702:
937:
343:'s takeover of Gloster in 1934, there as a considerable emphasis placed upon the latter to standardise its construction and design techniques with that of its new parent company. While the Gauntlet programme had been sufficiently advanced as to make major alterations to the first production batch unfeasible, it was determined to be quite beneficial for future production batches to incorporate Hawker structural elements, largely in the rear fuselage of the aircraft, as this would reduce assembly costs as well as be easier to repair by reducing the use of
729:
601:
552:
28:
766:
977:
655:
628:
280:
317:
391:
336:, while 20 of the first 24 Gauntlets had been completed by the end of the following month, the majority of which were also promptly dispatched to join No. 19 Squadron. While the type's development had been lengthy, it resulted in an aircraft that was relatively trouble-free and quickly acquired a favourable reputation.
441:, and these progressively replaced the Gauntlet. As a consequence, Gauntlets were typically transferred onwards to freshly-formed units, serving as their first equipment to allow them to train in advance of receiving more modern fighters. It was also decided to ship numerous Gauntlets to distant parts of the
569: : The SS.19A was fitted with a 536 hp (400 kW) Bristol Mercury VIS radial piston engine in February 1933; this was upgraded to produce 570 hp (425 kW) by mid-1933. By April 1935 it had been modified again, now with the production-spec VIS2 engine, and underwent acceptance trials.
358:
During April 1935, Gloster received contract No. 396880/35, which ordered 104 Gauntlet IIs. In
September 1935, a follow-on order via contract No. 442477/35 for another 100 aircraft was issued to the company. Deliveries of the Gauntlet II commenced during May 1935, with the first examples being issued
291:
as to what the armaments of the prospective future fighter had shifted and changes were requested. Folland decided to respond by refining the aircraft's design, such as the addition of mainwheel spats, a spatted tailwheel, and a modified tail unit with greater fin area and thus increased stability.
303:
engine, the type proved itself capable of a top speed of 215.5 mph (346.8 km/h) as well as attaining an altitude of 20,000 feet in 11 minutes and 43 seconds. Having been sufficiently satisfied by the demonstrated performance, the Air
Ministry opted to place an initial order via a draft
387:, being 56 mph (90 km/h) faster than its predecessor; between 1935 and 1937, the Gauntlet was the fastest aircraft in operation with the RAF. Accordingly, it was procured in sufficient numbers to become the most common fighter of the service during this era.
563: : The SS.19 was later fitted with a Jupiter VIIFS and was given the SS.19A designation for the official trials, which began in September 1930. Numerous running changes were made to fin and rudders and elsewhere; eventually a tailwheel replaced the rear skid.
480:, with the Gauntlets carrying out bombing and strafing operations against Italian forces. Sudan was where Flight Lieutenant Arthur Brewerton Mitchell scored the only recorded air-to-air victory in a Gauntlet, when he shot down an Italian
272:, Gloster's chief designer, opted to modify the S.S.19 to carry a heavier armament (four machine guns in the wings and two in the fuselage), in order to conform with these requirements. Extensive trials of the aircraft were conducted at
468:(RAAF) in the Middle East when Italy declared war in 1940. These aircraft were briefly used for ground-attack operations against the Italians before being retired from operations owing to maintenance problems. In August 1940,
1226:
According to
Lumsden and Thetford, the engine fitted to the Gauntlet I and II was the Mercury VI S, as stated in Air Ministry publications and contemporary A&AEE reports. The two engine types had different gearing
292:
Re-designated as the S.S.19A, the aircraft underwent a full service evaluation during late 1931, during which it achieved a top speed of 204 mph (328 km/h). Further modifications were made to satisfy
206:
was developed during 1934; deliveries of this new model commenced in the following year. Gloster received orders for over 200 Gauntlet IIs, with the type eventually being operated by 14 RAF squadrons of
299:
By the summer of 1933, testing had progressed with the S.S.19B and plans to procure the type had advanced to the point where the
Gauntlet name was assigned to the type. Having been re-engined with a
460:
was the exception) had re-equipped with more modern fighters. However, the type remained in frontline service in the Middle East for some time; a flight of
Gauntlets remained in service with
418:, helping to develop techniques for the direction of fighters; these exercises included the first successful radar-controlled interception, a technique that would prove invaluable during the
183:
The
Gauntlet had a somewhat lengthy development process, linking back to the S.S.18 prototype of 1929. Extensive modifications, including multiple engine changes and changes to suit varying
187:, resulted in a relatively fast fighter aircraft for the era as well as a heavy armament and favourable manoeuvrability. By mid-1933, the Gauntlet name had been applied to the type and the
231:. Gauntlets were increasingly used in secondary roles and by overseas squadrons, serving in a reduced capacity into the Second World War. The last examples were withdrawn during 1943.
