
3972:"Table 2.14"
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3942:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3795:IPCC, 2021:
3791:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:
3767:
3741:. Retrieved
3736:
3727:
3717:
3700:15 September
3698:. Retrieved
3678:
3665:
3638:
3632:
3614:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3493:
3477:
3466:
3451:
3442:
3396:
3389:
3358:
3330:
3322:Applications
3301:
3100:
3093:
3072:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2915:
2875:
2867:Water vapour
2865:
2852:Water vapour
2847:
2844:
2827:
2627:HFE-356pcf3
2601:HFE-356pcf2
2579:HFE-356mec3
2553:HFE-347mcf2
2527:HFE-338mcf2
2501:HFE-329mcc2
2190:HFE-356pcc3
2164:HFE-347pcf2
2138:HFE-347mcc3
2054:HCFE-235da2
1599:(HFC-227ea)
1229:
1023:40 (fossil)
913:
910:
899:
335:
329:
323:
301:
295:part of the
270:
258:
211:
177:
175:
164:
124:
122:
110:
104:. For other
81:
62:
58:
57:
6727:Carbon sink
6705:atmospheric
6570:video games
6244:Blue carbon
5877:Agriculture
5856:Marine life
5803:Water cycle
5761:temperature
5496:Fossil fuel
5345:e explained
4586:5 September
4555:5 September
3992:16 December
2679:HFE-374pc2
2479:HFE-263fb2
2457:HFE-245fa1
2417:HFE-236ea2
2116:HFE-254cb2
2094:HFE-245fa2
2072:HFE-245cb2
1723:HFC-365mfc
1496:(HFC-143a)
1431:(HFC-134a)
973:33 (20-44)
196:factors of
186:energy flux
6928:Categories
6759:Cryosphere
6720:permafrost
6492:Resilience
6444:Adaptation
6419:Litigation
6409:Governance
6354:adaptation
6136:Carbon tax
6089:Mitigation
6026:Antarctica
5914:Disability
5015:17 January
4977:2020-07-02
4952:2020-07-02
4928:2020-06-28
4812:2794017083
4730:2020-06-28
4705:2020-06-27
4680:11 January
4647:2011-04-26
4425:2104.05506
4396:2021-03-02
4356:2020-07-01
4316:2020-07-01
3956:6 November
3782:2023-12-18
3743:August 26,
3578:References
3452:Under the
3271:gas (i.e.
3077:wavenumber
2934:of the gas
2890:irrigation
2856:See also:
2715:CH (OH) –
2435:HFE-236fa
2399:HFE-227ea
2018:(HFE-134)
1839:– PFC-318
1797:– PFC-218
1776:– PFC-116
1701:HFC-245fa
1679:HFC-245ca
1657:HFC-236fa
1639:HFC-236ea
1617:HFC-236cb
1379:(HFC-125)
1144:/ PFC-14)
1063:265 / 298f
1054:264 / 268f
955:500 years
952:100 years
240:See also:
159:See also:
155:Definition
78:atmosphere
6774:Feedbacks
6545:Education
6046:Caribbean
6041:Australia
5968:Migration
5931:Fisheries
5882:Livestock
5808:Wildfires
5714:Heat wave
5255:250668916
5060:198550594
5052:150488348
4864:206653952
4603:Based on
4509:158806342
4450:233209965
4372:Annex IV.
3915:0944-1344
3210:∫
3163:∫
3049:⋅
3021:⋅
2989:∑
2036:HFE-143a
1759:– PFC-14
1546:HFC-152a
1339:(HFC-41)
1318:(HFC-32)
976:11 (6–16)
949:20 years
939:Lifetime
392:(fossil)
328:Lifetime
322:Chemical
319:Gas name
176:In turn,
92:of added
6900:Glossary
6888:Category
6710:biologic
6424:Politics
6316:Personal
6021:Americas
5894:Children
5660:Physical
5453:Overview
5393:Overview
5161:32395177
5056:ProQuest
5006:Archived
4856:28473552
4808:ProQuest
4580:Archived
4549:Archived
4531:Archived
4527:NOAA.gov
4347:Archived
4307:Archived
4216:29930092
3983:Archived
3947:Archived
3753:cite web
3691:Archived
3594:Glossary
3526:See also
3512:increase
3339:eq or CO
2953:Just as
1997:HFE-125
1577:HFC-161
1527:HFC-152
1462:HFC-143
1397:HFC-134
1361:CHFCHFCF
1267:Methane
1078:HFC-134a
1017:28 / 34f
1004:84 / 86f
961:Hydrogen
941:(years)
685:HFC-134a
640:(= R32)
351:500-yr.
348:100-yr.
330:(years)
324:formula
139:-e or CO
135:eq or CO
67:infrared
6715:oceanic
6565:fiction
6414:Justice
6365:Society
5973:Poverty
5692:Drought
5560:History
5484:Sources
5265:Sources
5225:Bibcode
5188:Bibcode
5152:7212016
5131:Bibcode
5090:Bibcode
4891:Bibcode
4836:Bibcode
4828:Science
4762:Bibcode
4754:Weather
4615:Bibcode
4477:Bibcode
4430:Bibcode
4243:Bibcode
4207:6223263
4186:Bibcode
4178:Science
3689:(AR5).
