1422:
2551:
2479:
827:
548:
2362:
1571:
as it tried to dive away. There was a brief flicker of flame and the last
Italian aircraft to be shot down over East Africa spun into the ground and burst into flames near Ambazzo. The next day the wreckage was found, the dead pilot still in the cockpit. Hope dropped a message on Italian positions at Ambazzo: "Tribute to the pilot of the Fiat. He was a brave man. South African Air Force." But operational record books of the Commonwealth units in the area state that they did not suffer any losses on this date. The dedication of the posthumous
2247:
2175:
2722:
2456:
2294:
600:
replaced by the
Hurricane and Spitfire in front-line RAF service. The introduction of these aircraft had been eased by the presence of the Gladiator, squadrons that had operated Gladiators prior to converting to the monoplane types experienced a noticeably improved accident record than those who converted from older types such as the Gauntlet. Experiences such as operating the Gladiator's landing flaps and familiarisation with its sliding hood have been attributed to having favourably impacted pilot conversion.
2197:
2107:
2271:
2152:
1675:
918:
2129:
674:. In China, Gladiators were used extensively before the start of 1940 by the 28th, 29th, and 32nd squadrons of the 3rd Group. Chinese aviators considered the Gladiator an excellent fighter in its class, but pilots soon found it increasingly difficult to hold their own against the modern A5M, and because of a lack of spare parts due to an arms embargo, the surviving Gladiators were mostly relegated to training. When newer Japanese aircraft such as the
2527:
2730:
5559:
5536:
5524:
722:
51:
1268:
934:
1960:, from No. 33 and 80 Squadrons, with ten individual kills, 1 shared kill, and 1.5 damaged. Flight Lieutenant Joe P. Fraser, from No. 112 Squadron, and Flight Sergeant Don S. Gregory, from Nos. 33 and 80 Squadrons, scored all of their kills (respectively, 9.5 and 8) flying the Gladiator. Sergeant C. E. "Cas" Casbolt, from No. 80 Squadron, shot down 7.5 enemy aircraft (plus one probably destroyed and 1.5 damaged).
585:
on the type was so high that a small replacement batch of 28 Gladiator Mk IIs was hurriedly produced. Most accidents were caused by pilots being caught out by the fighter's increased wing loading, and many aviators had little experience in landing aircraft with such a wide flap area. The aircraft had a tendency to stall more abruptly, frequently dropping a wing while doing so. The
Gladiator very easily entered a
1516:
Gladiator, optimised for dogfighting, met with only little success against the relatively fast
Italian bombers, shooting down only a handful of them and suffering almost as many losses in the process, which could be one of the reasons for its quick retirement from first-line duty; the CR.42 on the other hand was successful against early British bombers, shooting down a hundred of them with minimal losses.
2073:
2408:
1532:, thus it was decided that an offensive would be necessary, in which the Gladiator would face off against the Italian biplane fighters: Fiat CR.32s and CR.42s. On 6 November 1940, in the first hour of the British offensive against Ethiopia, the Fiat CR.42 fighters of the 412a Squadriglia led by Capt. Antonio Raffi shot down five Gloster Gladiators of 1 SAAF Sqn; among the Italian pilots was the ace
926:
2432:
2317:
2219:
299:
2051:
2385:
2339:
1925:, and underneath there are hundreds of small thin sticks, the kind you put under the logs for kindling, only these are drier and thinner. If a clever man said, 'I am going to build a big thing that will burn better and quicker than anything else in the world,' and if he applied himself diligently to his task, he would probably finish up by building something very like a Gladiator.
2505:
387:
402:. Initially powered by a 530 hp (400 kW) Mercury IV engine, the prototype was quickly re-equipped with a more powerful 645 hp (481 kW) Mercury VIS engine. During flight tests, the prototype attained a top speed of 242 mph (389 km/h; 210 kn) while carrying the required four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns (two synchronised
628:
1512:
battle highlighted the strong points of the
Gladiator over the CR.42, especially the radio equipment, which had permitted a coordinated attack, being also crucial for obtaining the initial surprise, and the Gladiator's superior low-altitude overall performance, including speed and a markedly superior horizontal manoeuvrability over its Italian opponent.
710:, and the aircraft was mostly used for reconnaissance from 1941. The Finnish Air Force obtained 45 aerial victories by 22 pilots with the aircraft during the Winter War and one victory during the Continuation War. Twelve Gladiators were lost in combat during the Winter War and three during the Continuation War. Two pilots became aces with this aircraft:
1621:. The following day, a clash between 20 Gladiators and ten CR.42s resulted in a loss of five, two of them Italians. After a break of two weeks, 80 Sqn returned to operations on 19 December 1940. On 21 December, 20 Gladiators intercepted a force of 15 CR.42 Falcos, shooting down two with two losses. Over the next few days, several groups of Italian
2575:
706:(FAF) obtained 30 Mk II fighters from the UK. Ten of the aircraft were donated, while the other 20 were bought by the FAF; all were delivered between 18 January and 16 February 1940, the first entering service on 2 February 1940. The Finnish Gladiators served until 1945, but they were outclassed by modern Soviet fighters during the
1759:("Flyer Command Iraq") which from 14 May operated out of Mosul. Before this force collapsed due to lack of supplies, replacements, and quality fuel in addition to aggressive RAF attacks, two Gladiators fought a pair of Bf. 110s over Rashid Airfield at Baghdad on 17 May. Both German machines were swiftly shot down.