406:, while a further six squadrons being re-equipped with the Gauntlet by the end of the year. Beyond its typical role, the type was occasionally used for other duties, such as for
252:
engine that powered the aircraft motivated
Gloster to explore other powerplants, which ultimately resulted in the structurally similar Gloster S.S.19. Around this time, the
211:. It was used for various duties, including a secretive series of exercises that included the first interception of an aircraft using information relayed from ground-based
453:
threatened war with
Germany, 45% of the RAF's fighter squadrons (nine squadrons) still flew the Gauntlet, with only three squadrons equipped with Hurricanes.
296:, resulting in the Gloster S.S.19B. Evaluation flights of this revision revealed the aircraft to possess a maximum speed of 212 mph (341 km/h).
248:
during
January 1929. While its performance had proven the basic design to be sound, having demonstrated a maximum speed of 189 MPH, difficulties with the
1856:
1823:
519: : Single-seat prototype (J9125). The aircraft was fitted with a 450-hp (336-kW) Bristol Mercury IIA radial piston engine, which proved unreliable.
2376:
2356:
1202:
276:
during late 1930, in which it was found to be free of major detects and to have superior handling to any single-seat aircraft up to that point.
2240:
2366:
953:
1500:
477:
491:
in
Denmark, while 25 ex-RAF machines were supplied by South Africa as part of its support for Finland in 1940, which was engaged in the
293:
257:
184:
2351:
1282:
308:
fighters during September 1933; both the finalised specification and contract No. 285263/35 were issued to Gloster in February 1934.
1777:
1762:
1740:
1723:
1705:
1687:
1645:
383:, who received their first examples during May 1935. Its performance was a clear advancement over the squadron's previous type, the
1348:
411:
499:. Already obsolete at this point, they were used as advanced trainers by the Finns. The Finnish nickname for the Gauntlet was
1849:
1507:
Canberra: Australian War Memorial, First Edition 1957. Retrieved: 3 April 2007. Note: Chapter 3, First Libyan Campaign.
936:
713:
644:
545: : Single-seat prototype, still on airframe J9125; fitted with a Bristol Jupiter VII radial piston engine and a
612:
536:
465:
288:
2361:
1842:
219:. However, as early as 1936, frontline squadrons begun to be reequipped with more advanced fighters, such as the
202:
An improved model, the Gauntlet II, featuring structural improvements sourced from Gloster's new parent company,
191:
placed an initial order for 24 aircraft during September of that year. It was procured as a replacement for the
1865:
681:
1496:
Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air, Volume III – Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943
740:
425:
In May 1937, the Gauntlet had reached the peak of its strength in the RAF, with a total of 14 Squadrons of
639:
63:
718:
1770:
Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–1942
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787:
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333:
208:
196:
2113:
2103:
2098:
1985:
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782:
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2183:
2163:
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1960:
1940:
1798:
1773:
1758:
1736:
1719:
1701:
1683:
1659:
1641:
1278:
1143:
707:
686:
666:
430:
220:
152:
2280:
2143:
2118:
1950:
1905:
434:
328:, was completed; on 17 December of that year, it performed its maiden flight from Gloster's
224:
173:
68:
27:
456:
By the outbreak of the Second World War, all but one of the home-based Gauntlet squadrons (
2265:
2235:
2220:
2138:
2082:
2077:
2050:
2020:
1900:
1791:
Stenman, Kari (July–August 2001). "From Britain to Finland: Supplies for the Winter War".