3335:e or CO
3295:, and N
2817:17,400
2797:10,300
2772:PFPMIE
2061:OCHClCF
2010:14,900
1985:17,200
1959:22,800
1933:17,340
1852:10,300
1789:12,200
1310:14,800
1301:HFC-23
1219:32,600
1216:23,500
1211:17,500
1190:12,200
1187:12,400
1182:10,800
1162:10,587
1147:50,000
985:Methane
920:methane
916:methane
883:20 700
880:16 100
877:12 800
846:32 600
843:23 500
840:17 500
809:18 200
806:11 100
795:10 000
763:10 587
749:50 000
602:(=R22)
600:HCFC-22
591:10 200
588:10 800
432:Methane
390:Methane
345:20-yr.
277:methane
216:to the
190:natural
131:e or CO
113:methane
82:emitted
48:methane
6695:Albedo
6688:Theory
6399:Denial
6190:Energy
6051:Europe
6031:Arctic
6016:Africa
5941:Health
5936:Gender
5899:Cities
5824:Biomes
5731:Oceans
5719:Marine
5442:Causes
5253:
5159:
5149:
5058:
5050:
5002:UNFCCC
4862:
4854:
4810:
4696:"CO2e"
4507:
4448:
4303:UNFCCC
4241:(24).
4214:
4204:
4074:2.74).
3913:
3653:
3411:tonnes
2860:, and
2779:OCF(CF
2733:CHOCHF
2424:OCHFCF
2412:1,540
2406:CHFOCF
2333:1,500
2307:2,800
2285:1,870
2031:6,320
1915:7,500
1894:9,300
1873:9,160
1831:8,860
1810:8,830
1768:7,390
1718:1,030
1674:9,810
1652:1,370
1634:1,340
1612:3,220
1522:4,470
1457:1,430
1423:1,100
1392:3,500
1371:1,640
1214:22,800
1209:16,300
1206:3,200
1185:14,800
1180:12,000
1168:HFC-23
1160:11,200
1157:7,380
1152:5,301
1132:2,093
1127:6,226
1122:8,321
1108:CFC-11
1097:1,526
1092:4,144
832:3 200
803:8 210
760:7 380
757:5 301
733:(R14)
722:1 526
719:4 144
673:2 693
638:HFC-32
629:1 760
626:5 280
594:5 200
554:CFC-12
548:2 093
545:6 226
542:8 321
516:CFC-11
6912:Index
6674:Proxy
6434:Women
5909:Crime
5836:Birds
5702:Flood
5313:(PDF)
5293:(PDF)
5251:S2CID
5048:S2CID
5009:(PDF)
4998:(PDF)
4860:S2CID
4505:S2CID
4446:S2CID
4420:arXiv
4350:(PDF)
4339:(PDF)
4310:(PDF)
4299:(PDF)
4069:+ 2 H
3986:(PDF)
3975:(PDF)
3950:(PDF)
3939:(PDF)
3875:. In
3799:. In
3694:(PDF)
3675:(PDF)
3619:(PDF)
3596:. In
3439:e/km)
3413:of CO
3399:units
3282:and a
3083:. Abs
2754:CHOCH
2707:– (CF
2590:CHFCF
2391:CHOH
2348:CFOCH
1646:CHFCF
1130:1,620
1117:52.0
1087:14.0
997:11.8
606:CHClF
202:watts
106:gases
6497:Risk
6036:Asia
5628:2024
5623:2023
5618:2022
5613:2021
5608:2020
5603:2019
5157:PMID
5017:2011
4852:PMID
4682:2022
4588:2020
4576:NOAA
4557:2020
4212:PMID
4065:→ CO
4061:+ 2O
3994:2008
3958:2017
3911:ISSN
3759:link
3745:2024
3702:2016
3651:ISBN
3623:IPCC
3494:The
3407:IPCC
3363:. CO
3291:, CH
3094:The
2961:The
2930:the
2908:The
2739:380
2700:557
2648:502
2622:265
2596:101
2574:374
2548:552
2522:919
2474:286
2452:487
2430:989
2394:195
2354:343
2327:OCHF
2301:OCHF
2279:OCHF
2245:F9OC
2233:297
2211:110
2185:580
2159:575
2133:359
2111:659
2089:708
2067:350
2049:756
2025:OCHF
1744:794
1696:693
1572:124
1488:353
1477:(CHF
1412:(CHF
1331:675
1291:298
1177:222
1102:436
1072:130
1065:273
1056:273
1047:109
1028:7.6
970:4–7
873:0.20
869:500
836:0.57
799:0.25
753:0.09
725:436
715:0.17
679:220
676:771
669:0.11
632:549
622:0.21
584:0.32
580:100
538:0.29
510:130
507:273
504:273
492:109
468:7.3
370:1.37
123:The
117:leak
90:mass
80:(or
46:and
6560:art
5241:hdl
5233:doi
5196:doi
5147:PMC
5139:doi
5098:doi
5040:doi
4899:doi
4844:doi
4832:356
4800:doi
4770:doi
4623:doi
4495:hdl
4485:doi
4438:doi
4251:doi
4202:PMC
4194:doi
4182:361
3903:doi
3643:doi
3428:eq.