778:(BEF) into France to fight alongside the French army. As part of this force, RAF units operating various aircraft were dispatched to contribute, including two Gladiator squadrons. Initial air operations on either side were limited by the winter weather; however, immediately following Germany's commencement of the
2085:
1717:
Before the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq, the 4th
Service Training School at RAF Habbaniya operated three old Gladiators as officers' runabouts. With the increased tension, the base was reinforced with another six Gladiators on 19 April, flying in from Egypt. During the early part of the war, these
584:
By
September 1937, all eight Gladiator squadrons had achieved operational status and had formed the spearhead of London's air defences. Difficulties with introducing the type had been experienced. Although the Gladiator was typically well-liked by pilots, the accident rate during operational training
350:
Gloster recognised that instead of developing an all-new design from scratch, the existing
Gauntlet fighter could be used as a basis for a contender to meet Specification F.7/30. Development of what would become the Gladiator began as a private venture, internally designated as the SS.37, at Gloster,
1570:
According to
Gustavsson, SAAF pilot (no. 47484V) Lieutenant Lancelot Charles Henry "Paddy" Hope, at Dabat airfield, scrambled to intercept the CR.42 (MM7117). Diving on it, he opened fire at 300 yards. Although the CR.42 pilot took violent evasive action, Hope pursued, closing to 20 yards and firing
1515:
Overall, the few
Gladiators and CR.42s clashed with a substantial parity: considering all theatres, the kill ratio was 1.2-to-1 in favour of the former, a ratio similar to that of the Bf 109 and the Spitfire in the Battle of Britain, a duel considered evenly balanced by most historians. However, the
1705:
and demands from the revolutionary Iraqi government, a preemptive RAF attack was launched to break the encirclement. During this action, Iraqi Gladiators took part in attacks on the British air base, repeatedly strafing it ineffectively. Although much of the RoIAF was destroyed in the air or on the
1539:
Early on in the offensive, Gladiators of No. 94 Squadron performed various attacks on the Italian forces; typical targets included airfields, supply depots, and aircraft. They were also assigned the mission of defending Aden airspace at day and night, and to protect Allied shipping operating in the
1027:
aircraft; Luftwaffe bombers attacked the runway that day, wounding several pilots on the ground. By the end of the day, ten Gladiators had been destroyed for the loss of three German aircraft. After less than a week, all the squadron's aircraft were unserviceable and the personnel were evacuated to
599:
During 1938, the RAF had begun to receive its first deliveries of the Hurricane and Spitfire monoplanes; an emphasis was soon placed on quickly re-equipping half of the Gladiator squadrons with either of these monoplane types. By the outbreak of the Second World War, the Gladiator had largely been
2919:
In at least some Sea Gladiators, provision existed for a pair of Brownings to be fitted under the upper wings as well, bringing the total to six. Official service release trials were not completed before the Sea Gladiators were replaced by later types – but some upper wing Brownings may have been
510:
fighter to be manufactured, and the first to feature an enclosed cockpit. It possessed a top speed of about 257 mph (414 km/h; 223 kn), yet even as the Gladiator was introduced, it was already being eclipsed by new-generation monoplane fighters, such as the RAF Hawker Hurricane and
330:
inline engine; many of the submissions produced by various aviation companies in response accordingly featured the Goshawk engine. However, the Goshawk engine proved to be unreliable, mainly due to its overcomplex and underdeveloped cooling system, and unsuited to use on fighter aircraft and this
1554:
had only two serviceable aircraft remaining: a CR.32 and a CR.42, therefore air superiority was finally achieved by Gladiators and the Hurricanes. The Gladiator's last air combat with an Italian fighter was on 24 October 1941, with the CR.42 of Tenente Malavolti (or, according to historian Håkan
1511:
elite unit) by surprise over Gabr Saleh, well inside Italian territory. British pilots claimed 13 to 16 confirmed victories and one to seven probables, while losing two Gladiators. Actually the Italians lost four aircraft, and four more force-landed (it seems that all were later recovered). That
596:. From September to December 1938, 33 Squadron RAF flew Gladiator strafing missions in support of British Mandate security forces. These were often in mountainous areas, and the aircraft came under substantial rifle fire. Three aircraft were destroyed, and two pilots killed, in these operations.
1071:
On 2 June, one Gladiator pilot, Louis Jacobsen, was credited with the destruction of three Heinkel He 111s, along with the probable destruction of a Junkers Ju 88 and another He 111 aircraft, during one sortie. British action in the theatre was short but intense before the squadrons, due to the
1857:
After becoming obsolete, RAF Gladiators carried out non-combat tasks such as meteorological work, being operated as such across various parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Europe as late as 1944. By the end of the war, few intact aircraft remained and many of these were quickly scrapped. Two
1770:
and clashed with escorting Gladiators in what was to prove the final air-to-air combat of the brief campaign. Italian pilots claimed two No. 94 Sqn Gladiators; one Fiat was shot down by a Gladiator flown by Wg. Cdr. Wightman, close to Khan Nuqta. Following the end of hostilities in Iraq, No 94
1632:
One of the more notable Gladiator engagements of the whole war occurred on the Albanian border with Greece on 28 February 1941. A mixed force of 28 Gladiators and Hurricanes encountered roughly 50 Italian aircraft, and claimed to have shot down or severely damaged at least 27 of them. A single
1536:, who later became the top scoring pilot of all belligerent air forces in Eastern Africa (Africa Orientale) and the top biplane fighter ace of World War II. Tactically, the SAAF aircraft erred by engaging the CR.42's in a piecemeal fashion and not en masse, and they were heavily outnumbered.
1380:
was shot down on 31 July 1940. Its pilot, Flying Officer Peter Hartley, scrambled at 09.45 with fellow pilots F. F. Taylor and Flight Lieutenant "Timber" Woods, to intercept an SM.79, escorted by nine CR.42s from 23° Gruppo. During a dogfight a CR.42 flown by Serg. Manlio Tarantino shot down
311:
were keen to supersede these aircraft. In particular, some dissatisfaction had arisen with the level of reliability experienced with the 'one pilot, two machine guns' design formula previously used; the guns were often prone to jams and being unreliable. The Air Ministry's technical planning
1567:. According to the Italian historian Nico Sgarlato, the CR.42 was intercepted by three Gladiators and managed to shoot down two of them, but was then itself shot down and the pilot killed. Other authors state that Malavolti managed only to fire on the two Gladiators before being shot down.
316:, which sought a new aircraft capable of a maximum speed of at least 250 mph (400 km/h), an armament of no fewer than four machine guns, and such handling that that same fighter could be used by both day and night squadrons. Gloster, being already engaged with development of the
1839:
that had broken from their moorings. For a short time in 1940, an order was given to Irish fighter pilots to use their aircraft to block the runways of airfields. They were then to use rifles and shoot at any invaders. Irish Gladiators also overflew the site of the sinking of the liner
418:, and commenced operational evaluations of the type. Around the same time, Gloster proceeded to plan a further improved version, featuring an 840 hp (630 kW) Mercury IX engine, a two-blade wooden fixed-pitch propeller, improved wheel discs, and a fully enclosed cockpit.
1059:
a few days later and several German aircraft were shot down. Due to unsuitable ground at Skånland, 46 Squadron moved to Bardufoss and was operating from this base by 27 May. The squadrons had been ordered to defend the fleet anchorage at Skånland and the Norwegian naval base at
793:
From 10 May 1940 to 17 May, the Gladiators were in continuous demand on the front line, quickly losing numerous aircraft and their crews in the rapid action. On 18 May 1940, a Luftwaffe bombing raid destroyed many of the BEF's Gladiators and Hurricanes on the ground at
909:
and destroyed while refuelling and rearming at Fornebu airport. The remaining four operational fighters were ordered to land wherever they could away from the base. The Gladiators landed on frozen lakes around Oslo and were abandoned by their pilots, then wrecked by
1490:
while they were strafing British armoured vehicles. The battle became confused. Initially it was thought that only the old CR.32s were involved, but there were also many CR.42s; it is likely that the then inexperienced Pattle was shot down by another future ace,
1685:
The Royal Iraqi Air Force (RoIAF) had been trained and equipped by the British prior to independence in 1932. One result of this was the dominance of British-built aircraft in the RoIAF inventory. In 1941, the sole RoIAF single-purpose fighter squadron,
438:
to power in Germany, in response to which the British government mandated an urgent expansion of the RAF to counter the emerging threats. This culminated in an initial order for 23 aircraft. On 1 July 1935, the aircraft formally received the name
463:, the last aircraft of the initial batch, was delivered. In September 1935, a follow-up order of 180 aircraft was also received from the Air Ministry; this order had the proviso that all aircraft had to be delivered before the end of 1937.
1495:. On this occasion, the Fiats managed to surprise the Gladiators, shooting down three of them. Wykeham Barnes, who was shot down but survived, claimed a Breda 65, while Pattle claimed a Ba 65 and a CR.42. On 8 August 1940, during another
425:
In June 1935, production plans for the aircraft were proposed; two weeks later, a production specification, Specification F.14/35, had been rapidly drawn up, partially prompted by events in continental Europe, such as the invasion of
2626:. It was operated by No. 263 squadron and abandoned at Lake Lesjaskog during the squadron's retreat. The aircraft had been purchased by a local farmer who preserved it into the 1960s when it was brought to the museum for restoration.