1504:
1190:
1165:
1046:
777:
586:
585: : Single-seat fighter aircraft; modified version of the Gauntlet Mk I incorporating
526:
473:
384:
340:
305:
300:
249:
203:
192:
177:
78:
1586:
429:
operating the type. By 1936 the RAF began to procure more advanced fighters, such as the
410:
and competition flights. One particularly secretive use of the Gauntlet was conducted by
976:
180:(RAF) to have an open cockpit, and also the penultimate biplane fighter in its service.
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2015:
2010:
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1965:
1945:
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676:
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481:
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169:
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1975:
1935:
1910:
1890:
957:
450:
269:
245:
2168:
2148:
734:
546:
496:
484:
transport plane. Gauntlets continued in use for meteorological flights until 1943.
419:
253:
216:
188:
2294:
1925:
1180:
446:
407:
380:
261:
260:, which called for a single-seat fighter aircraft that was to be armed with six
244:
The Gloster Gauntlet can be traced back to the S.S.18 prototype, which made its
195:, being roughly 50 MPH faster while also being more heavily armed. In May 1935,
390:
2304:
2299:
2289:
1829:
1175:
1155:
492:
329:
1802:
1663:
283:
J9125 as the Gauntlet predecessor S.19A in December 1932: Jupiter VIIF engine
1672:
Camouflage & Markings: RAF Fighter Command Northern Europe, 1936 to 1945
606:
279:
316:
1070:
230 mph (370 km/h, 200 kn) at 15,800 ft (4,800 m)
304:
production schedule for 24 Gauntlets as a replacement for one squadron of
691:
1049:
nine-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 645 hp (481 kW)
949:
660:
633:
344:
320:
J9125 as the Gauntlet predecessor S.19B in May 1933: Mercury VIs engine
165:
86:
82:
1652:
Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1976). "Annals of the Gauntlet".
1670:
Goulding, James and Robert Jones. "Gladiator, Gauntlet, Fury, Demon".
504:
1834:
944:
As of 2008, the only remaining airworthy Gauntlet II in the world,
332:
facility. On 25 May 1935, the first two aircraft were delivered to
975:
961:
935:
550:
445:, such as to equip three RAF squadrons that were stationed in the
415:
389:
315:
278:
212:
940:
Gloster Gauntlet in Kauhava, Finland at Midnight Sun Airshow 2006
287:
Despite the S.S.19's promising performance, attitudes within the
1838:
535: : The SS.18, testfitted with a 560 hp (418 kW)
398:
During May 1936, the improved Gauntlet II entered service with
351:, led to the initial batch being retroactively referred as the
576:
525: : The SS.18 was fitted with a 480 hp (358 kW)
1755:
The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II
758:
176:
in the 1930s. It was the last fighter to be operated by the
1750:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1965.
964:. This aircraft is fitted with a 520 hp (388 kW)
1700:(2nd revised ed.), London: Putnam and Company Ltd.,
367:. A total of 204 Gauntlet IIs were produced in the UK.
1716:
On Silver Wings: RAF Biplane Fighters between the Wars
215:, a technique that would prove to be vital during the
414:, which participated in early trials of ground-based
324:
During December 1934, the first production Gauntlet,
1735:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992.
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
472:
was formed in Sudan with a mixture of Gauntlets and
2313:
2279:
2213:
2192:
2091:
1873:
1640:. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005.
1498:(Australian Official Histories – Second World War).
1440:
1438:
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1360:
1150:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
148:
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106:
101:
93:
74:
62:
54:
46:
41:
20:
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1587:"Gloster Gauntlet II GT-400 / OH-XGT (s/n K5271)"
1314:
1312:
375:The first squadron to receive the Gauntlet I was
199:became the first unit to receive the Gauntlet I.
1809:Wixey, Kenneth E. "The Gloster Gauntlet story".
1277:. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 347.
32:An ex-Finnish Air Force Gloster Gauntlet Mk II,
1813:. Vol. 14 No. 1, January 1980. pp. 13–17.