3421:eq)
3011:abs
3004:100
2831:100
2791:OCF
2787:OCF
2783:)CF
2760:27
2746:(CF
2725:(CF
2718:73
2690:OCH
2682:CHF
2674:11
2668:OCH
2642:CHF
2634:OCH
2630:CHF
2616:CHF
2612:OCF
2604:CHF
2586:OCF
2564:OCF
2556:CHF
2538:OCF
2512:OCF
2504:CHF
2496:11
2490:OCH
2468:OCF
2460:CHF
2446:OCF
2420:CHF
2383:(CF
2376:42
2373:OH
2340:(CF
2319:OCF
2315:CHF
2297:OCF
2293:CHF
2267:OCF
2263:CHF
2255:59
2227:OCH
2205:CHF
2197:OCF
2175:OCH
2167:CHF
2145:OCF
2127:CHF
2123:OCF
2101:OCH
2097:CHF
2079:OCF
2057:CHF
2043:OCF
2021:CHF
2004:OCF
2000:CHF
1967:(NF
1941:(SF
1923:c-C
1842:c-C
1704:CHF
1642:CHF
1624:FCF
1591:12
1565:CHF
1561:(CH
1541:53
1534:FCH
1511:(CF
1485:F)
1450:FCF
1446:(CH
1416:CHF
1349:92
1304:CHF
1276:25
1140:(CF
1100:435
1070:153
1068:170
1061:298
1059:310
1052:289
1050:280
1026:6.5
711:14
699:FCF
618:12
559:CCl
534:52
521:CCl
465:27
462:81
454:5.7
450:12
426:10
423:30
420:83
412:5.7
408:12
228:’s
192:or
127:(CO
96:(CO
63:GWP
6930::
5315:.
5295:.
5275:.
5249:.
5239:.
5231:.
5221:14
5219:.
5194:.
5184:17
5182:.
5178:.
5155:.
5145:.
5137:.
5127:15
5125:.
5121:.
5096:.
5086:16
5084:.
5080:.
5068:^
5054:.
5046:.
5036:52
5034:.
5004:.
5000:.
4970:.
4945:.
4921:.
4897:.
4887:14
4885:.
4881:.
4858:.
4850:.
4842:.
4830:.
4806:.
4794:.
4768:.
4758:62
4756:.
4752:.
4722:.
4698:.
4668:.
4650:.
4621:.
4611:76
4609:.
4574:.
4525:.
4503:.
4493:.
4483:.
4473:13
4471:.
4467:.
4444:.
4436:.
4428:.
4416:17
4414:.
4388:.
4377:^
4341:.
4325:^
4301:.
4287:^
4277:.
4265:^
4249:.
4239:43
4237:.
4233:.
4210:.
4200:.
4192:.
4180:.
4176:.
4124:^
4099:^
4079:^
4002:^
3977:.
3941:.
3923:^
3909:.
3899:29
3897:.
3893:.
3812:^
3775:.
3755:}}
3751:{{
3735:.
3710:^
3685:.
3681:.
3649:.
3621:,
3605:^
3585:^
3522:.
3390:CO
3387:.
3348:CO
3287:CO
3273:CO
2950:.
2888:,
2835:20
2811:CF
2807:SF
2775:CF
2694:CH
2686:CF
2664:CH
2660:CF
2656:CF
2638:CF
2608:CH
2582:CH
2568:CF
2560:CH
2542:CF
2534:CH
2530:CF
2516:CF
2508:CF
2486:CH
2482:CF
2464:CH
2442:CH
2438:CF
2402:CF
2369:CH
2365:CF
2361:CF
2323:CF
2271:OC
2201:CF
2193:CH
2179:CF
2171:CF
2153:CF
2149:CF
2141:CH
2119:CH
2105:CF
2083:CF
2075:CH
2039:CH
1979:NF
1971:)
1953:SF
1945:)
1911:18
1907:10
1890:14
1869:12
1827:10
1762:CF
1738:CF
1734:CH
1730:CF
1726:CH
1712:CF
1708:CH
1628:CF
1620:CH
1606:HF
1588:F
1584:CH
1580:CH
1569:)
1538:F
1530:CH
1519:)
1515:CH
1481:CH
1454:)
1420:)
1386:HF
1365:CF
1357:CF
1346:F
1342:CH
1321:CH
1288:O
1270:CH
1262:1
1256:CO
1199:SF
1174:)
1114:)
1084:)
1044:)
1019:32
1015:25
1013:21
1006:96
1002:72
1000:56
994:)
989:CH
979:—
967:)
963:(H
857:NF
820:SF
737:CF
690:CH
665:5
644:CH
500:10
458:10
438:CH
416:10
396:CH
384:1
381:1
378:1
374:10
361:CO
287:(N
264:CO
72:a
42:,
5471:)
5467:(
5373:e
5366:t
5359:v
5343:2
5257:.
5243::
5235::
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