1771:
Squadron handed its Gladiators over to SAAF and RAAF units. The Iraqis continued to operate their remaining Gladiators, some remaining in use as late as 1949; these were reportedly used to conduct ground-attack missions against the
5402:
Stulas, Saulius (January 1998). "Le chasseur biplan Gloster Gladiator, ou la fin d'une époque (5ème partie: les Gladiator Lithuaniens)" [The Biplane Fighter Gloster Gladiator, or the End of an Era (Lithuanian Gladiators)].
410:
under the lower wing). According to aviation author Francis K. Mason, the Air Ministry were sceptical about the aircraft achieving such performance from a radial engine design, so funded a protracted series of evaluation trials.
478:
F.36/37 (the delivery of 252 planes took until April 1940). The main differences were a slightly more powerful Mercury VIIIAS engine with Hobson mixture control boxes and a partly automatic boost-control carburettor, driving a
1783:
After the end of the Iraq fighting the British invaded Vichy French-controlled Syria to prevent the area from falling under direct German control. The French in Syria had supported the Iraqi rebellion materially and allowed
1613:, only one of which returned to base. On 27 November, seven Gladiators attacked three Falcos, shooting down the lead aircraft, piloted by Com. Masfaldi, commanding the 364a Squadriglia. On 28 November, the commander of 365a
306:
During the 1920s, Britain's air defences had been based around interceptor aircraft capable of flying only for short ranges and at speeds of 150 to 200 miles per hour (240 to 320 km/h), but by 1930, figures within the
805:
Gladiators typically flew patrol flights that led to occasional clashes with Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft. On 17 October 1940, British Gladiators scored their first success when No 607 Squadron "B" Flight shot down a
667:"Claude" naval fighter, the first victim of a Gladiator. Wong is believed to have shot down a second A5M as the wrecks of two Japanese fighters were found. During that clash, Chinese Gladiators lost two of their number.
1372:
had started with a numerical advantage and air superiority, during the summer of 1940 the situation was reversed, with Hurricanes being delivered as fast as possible and gradually taking over the island's air defence.
733:, responsible for the air defence of northernmost Finland during the later part of the Winter War, was also equipped with Gladiator fighters, known as J8s (Mk Is) and J8As (Mk IIs). The Flying Regiment F 19 arrived in
1367:
who managed to shoot down two S.79s and two CR.42s, also claiming a Macchi hit on 11 June and another S.79 damaged. The Gladiators forced Italian fighters to escort bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. Although the
655:. By February 1938, these aircraft had been assembled into two squadrons and the Chinese pilots familiarised themselves with them. The Gloster Gladiator had its combat début on 24 February 1938. That day, in the
1004:
during the remaining two months of the Norwegian campaign. Prior to the German invasion of Norway, Britain had prepared this squadron with low-temperature environmental training. 263 Squadron arrived on the
1807:
As late as mid-1941, the RAF Chief-of-Air Staff offered 21 Gloster Gladiators gathered from various meteorological and communications flights in the Middle East, as well as five from a Free French unit, to
518:. In total, 747 aircraft were built (483 RAF, 98 RN), with 216 being exported to 13 countries, some of which were from the total allotted to the RAF. Gladiators were sold to Belgium, China, Egypt, Finland,
6166:
753:
but flew with Finnish nationality markings. The Swedish Gladiators scored eight aerial victories and destroyed four aircraft on the ground. One concern was expressed when F 19's executive officer Captain
562:, became the first squadron to be equipped with the Gladiator; No. 72 operated the type until April 1939, longer than any other home-based frontline unit. Between March and April 1937, No. 3 Squadron at
1293:, in early 1940. Three were later shipped out to take part in the Norwegian Campaign and another three were sent to Egypt. By April, Malta was in need of fighter protection and it was decided to form a
1363:
escort fighters could react. On 11 June 1940, a Gladiator damaged a Macchi and on 23 June, a Gladiator flown by George Burges, managed to shoot down an MC.200. Another successful pilot over Malta was
1068:, as well as the Narvik area after it was recaptured. In the last days of May ground attack missions were also flown by the Gladiators against railway stations, German vehicles and coastal vessels.
652:
1745:
bomber shared with ground fire on 4 May. RAF Gladiators proved effective against the Iraqi aircraft, which had been reinforced by Axis aircraft. Immediately after launching his coup against King
1835:
flying over Dublin on a photographic reconnaissance mission, but were unable to make contact. Although unable to intercept any intruding aircraft, the Irish Gladiators shot down several British
1471:
attacked a British formation of nine Blenheims that was attacking Bardia, and was in turn reportedly attacked by 15 Gladiators. The five Gladiators of 33 Squadron claimed four CR.42s destroyed.
1575:
states that Malavolti shot down a Gladiator and forced another to crash land, but was himself shot down by a third Gladiator. This was the last air-to-air victory in the East African campaign.
1792:
in June–July 1941 saw heavy fighting both in the air and on land, until the Vichy French authorities in Syria surrendered on 12 July 1941. In one encounter between the Royal Air Force and the
370:, capable of generating 700 hp (520 kW), was selected to power the SS.37, which provided a performance boost over the preceding Gauntlet. Another design choice was the fitting of a
1348:
The Italian air force units deployed against Malta should have easily defeated the Gladiators but its manoeuvrability and good tactics won several engagements, often starting with a dive on
603:
Although by 1941, all Gladiators had been withdrawn from front-line duties defending the British Isles, a need to defend Britain's trade routes throughout the overseas territories of the
1956:, from No. 80 Squadron, who won 15.5 confirmed air victories while flying the Gladiator (out of his 50+ kills), plus four probably destroyed and six damaged. Second was Pilot Officer
1278:, in about September 1940. The aircraft has been refitted with a Bristol Mercury XV engine and three-blade Hamilton Standard variable-pitch propeller salvaged from a Bristol Blenheim.
487:
machine guns (licence-manufactured by the BSA company in Birmingham) in place of the Vickers-Lewis combination of the MK I. A modified Mk II, the Sea Gladiator, was developed for the
278:; Sweden as a neutral noncombatant (although Swedish volunteers fought for Finland against USSR); and Norway, Belgium, and Greece resisting Axis invasion of their respective lands.
1329:
of the island. The aircraft names came into use after the battle. More than three aircraft were operational, though not always at the same time; others were used for spare parts.
355:, who soon identified various changes to increase the aircraft's suitability to conform with the demands of the specification. Making use of wing-design techniques developed by
6159:
4489:
470:
combustion chamber threatened to postpone the readiness of the next-generation fighters, the Air Ministry hedged its bets by procuring three hundreds of Mk II Gladiators as a
1425:
Seven Gladiators of No. 3 Squadron RAAF making a low pass in loose formation over the Squadron's mobile operations room at their landing ground near Sollum, Egypt, circa 1941
5575:
1171:. Although no combat sorties took place at the height of the aerial battles, 247 Squadron Gladiators intercepted a Heinkel He 111 in late October 1940, without result.
1617:, Com. Graffer, was shot down during a combat where seven aircraft were downed, four of them British. On 3 December, the Gladiators were reinforced with elements from
1815:
in order to strengthen the colony's defences against the emerging Japanese threat. The offer was turned down and later reinforcements consisted of Hawker Hurricanes.
1119:, she was sunk along with the aircraft from four squadrons; 263 Squadron lost its CO, S/Ldr John W. Donaldson, and F/Lt Alvin Williams along with eight other pilots.