1850:
1748:The Gloster Gauntlet (Aircraft in Profile 10)
1477:
1475:
575: : Single-seat fighter aircraft for the
555:Gloster SS.19 photo from L'Aerophile May 1932
347:. The revised aircraft, usually known as the
8:
1857:
1843:
1835:
1581:
1579:
1554:
1552:
1094:20,000 ft (6,100 m) in 9 minutes
17:
476:in the army co-operation role during the
1268:
1266:
1264:
1785:Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1918–57
1593:(in Finnish). Karhulan Ilmailukerho r.y
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1219:
1203:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
1076:460 mi (740 km, 400 nmi)
449:. However, in September 1938, when the
394:A line of Gloster Gauntlets, circa 1936
36:, taking off at Selänpää Airfield, 2008
1757:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994.
1714:Lumsden, Alec; Thetford, Owen (1993),
1349:"New Fighting Plane Carries Six Guns."
1100:12.6 lb/sq ft (62 kg/m)
1787:. London: Putnam, First edition 1957.
1718:, London: Osprey Publishing Company,
1015:32 ft 9.5 in (9.995 m)
168:fighter designed and produced by the
7:
1591:Flying Museum of Karhula Flying Club
1109:0.162 hp/lb (0.266 kW/kg)
954:Karhula Flying Club Aviation Museum
952:where it spends its summers in the
1826:– British Aircraft of World War II
1516:Shores 1996, pp. 43, 56–59, 61, 63
1021:10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)
1009:26 ft 5 in (8.05 m)
645:No. 1 Squadron Hærens Flyvetropper
14:
1658:. Vol. 2. pp. 163–176.
1638:Bristol Bulldog, Gloster Gauntlet
1027:315 sq ft (29.3 m)
2377:World War II aircraft of Finland
764:
727:
700:
653:
626:
599:
264:and function as a high altitude
26:
1797:. No. 94. pp. 56–59.
1275:Combat Biplanes of World War II
1088:2,300 ft/min (12 m/s)
980:Gloster Gauntlet 3-view drawing
972:Specifications (Gauntlet Mk II)
2357:1930s British fighter aircraft
1733:The British Fighter Since 1912
1674:. London: Ducimus Books, 1971.
1082:33,500 ft (10,200 m)
1055:2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
589:production methods; 221 built.
1:
1772:. London: Grub Street, 1996.
1039:3,970 lb (1,801 kg)
1033:2,770 lb (1,256 kg)
487:Seventeen Gauntlets IIs were
2367:Aircraft first flown in 1933
714:Southern Rhodesian Air Force
1698:Gloster Aircraft since 1917
1680:Gloster Aircraft since 1917
1354:June 1931, bottom of p. 52.
988:Gloster Aircraft since 1917
412:No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron
2393:
1571:Green and Swanborough 1976
1559:Green and Swanborough 1976
1526:Green and Swanborough 1976
613:Royal Australian Air Force
537:Armstrong Siddeley Panther
529:VIIF radial piston engine.
466:Royal Australian Air Force
2352:Conventional landing gear
1696:James, Derek N. (1987) ,
1621:Lumsden and Thetford 1993
1620:
1570:
1558:
1525:
1482:Lumsden and Thetford 1993
1481:
539:III radial piston engine.
25:
1678:James, Derek N. (1971),
1655:Air Enthusiast Quarterly
1503:22 December 2015 at the
1393:James 1971, pp. 176-178.
1339:James 1971, pp. 174-175.
1327:James 1971, pp. 173-174.
1306:James 1971, pp. 172-173.
1297:James 1971, pp. 170-171.
1682:, London: Bodley Head,
994:General characteristics
741:South African Air Force
172:aeroplane manufacturer
1444:Thetford 1957, p. 224.
981:
941:
556:
395:
321:
284:
235:Design and development
1768:Shores, Christopher.
1273:Smith, Peter (2014).
1047:Bristol Mercury VI S2
979:
939:
554:
478:East African campaign
393:
319:
294:Specification F.20/27
282:
258:Specification F.10/27
2241:Meteor "Prone Pilot"
1830:Hakans Aviation Page
1811:Aircraft Illustrated
1546:Mondey 1994, p. 111.
1127:Vickers machine guns
1125:Two Ă— 0.303 in
439:Supermarine Spitfire
274:RAF Martlesham Heath
229:Supermarine Spitfire
1611:James 1971, p. 184.