1753:
approached Germany and Italy for help in repelling any British countermeasures. In response, the Germans assembled a Luftwaffe task force under Iraqi colours called
1633:
Gladiator, piloted by ace pilot Marmaduke "Pat" Pattle, claimed five aircraft during that single skirmish. Actually the British heavily overclaimed as it seems that
6152:
1935:
1421:
242:
The Gladiator saw action in almost all theatres during the Second World War, with a large number of air forces, some of them on the Axis side. The RAF used it in
1540:
vicinity. It was in the latter role that a single 94 Squadron Gladiator, piloted by Gordon Haywood, was responsible for the surrender and capture of the Italian
331:
outcome stalled development of the aircraft intended to use it. A further stumbling point for many of the submitted designs was the placement of the machine gun
4898:
Cony, Christophe (December 1998). "Les Gloster Gladiator en Lettonie, en URSS et en Allemagne" [The Gloster Gladiator in Latvia, the USSR and Germany].
737:
on 10 January 1940 and remained there until the end of hostilities. It fielded 12 Gladiator Mk II fighters, two of which were lost during the fighting and five
1847:
in 1939 and offered the help of the Irish military. The flight was fired upon by Royal Navy ships in attendance, consequently, the Irish Gladiators withdrew.
5613:
1904:
taking off. Stromberg dived on it and shot it down into the forest near its airfield with two bursts. This was the last confirmed victory in the Gladiator.
455:
facility. Production of the initial batch was performed simultaneously, leading to many aircraft being completed around the same time. On 16 February 1937,
1737:
During the fighting, the sole Gladiator-on-Gladiator kill occurred on 5 May, when Plt. Off. Watson of the fighter flight shot down an Iraqi Gladiator over
577:, which were substantially more popular, leading to the other guns often only being resorted to if deemed necessary. On 27 March 1937, No. 54 Squadron at
5659:
5605:
3732:
775:
682:
and first American fighter ace of the war, was eventually shot down in combat with A6M Zeros on 14 March 1941 and died two days later from his injuries.
1706:
ground in the following days, the Iraqi Gladiators kept flying until the end of the war, carrying out strafing attacks on A Company of 1 Battalion, The
1459:, shot down a Gladiator; it was the first claim made against the RAF in the desert war. On the afternoon of 24 July, CR.42s and Gladiators clashed over
7342:
758:
wrote in his memoirs, that the tracer rounds of the Gladiator's machine guns would not ignite the aviation spirit when penetrating the fuel tanks of
7327:
2236:
2088:
1256:
7312:
3008:
363:
wings in place of the two-bay wings of the Gauntlet, and two pairs of interplane struts were also dispensed with as a drag-reduction measure. The
593:
818:, to intercept a group of approaching German aircraft. Lt Cdr J. C. Cockburn was credited with one destroyed and Blue Section with a "damaged".
6043:
1878:
was the last to use the Gloster biplane in combat. It was under Finnish insignia that the Gladiator achieved its last air victory. During the
7337:
5487:
5472:
5395:
5117:
5072:
5042:
5012:
4997:
4844:
3013:
1188:
730:
267:
4931:
Hurricanes over Singapore – RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action against the Japanese over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942
1656:
during the last week of April. There No 112 Sqn recorded a few claims over twin-engined aircraft before being evacuated to Egypt during the
1644:
by the end of January 1941, and by the end of the following month, had received 80 Sqn's Gladiators, after the latter unit had converted to
5102:
1812:
394:
In spring 1934, Gloster embarked on the construction of a single SS.37 prototype. On 12 September 1934, the SS.37 prototype conducted its
4368:
6175:
2067:
475:
313:
5590:
4573:
3850:
1800:
monoplane fighter aircraft. In a confused battle, both sides lost one aircraft shot down and one severely damaged. French fighter ace
1135:, on 24 April 1940 Belgian Gladiators on neutrality patrol shot down a German Heinkel He 111 bomber which subsequently crashed in the
874:. On 9 April, the first day of the invasion of Norway, the seven serviceable aircraft managed to shoot down five German aircraft: two
266:
was similarly equipped). Other countries deploying the Gladiator included China against Japan, beginning in 1938; Finland (along with
4497:
7206:
5502:
5450:
5347:
5325:
5310:
5288:
5266:
5230:
5215:
5087:
5057:
5027:
4982:
4960:
4938:
4923:
4874:
4859:
4432:
3514:
1609:
by 19 November. That same day, the Gladiator debut came in the form of a surprise, intercepting a section of five Italian CR.42s on
886:
503:. Of the 98 aircraft built as, or converted to, Sea Gladiators, 54 were still in service by the outbreak of the Second World War.
466:
The first version, the Gladiator Mk I, was delivered from July 1936, becoming operational in January 1937. When difficulties with
4603:
3018:
1766:
had also dispatched a force of 12 Fiat CR.42s that arrived in Iraq on 23 May. Six days later, the Fiat CR.42s intercepted an RAF
969:
965:
3504:
7317:
7261:
2495:
1804:
shot down the Gladiator for his 15th confirmed kill. Le Gloan himself had to crash-land his damaged D.520 at his own air base.
1722:
field. The RAF's Gladiator force in Iraq was further reinforced when, on 11 May, another five aircraft arrived, this time from
826:
483:
fixed-pitch three-blade metal propeller, instead of the two-blade wooden one of the Mark I. All MK II Gladiators also carried
6427:
5652:
3286:
2655:
1083:
By then, 263 Squadron had flown 249 sorties and claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed. The ten surviving Gladiators landed on
3472:
3413:
2550:
607:
had been recognised, so the RAF redeployed many of its Gladiators to the Middle East to defend the theatre and the crucial
4237:
2677:
2165:
1101:
547:
127:
5600:
3709:
3572:
235:
designs even as it was being introduced. Though often pitted against more advanced fighters during the early days of the
4708:
7013:
941:
on 28 April 1940 and abandoned the same day. It eventually sank in May and was recovered in 1968 by a diving team from
635:
In October 1937, the Chinese Central Government ordered 36 Gladiator Is, which were delivered in two crated batches to
499:
attachment points, a strengthened airframe, and an underbelly fairing for a dinghy lifeboat, all for operations aboard
6883:
6581:
6447:
2703:
2597:
1402:
1095:
6417:
3500:
611:. The Gladiator saw considerable action during early stages of the war, including participating in the action in the
422:
was later used to trial modifications for production aircraft, such as the addition of a sliding hood for the pilot.
4629:
7147:
6721:
2397:
2119:
2077:
1652:
and quickly established air superiority. As the Allied troops retreated, Gladiators covered them, before flying to
1192:
644:
574:
551:
137:
570:. Initial service with the type proved the Vickers guns to be problematical; the Gladiator was quickly armed with
7322:
7281:
7251:
7191:
7186:
7053:
6467:
6344:
5645:
2619:
1827:
was supplied with four Gladiators on 9 March 1939. On 29 December 1940, two Irish Gladiators were scrambled from
1541:
1131:, with all 15 operational aircraft lost, while only managing to damage two German aircraft. During the preceding
953:
859:
327:
6691:
4545:
3729:
7151:
7008:
6552:
6542:
5668:
3181:
2637:
2445:
2187:
2022:
Version powered by a single Bristol Mercury VIIIA air-cooled radial piston engine. The aircraft was designated
1983:
claimed 5 of his 44 victories with Gladiators. Several other FiAF aces also claimed victories with Gladiators.
1031:
Having re-equipped in Britain, 263 Squadron resumed its Gladiator operations in Norway when it returned to the
671:
142:
93:
1056:
6973:
5610:
1858:
survivors were privately purchased by V.H. Bellamy, who completed a flightworthy Gladiator out of parts from
7241:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6512:
6507:
4881:
Cony, Christophe (September 1998). "Les Gloster Gladiator égyptiens" [Egyptian Gloster Gladiators].
2692:
2666:
2469:
1196:
851:
831:
531:
480:
2721:
1948:
The top scoring Gladiator aces flew it in North Africa and Greece, scoring most of their successes against
1486:(eventually to become one of the top-scoring Allied aces with approximately 50 claims) that were attacking
1364:
1015:
on 24 April and operated from an improvised landing strip built by Norwegian volunteers on the frozen lake
7246:
7122:
6983:
6853:
6741:
6731:
6686:
6492:
6392:
6372:
2688:
2605:
2157:
1809:
1793:
1789:
1681:
guard Gloster Gladiators of No. 94 Squadron RAF at the landing ground at H4 pumping station in Transjordan
1626:
1622:
1349:
1310:
1294:
1283:
1233:
1176:
742:
88:
1979:
Gladiator ace was Captain Paavo Berg, who claimed 6 of his 11 victories with Gladiators. Warrant Officer
1687:
7216:
6943:
6601:
6329:
4463:
2913:
2461:
2209:
1750:
1302:
1301:, to be composed of RAF and FAA personnel. Several Sea Gladiators were assembled and test-flown. In the
1036:
988:
before the surrender. Three naval M.F.11s and one He 115 flew to Finland, landing on Lake Salmijärvi in
871:
484:
332:
263:
255:
104:
6339:
5595:
5158:
Ledet, Michel (April 1999). "Les Gloster Gladiator portugais" [Portuguese Gloster Gladiators].
5141:
Ledet, Michel (March 1999). "Les Gloster Gladiator norvégians" [Norwegian Gloster Gladiators].
4519:
3691:
2042:
Single-seat fighter biplane for the Royal Navy, 60 built. Fitted with arrestor hooks and provision for
1755:
1413:
today. The fate of at least five more Gladiators that saw action over Malta is not as well documented.
6144:
5733:
7023:
6998:
6893:
6768:
6759:
6736:
6606:
6591:
6462:
6199:
2893:
2421:
2374:
1918:
1618:
1381:
Hartley's Gladiator (N5519), badly burning him. Woods shot down Antonio Chiodi, commander of the 75a
1172:
1156:
1001:
957:
875:
670:
Chinese Gladiators scored several more victories over Japanese aircraft from 1938 to 1940 during the
586:
527:
515:
344:
2608:. Research on the airframe has indicated that it incorporates parts of at least one other Gladiator.
566:
also received Gladiators from the remainder of the first production batch, replacing their obsolete
7176:
7127:
6681:
6656:
5976:
5911:
5798:
5793:
5758:
3496:
2899:
2659:
2322:
1723:
1602:
1587:
1578:
Towards the end of the war Gladiators were flown by Meteorological Flight 1566 out of Hiswa, Aden.
1330:
1052:
989:
675:
324:
6716:
1674:
1433:
biplanes, which had a slightly superior performance to that of the Gladiator at higher altitudes.
917:
7291:
7266:
7226:
7201:
6913:
6726:
6636:
6616:
6229:
5916:
5906:
5901:
5788:
5683:
3597:
2806:
2437:
2283:
1969:
1828:
1742:
1718:
nine Gladiators flew numerous sorties against air and ground targets, taking off from the base's
1200:
1077:
839:
810:
flying boat ('8L+DK' of 2.KuFlGr 606), on the North Sea. On 10 April 1941, 804 NAS took off from
799:
648:
616:
467:
247:
6823:
5435:
5200:
1972:
in 1940, including four in the same afternoon. He was the leading Allied pilot of the campaign.
976:) had the range to fly from their last bases in northern Norway to the UK. Two Army Air Service
843:
2032:
Single-seat fighter biplane for the Royal Navy, 38 modified Gladiator II aircraft. Fitted with
1564:
1345:
for its aircraft upon its reformation as the air defence unit in the Falkland Islands in 1988.
7332:
7236:
7211:
7181:
6918:
6788:
6755:
6457:
5966:
5763:
5743:
5498:
5483:
5468:
5446:
5431:
5408:
5391:
5375:
5357:
5343:
5321:
5306:
5284:
5262:
5226:
5211:
5196:
5180:
5163:
5146:
5129:
5113:
5098:
5083:
5068:
5053:
5038:
5023:
5008:
4993:
4978:
4956:
4934:
4919:
4903:
4886:
4870:
4855:
4840:
3510:
3282:
2903:
2517:
2351:
2231:
2141:
2096:
1976:
1875:
1841:
1746:
1734:. A last resupply of Gladiators came on 17 May in the form of four more 94 Squadron aircraft.
1595:
1529:
1210:
1168:
1140:
1128:
759:
755:
750:
703:
660:
523:
496:
251:
132:
7018:
6764:
6586:
6576:
6571:
6547:
6304:
4830:
The Air Battle of Malta, The Official Account of the RAF in Malta, June 1940 to November 1942
4657:
4376:
678:
entered the theatre, the Gladiators' days were numbered. "Buffalo" Wong, the first Gladiator
7256:
6993:
6537:
6083:
5981:
5946:
5921:
5773:
5753:
5723:
5718:
5708:
4738:
2996:
2949:
2491:
1914:
1879:
1649:
1645:
1483:
1237:
1229:
1114:
1107:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1016:
1006:
992:. All the former Norwegian aircraft were later flown by the Finns against the Soviet Union.
938:
707:
687:
612:
500:
360:
340:
317:
275:
243:
209:
193:
73:
5585:
3847:
2729:
1586:
Tension had been building between Greece and Italy since 7 April 1939, when Italian troops
7231:
6517:
6068:
6038:
6023:
5941:
5885:
5880:
5853:
5823:
5703:
5617:
5368:
Stenman, Kari (July–August 2001). "From Britain to Finland: Supplies for the Winter War".
4581:
4398:
3854:
3736:
3713:
3600:
New Zealand Electronic Text Centre, University of Victoria, 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3576:
3417:
2991:
2971:
2539:
2329:
2307:
2092:
2055:
2009:
1836:
1824:
1801:
1797:
1669:
1657:
1533:
1492:
1440:
1248:
1244:
795:
734:
567:
364:
356:
259:
213:
115:
4262:
4065:
3940:
3889:"Biplane fighter aces: Italy, Capitano Franco Lucchini Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Militare."
3768:
3598:"New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force (Vol. I) Chapter 3 – Meeting the German Attack."
5283:(bilingual French/Dutch). Aartselaar, Belgium: J.P. Publications, 2003, pp. 56–59.
4066:"Biplane Fighter Aces: Squadron Leader William Joseph ‘Bill’ Hickey DFC, RAF no. 32035."
3784:
231:, it was the RAF's last biplane fighter aircraft, and was rendered obsolescent by newer
50:
7221:
7166:
7083:
7078:
7028:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6888:
6863:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6666:
6631:
6626:
6611:
6596:
6289:
6219:
6209:
6204:
6133:
6123:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6033:
6028:
6007:
6002:
5961:
5936:
5926:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5783:
5768:
5748:
5698:
5688:
5627:
5370:
5124:
Laignelet, Gilles (November 1998). "Courrier des Lecteurs" [Readers' Letters].