1469:Mason 1992, p. 237.
1460:James 1971, p. 181.
1432:James 1971, p. 179.
1423:Mason 1992, p. 238.
1407:James 1971, p. 178.
1384:James 1971, p. 176.
1366:Mason 1992, p. 210.
1318:James 1971, p. 173.
1138:Related development
948:, is registered in
640:Hærens Flyvetropper
427:RAF Fighter Command
371:Operational history
301:Bristol Mercury VIs
250:Bristol Mercury IIA
209:RAF Fighter Command
164:was a single-seat
42:General information
2193:Monoplane fighters
1746:Mason, Francis K.
1731:Mason, Francis K.
1537:Wixey 1981, p. 17.
1375:James 1971, p. 175
1161:Blériot-SPAD S.510
982:
942:
932:Surviving aircraft
557:
396:
322:
285:
2339:
2338:
2114:Mars VI Nighthawk
1493:Herington, John.
1144:Gloster Gladiator
1092:Time to altitude:
928:
927:
708:Southern Rhodesia
667:Finnish Air Force
431:Gloster Gladiator
221:Gloster Gladiator
158:
157:
153:Gloster Gladiator
144:Gloster S.S.18/19
115:Introduction date
2384:
2362:Gloster aircraft
2092:Biplane fighters
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1824:Gloster Gauntlet
1806:
1783:Thetford, Owen.
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996:
916:No. 616 Squadron
911:No. 615 Squadron
906:No. 602 Squadron
901:No. 601 Squadron
896:No. 504 Squadron
891:No. 237 Squadron
886:No. 234 Squadron
881:No. 213 Squadron
876:No. 151 Squadron
871:No. 112 Squadron
866:No. 111 Squadron
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730:
706:
704:
703:
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605:
603:
602:
489:licence-produced
474:Vickers Vincents
435:Hawker Hurricane
420:Second World War
404:No. 111 Squadron
365:No. 111 Squadron
256:was formulating
225:Hawker Hurricane
217:Second World War
174:Gloster Aircraft
162:Gloster Gauntlet
69:Gloster Aircraft
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968:radial engine.
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861:No. 80 Squadron
856:No. 79 Squadron
851:No. 74 Squadron
838:No. 73 Squadron
833:No. 66 Squadron
828:No. 65 Squadron
823:No. 56 Squadron
818:No. 54 Squadron
813:No. 47 Squadron
808:No. 46 Squadron
803:No. 33 Squadron
798:No. 32 Squadron
793:No. 19 Squadron
788:No. 17 Squadron
778:Royal Air Force
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692:No. 35 Squadron
687:No. 17 Squadron
682:No. 25 Squadron
677:No. 34 Squadron
672:No. 30 Squadron
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527:Bristol Jupiter
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400:No. 56 Squadron
385:Bristol Bulldog
377:No. 19 Squadron
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361:No. 56 Squadron
339:As a result of
334:No. 19 Squadron
314:
312:Into production
306:Bristol Bulldog
242:
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197:No. 19 Squadron
193:Bristol Bulldog
178:Royal Air Force
135:
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79:Royal Air Force
55:National origin
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772:United Kingdom
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470:430 Flight RAF
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1778:1-898697-37-X
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1763:1-85152-668-4
1760:
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1741:1-55750-082-7
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1725:1-85532-374-5
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1707:0-85177-807-0
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1197:Related lists
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573:Gauntlet Mk I
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451:Munich Crisis
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270:Henry Folland
267:
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246:maiden flight
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75:Primary users
73:
70:
67:
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61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
29:
24:
19:
16:
2214:Jet aircraft
2178:
1970:
1920:
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1792:
1784:
1769:
1754:
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1732:
1715:
1697:
1679:
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1637:
1631:Bibliography
1616:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1566:
1542:
1533:
1521:
1512:
1495:
1489:
1465:
1428:
1389:
1380:
1371:
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922:
762:
735:South Africa
725:
698:
651:
624:
597:
582:
572:
566:
560:
547:Townend ring
542:
532:
522:
516:
503:(literally "
500:
497:Soviet Union
495:against the
486:
458:616 Squadron
455:
424:
397:
374:
357:
352:
348:
338:
325:
323:
298:
286:
262:machine guns
254:Air Ministry
243:
201:
189:Air Ministry
182:
161:
159:
134:1943 (U.K.)
123:First flight
107:Manufactured
94:Number built
64:Manufacturer
33:
15:
2174:Gnatsnapper
2109:Sparrowhawk
1597:2 September
1181:Hawker Fury
1061:Performance
1053:Propellers:
1043:Powerplant:
579:; 24 built.
447:Middle East
381:RAF Duxford
349:Gauntlet II
266:interceptor
2346:Categories
1209:References
1176:Fiat CR.30
1156:Avia B-534
1105:Power/mass
1025:Wing area:
493:Winter War
353:Gauntlet I
330:Hucclecote
240:Background
2281:Schneider
2184:Gladiator
2164:Goldfinch
1803:0143-5450
1664:0143-5450
1623:, p. 185.
1573:, p. 171.
1561:, p. 170.
1528:, p. 175.
1484:, p. 191.
1235:Citations
1013:Wingspan:
985:Data from
607:Australia
594:Operators
289:Air Staff
110:1933–1936
2372:Biplanes
2179:Gauntlet
2144:Gamecock
1868:aircraft
1501:Archived
1133:See also
1115:Armament
511:Variants
501:Kotletti
462:No.3 Sqn
149:Variants
21:Gauntlet
2236:Javelin
2221:E.28/39
2139:Gorcock
2001:SS/G.37
1976:TC/G.33
1966:AS/G.31
1866:Gloster
1227:ratios.
1019:Height:
1007:Length:
956:at the
950:Finland
661:Finland
634:Denmark
464:of the
345:welding
170:British
166:biplane
131:Retired
102:History
87:Denmark
83:Finland
50:Fighter
2331:TSR.38
2321:Survey
2283:Racers
2231:E.1/44
2226:Meteor
2205:F.9/37
2200:F.5/34
2169:Gambet
2159:Goring
2134:Grouse
2124:Gannet
2011:TSR.38
1801:
1776:
1761:
1739:
1722:
1704:
1686:
1662:
1644:
1281:
1074:Range:
946:GT-400
923:
769:
732:
705:
658:
631:
604:
587:Hawker
567:SS.19B
561:SS.19A
533:SS.18B
523:SS.18A
505:cutlet
341:Hawker
204:Hawker
34:GT-400
2326:TC.33
2314:Other
2271:P.370
2154:Goral
2129:Grebe
1996:FS.36
1991:SS.35
1981:SS.34
1921:SS.19
1916:SS.18
1214:Notes
1123:Guns:
1001:Crew:
962:Kotka
960:near
543:SS.19
517:SS.18
416:radar
326:K4081
213:radar
2266:GA.5
2261:GA.4
2256:GA.3
2251:GA.2
2246:GA.1
2149:Guan
2099:Mars
2083:GA.6
2078:GA.5
2073:GA.4
2068:GA.3
2063:GA.2
2058:GA.1
2051:G.50
2046:G.47
2041:G.44
2036:G.43
2031:G.42
2026:G.41
2021:G.40
2016:G.39
2006:G.38
1986:G.35
1971:G.32
1961:G.30
1956:G.28
1951:G.27
1946:G.25
1941:G.23
1936:G.22
1931:G.21
1926:G.20
1911:G.18
1906:G.17
1901:G.16
1896:G.14
1891:G.12
1886:G.11
1799:ISSN
1774:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1660:ISSN
1642:ISBN
1599:2021
1279:ISBN
1045:1 Ă—
507:").
437:and
402:and
363:and
227:and
160:The
126:1933
118:1935
47:Type
2295:III
1881:G.1
577:RAF
379:at
359:to
97:246
2348::
2305:VI
2300:IV
2290:II
1589:.
1578:^
1551:^
1474:^
1449:^
1437:^
1412:^
1398:^
1359:^
1332:^
1311:^
1243:^
433:,
422:.
355:.
268:;
223:,
2104:I
1858:e
1851:t
1844:v
1805:.
1780:.
1765:.
1743:.
1666:.
1648:.
1601:.
1287:.
1107::
1003:1
549:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