4440:
4037:
2954:
2699:
2532:
2299:
1901:
1772:
1707:
1267:
1061:
1024:
973:
950:
933:
895:
879:
721:
664:
604:
320:, did not initially respond to the specification, which later proved to be beneficial.
4278:
3941:"Flight Lieutenant Marmaduke Thomas St. John Pattle, D.F.C. (39029), No. 80 Squadron."
3527:
2916:
machine guns, two synchronised guns in fuselage sides and one beneath each lower wing.
1741:
during a bomber escort mission. The Iraqi Gladiators' only claim during the war was a
7306:
7286:
7271:
7196:
7171:
7161:
7156:
7132:
7073:
7043:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6938:
6676:
6671:
6621:
6532:
6527:
6502:
6487:
6412:
6334:
6269:
6259:
6194:
6128:
6073:
5956:
5931:
5778:
5738:
5713:
5693:
5622:
5281:
Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het Militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique Militare 1930–1940
3974:
2932:
1980:
1922:
1832:
1702:
1360:
1326:
1274:(serial number N5520), a Gloster Sea Gladiator Mk I, on the ground at an airfield in
1179:, outfitted with Sea Gladiators, were also operational during the Battle of Britain.
1160:
1040:
937:
Gloster Gladiator N5628. Damaged by German air attack while based on the frozen lake
892:
855:
842:
saw both Norwegian and British Gladiators battling the Luftwaffe, with the Norwegian
807:
783:
779:
711:
488:
459:, the first production Gladiator, was formally accepted by the RAF; on 4 March 1937,
414:
On 3 April 1935, the prototype was transferred to the RAF, receiving the designation
395:
367:
352:
217:
122:
17:
5632:
4791:
3888:
390:
The first prototype Gladiator, with Gauntlet fuselage, G-37, later K5200, April 1935
7142:
7137:
7117:
7113:
7108:
7038:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6661:
6422:
6274:
5971:
5951:
5497:(bi-lingual Polish/English text). Lublin, Poland: Oficyna Wydawnicza Kagero, 2003.
2937:
2896:
2484:
2263:
operated small numbers, including some of former Latvian and Lithuanian Gladiators)
2252:
2072:
1957:
1767:
1594:; a few hours later, Italian troops launched an invasion of Greece, initiating the
1406:
1287:
1252:
1251:, used the Gladiator as their main fighter. Gladiators also saw action against the
1009:
942:
811:
746:
571:
435:
308:
236:
3385:
2641:
1882:, against the Soviets, Glosters supported the advance of the Karelian Army around
1397:(N5531) was destroyed on the ground by enemy bombing in May 1941. The fuselage of
925:
5456:
Thomas, Andrew. "Oriental Gladiators: The combat debut for the Gloster biplane."
5175:
Lopez, Mario Canoniga (August–November 1990). "Fighters of the Cross of Christ".
4399:"ROYAL AIR FORCE OPERATIONS IN MALTA, GIBRALTAR AND THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1940-1945"
3364:
224:
variant) and was exported to a number of other air forces during the late 1930s.
7003:
6828:
6818:
6382:
6377:
6264:
6097:
5728:
3410:
2986:
2202:
2050:
1987:
1965:
1883:
1727:
1691:
1678:
1487:
1436:
The first aerial combat between the biplanes took place on 14 June over Amseat.
1298:
1136:
902:
870:
The Gladiator pilots of the Norwegian Jagevingen (fighter flight) were based at
738:
683:
519:
403:
399:
375:
298:
5580:
1385:
five miles east of Grand Harbour. Chiodi was subsequently awarded a posthumous
6848:
6813:
6497:
6442:
6432:
6309:
6279:
6107:
6102:
6092:
5562:
5539:
5527:
5007:. Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford /New York, Osprey Publishing, 2012.
3706:
3569:
3528:"The Gloster Gladiator in the Norwegian Army Air Service (Hærens Flygevåpen)."
2981:
2976:
2966:
2670:
1953:
1930:
1897:
1731:
1356:
1219:
1215:
1205:(Royal Hellenic Air Force) squadrons. These achieved some success against the
1132:
1092:
1065:
1032:
981:
977:
771:
715:
699:
690:
who formed the original group of American volunteer combat aviators in China.
679:
608:
578:
452:
378:
internally sprung wheels, allowing for more simple rigid landing gear struts.
371:
282:
271:
5412:
5379:
5184:
5167:
5150:
5133:
4907:
4890:
4716:
6878:
6566:
6387:
6254:
6249:
5298:. London: William Kimber and Co. Ltd., 1954. (First pocket edition in 1958.)
5095:
Luftwaffe Fledglings 1935–1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft.
4968:
Camouflage & Markings: RAF Fighter Command Northern Europe, 1936 to 1945
2367:
2260:
2112:
1224:
1191:
during 1940–41, Gladiators saw combat with four Allied air forces: the RAF,
787:
640:
636:
407:
336:
232:
4342:
3752:
386:
4955:(Time-Life World War II Series). Des Moines, Iowa: Time-Life Books, 1982.
2830:
253 mph (407 km/h, 220 kn) at 14,500 ft (4,420 m)
1796:
on 15 June 1941, six Gloster Gladiators were jumped by an equal number of
1393:
and others were the subject of an underwater search by NATO minesweepers.
1023:
in central southern Norway. On 25 April, a pair of Gladiators destroyed a
7276:
7048:
6948:
6561:
6452:
6437:
5361:
2601:
2413:
2033:
1961:
1893:
1788:
aircraft to use their airfields for operations over Iraq. The month-long
1698:
1641:
1606:
1525:
1496:
1410:
1144:
961:
911:
906:
559:
492:
427:
4682:
1376:
By June, two of the Gladiators had crashed and two more were assembled.
1333:, which later assumed control of Malta's air defence, took on the names
770:
At the beginning of the Second World War, during what was known as the "
627:
7088:
7033:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6751:
6746:
6696:
6557:
6299:
6294:
6284:
6224:
6214:
2782:
2623:
2224:
2134:
1738:
1711:
1610:
1591:
1020:
985:
656:
507:
471:
431:
206:
3785:"Flight Lieutenant William Joseph 'Timber' Woods DFC, RAF no. 39605 ."
2574:
1921:. They have taut canvas wings, covered with magnificently inflammable
830:
The sole Norwegian air-to-air Gloster Gladiator loss – Sergeant Pilot
335:
within arm's reach of the pilot. At the same time, the development of
4966:
Goulding, James and Robert Jones. "Gladiator, Gauntlet, Fury, Demon".
4739:"Airframe Dossier – Gloster Gladiator II, s/n N5914 RAF, c/n Unknown"
4604:"Forward fuselage of Gloster Gladiator Mk II (Salvaged remains only)"
4263:"Luftwaffe use of the Gloster Gladiator during the Second World War."
2809:
9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 830 hp (620 kW)
2681:
2510:
2390:
2344:
2276:
2043:
1888:
1590:. On 28 October 1940, Italy issued an ultimatum to Greece, which was
1544:
1460:
1456:
1232:(who served with the RAF), claimed 15 kills in Gladiators during the
882:
815:
563:
3978:
Håkans aviation page: Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War
749:
transport aircraft. The aircraft belonged to and were crewed by the
347:
cast doubt over the future viability of the requirement altogether.
5637:
2084:
1850:
The Luftwaffe used captured Latvian Gladiators as glider tugs with
1499:, 14 Gladiators of 80 Squadron took 16 Fiat CR.42s from 9° and 10°
854:, the German invasion. Later, British Gladiators fought to provide
5035:
The Forgotten Aces: The Story of the Unsung Heroes of World War II
2728:
2720:
2573:
2549:
2180:
2083:
2071:
2049:
1673:
1653:
1560:
1524:
In Eastern Africa, it was determined that Italian forces based on
1420:
1306:
1275:
1266:
1206:
1164:
932:
924:
916:
898:. One Gladiator was shot down during the air battle by the future
825:
720:
626:
546:
385:
297:
5082:(bilingual Finnish/English). Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman, 2005.
2494:
took over former Latvian and Lithuanian Gladiators following the
1866:, which became the sole example of the type in such a condition.
592:
The first use of RAF Gladiators on active service was during the
5208:
Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbniya, Fallujah and Baghdad
2709:
N5719 – Gladiator II Restoration at Retro Track And Air (UK) Ltd
2012:
IX air-cooled radial piston engine. The aircraft was designated
1719:
847:
6148:
5641:
3860:, 20 May 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009. Archived 9 May 2012.
2676:
N5628 – Gladiator II forward fuselage on static display at the
1601:
Britain dispatched help to the embattled Greeks in the form of
1389:, Italy's highest military award. In May 2009, the remains of
56:
7099:
5305:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1969. (Second edition 1976.)
5225:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Hilton Lacy Publishers Ltd., 1969.
2570:) owned by The Fighter Collection, flying in formation (2013)
1968:
scored five of his eight victories in a Gladiator during the
1559:). The Italian pilot took off to strafe British airfields at
1240:, making him the highest-scoring RAF biplane ace of the war.
6779:
6359:
5296:
Faith, Hope and Charity: Three Biplanes Against an Air Force
956:
aircraft were able to evacuate westwards before the 10 June
581:
became the first unit to receive Browning-armed Gladiators.
6647:
2026:
in Swedish Air Force service. Delivered 1938–39, 270 built.
2016:
in Swedish Air Force service. Delivered 1937–38, 378 built.
285:
was the top Gladiator ace with 15 victories with the type.
7064:
6185:
5356:(Warpaint Series No.37). Luton, UK: Warpaint Books, 2003.
5274:
L' ultimo Sparviero dell'impero Italiano: A.O.I. 1940–1941
5080:
Hurricane & Gladiator (Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 25)
4025:
L' Ultimo Sparviero dell'Impero Italiano. A.O.I. 1940–1941
3826:
or on 31 July, according to the historian Håkan Gustavsson
3579:
Royal Air Force, 22 January 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
1913:
Those old Gladiators aren't made of stressed steel like a
6363:
5320:. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UK: Argus Books, 1990.
2046:
stowage. Serial numbers: N5500 – N5549 and N5565 – N5574.
786:
on 10 May 1940, the BEF's Gladiators participated in the
323:
The specification had also encouraged the use of the new
6929:
6707:
6478:
6355:
6240:
5338:
Shores, Christopher and Brian Cull with Nicola Malizia.
4944:
Emiliani, Angelo, Giuseppe F. Ghergo and Achille Vigna.
3975:"Biplane fighter aces, Italy, Capitano Mario Visintini."
3719:, 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009. Archived 1 August 2015.
3365:"Chinese biplane fighter aces – 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui"
2712:
N5518 - Gladiator II Restoration at Fleet Air Arm Museum
1106:. Despite the valiant defence put up by the destroyers,
619:
campaigns, in addition to various peripheral campaigns.
451:
Manufacturing of the Gladiator was started at Gloster's
5195:, Vol. 20, No, 4, Issue 228, April 1992, pp. 8–14.
4992:. Hampshire UK: MMP/Stratus White Star No. 9107, 2010.
3753:"Gloster Gladiators and Fiat CR.42s over Malta 1940–42.
1482:
Duilio Fanali intercepted four Gladiators commanded by
6403:
5482:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2003.
5261:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2000.
4948:(in Italian). Parma: Ermanno Albertelli editore, 1979.
4279:"Gloster Gladiator in Meteorological Flights service."
3570:
Royal Air Force History: History of No. 263 Squadron."
2008:
Version powered by a single 840 hp (630 kW)
1155:
The Gloster Gladiator was in operational service with
3769:"Group Captain George Burges DFC OBE, RAF no. 33225."
3323:
3321:
2866:
10,000 ft (3,048 m) in 4 minutes 45 seconds
1933:, "A Piece of Cake", from the short story collection
1701:
established by increasing numbers of Iraqi forces on
1690:
consisted of seven operational Gloster Gladiators at
1629:
bombers were also intercepted and victories claimed.
1429:
In North Africa, Gladiators faced Italian Fiat CR.42
6320:
5567:
taking off and performing an aerobatic display, 2013
5430:, Vol. 20 No. 5. Issue 229, May 1992, pp. 8–15.
4349:(in Lithuanian). Lietuvos Oreivis Nr. 4 1989 m. 1989
3848:"Underwater search for Gloster Gladiator 'Charity'."
3389:
Backwoods Landing Strip – Finnish Air Force Aircraft
862:
sent to the assistance of the Norwegian government.
7097:
7062:
6927:
6777:
6705:
6645:
6476:
6401:
6353:
6318:
6238:
6183:
6116:
6082:
6016:
5995:
5894:
5676:
5516:
4918:. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2002.
2961:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
2740:
Gloster Aircraft since 1917, The Gloster Gladiator,
1854:(S) 1 from Langendiebach near Hanau during 1942–3.
1313:, giving rise to a myth that three aircraft, named
189:
181:
173:
165:
160:
152:
111:
99:
87:
79:
69:
64:
34:
4867:The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II
2596:– Sea Gladiator fuselage on static display at the
2562:), owned by the Shuttleworth Trust, and Gladiator
2054:Gloster Gladiator Mk I of the 1st Squadron of the
1305:in 1940, for ten days the fighter force defending
1091:sailed for home but was intercepted by the German
790:, an unsuccessful counterattack on German forces.
4990:Desert Prelude: Early Clashes, June–November 1940
4051:
4049:
4038:"Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War."
1886:. On 15 February 1943, 1st Lt Håkan Strömberg of
239:, it acquitted itself reasonably well in combat.
4832:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1944.
3907:. Parma: Edizioni Albertelli Speciali srl, 1997.
3386:"Finnish Air Force Aircraft: Gloster Gladiator."
1147:, France, and chased across the Belgian border.
929:The .303 inch machine guns under each lower wing
5551:Gladiators on Malta during the Second World War
5303:Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and Their Aircraft
3380:
3378:
3376:
1911:
631:Arthur Chin (陳瑞鈿) was a Chinese ace during WWII
5478:Williams, Anthony G. and Dr. Emmanuel Gustin.
5247:. Leatherhead, UK: Profile Publications, 1966.
2698:N5914 – Gladiator II under restoration at the
2618:N5641 – Gladiator II on static display at the
2604:. It is the only surviving Gladiator from the
798:, shortly after which the BEF's withdrawal to
6160:
5653:
5426:Thetford, Owen. "On Silver Wings – Part 20".
5223:British Fighters of World War Two, Volume One
4975:WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: RAF Fighters, Part 1
4854:(in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 1996.
2654:K8042 – Gladiator I on static display at the
8:
5460:#121, January/February 2006, pp. 73–75.
5405:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
5254:(in Italian). Milan: Mondadori Electa, 2006.
5191:Lumsden, Alec. "On Silver Wings – Part 19".
5160:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
5143:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
5126:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
5022:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron Signal, 2003.
4900:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
4883:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
3126:By 1934 Hawker was parent company of Gloster
2920:fitted in the field, in particular in Malta.
1952:aircraft. The top ace was Flight Lieutenant
1892:, during a reconnaissance mission along the
1175:, using Gladiators for army cooperation and
558:In February 1937, No. 72 Squadron, based at
4850:Belcarz, Bartłomiej and Robert Pęczkowski.
4151:
4149:
4071:, 23 October 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3790:, 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
3774:, 30 March 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
964:Norwegian forces. Only the aircraft of the
694:The Finnish Winter War and Continuation War
643:. The Chinese Gladiators used the American
6167:
6153:
6145:
5660:
5646:
5638:
5335:(in Italian). Parma: Delta Editrice, 2005.
5097:Aldershot, UK: Hikoki Publications, 1996.
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3843:
3841:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3440:
3438:
3423:, 2 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3193:
3191:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3052:
3050:
3048:
802:for evacuation to mainland Britain began.
31:
5633:Håkans aviation page Biplane Fighter Aces
5628:Håkans aviation page Biplane Fighter Aces
5623:Håkans aviation page Biplane fighter aces
4852:Gloster Gladiator, Monografie Lotnicze 24
4837:The British Fleet Air Arm in World War II
4043:, 21 March 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3935:
3933:
3931:
3903:Massimello, Giuseppe Pesce con Giovanni.
3894:, 30 March 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3697:, 17 April 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3064:
3062:
2836:210 mph (340 km/h, 180 kn)
1474:On 4 August 1940, Fiat biplanes from 160
1143:, had been damaged by French fighters at
1127:Belgian Gladiators suffered heavy losses
1076:, were instructed on 2 June to undertake
589:, and great skill was needed to recover.
302:Gloster Gladiator in pre-war RAF markings
3707:"The fate of Gloster Gladiator 'Faith'."
5467:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2012.
5445:. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2002.
5421:Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1918–57
5390:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2013.
5210:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2006.
5003:Gustavsson, Håkan and Ludovico Slongo.
4988:Gustavsson, Håkan and Ludovico Slongo.
4973:Green, William and Gordon Swanborough.
4839:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2008.
4792:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
3858:Malta Aviation Museum News & Events
3533:, 25 May 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3370:, 2 July 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3035:
3009:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
2717:Specifications (Gloster Gladiator Mk I)
1896:railway, between the White Sea and the
651:ammunition, the main ammunition of the
374:main undercarriage, which incorporated
6176:Swedish military aircraft designations
5513:
5279:Pacco, John. "Gloster Gladiator Mk I"
4977:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1978.
4337:
4335:
3411:"J 8 – Gloster Gladiator (1937–1947)."
2842:53 mph (85 km/h, 46 kn)
1183:Mediterranean and Middle East theatres
398:, piloted by Gloster chief test pilot
5563:Preserved airworthy Gladiator Mk II
5528:Engine startup of a Gloster Gladiator
5112:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999.
3014:List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm
2665:L8032 – Gladiator I airworthy at the
1990:, achieved ace status in Gladiators.
1072:British government's response to the
7:
5276:(in Italian). Rome: IBN editore 2006
5252:Aerei Militari: Caccia e Ricognitori
4946:Regia Aeronautica: I Fronti Africani
4630:"INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [N5628]"
4546:"INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [K8042]"
4369:"Fort St Elmo – National War Museum"
3501:"Gladiator, Gloster" (in Norwegian).
3208:Aerei Militari: Caccie e Ricognitori
2815:3-bladed fixed-pitch metal propeller
2725:3-view drawing of the Gladiator Mk.I
1749:in early April 1941, Prime Minister
1463:. A formation of 11 CR.42s from 10°
984:also managed to escape eastwards to
714:(6.5 victories with Gladiators) and
5495:112 Sqn "Shark Squadron", 1939–1941
5078:Keskinen, Kalevi and Kari Stenman.
5067:. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008.
3672:Ministry of Information 1944, p. 8.
2636:278 – J 8 on static display at the
2068:List of Gloster Gladiator operators
1900:, spotted, on Karkijarvi, a Soviet
1640:The complete 112 Squadron moved to
921:The fuselage .303 inch machine guns
506:The Gladiator was the last British
5465:He 111 Kampfgeschwader in the west
5386:Stenman, Kari and de Jong, Peter.
2772:11 ft 9 in (3.58 m)
2766:32 ft 3 in (9.83 m)
2760:27 ft 5 in (8.36 m)
2687:N5903 – Gladiator II airworthy at
1986:Two Chinese pilots, John Wong and
1936:The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar
1467:, backed by six more from the 13°
1282:A stock of 18 Sea Gladiators from
663:(nicknamed 'Buffalo') shot down a
594:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
554:Gloster Gladiator 423 in 1938–1940
270:) against the Soviet Union in the
25:
5611:Gladiator Camouflage and Markings
5005:Gladiator vs. CR.42 Falco 1940-41
3869:Williams and Gustin 2003, p. 106.
3210:. Milano: Mondadori Electa, 2006.
2778:323 sq ft (30.0 m)
1214:, which was mainly equipped with
1047:, 263 Squadron was reinforced by
725:Preserved Finnish Gladiator, 1976
653:new Chinese Nationalist Air Force
258:, the Middle East, and the brief
7343:World War II aircraft of Finland
5557:
5534:
5522:
5388:Fokker D.XXI Aces of World War 2
4929:Cull, Brian and Paul Sortehaug.
4462:Hunt, Leslie (7 December 1967).
3391:, 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3019:List of aircraft of World War II
2525:
2503:
2477:
2454:
2430:
2406:
2383:
2360:
2337:
2315:
2292:
2269:
2245:
2217:
2195:
2173:
2150:
2127:
2105:
2076:Gladiator I in Second World War
2036:. Serial numbers: N2265 – N2302.
1697:On 2 May 1941, in response to a
1573:Medaglia d’oro al valor militare
1387:Medaglia d’Oro al Valor Militare
966:Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
834:'s Gladiator 427 on 9 April 1940
729:Besides the FAF Gladiators, the
686:and he were among a group of 15
49:
7328:Single-engined tractor aircraft
5374:. No. 94. pp. 56–59.
5093:Ketley, Barry, and Mark Rolfe.
4865:Bierman, John and Colin Smith.
4470:. Iliffe Transport Publications
3905:Adriano Visconti Asso di guerra
3473:"Norwegian Gloster Gladiators".
3400:Stenman and de Jong 2013, p. 52
2902:in fuselage sides, two .303 in
2860:2,300 ft/min (12 m/s)
2496:occupation of the Baltic States
1637:that day lost only two CR.42s.
1605:, elements of which arrived at
1247:was unique in that the RAF and
1228:bombers. The South African ace
1055:, which flew to an airstrip in
7313:1930s British fighter aircraft
5037:. London: Sphere Books, 1989.
4970:. London: Ducimus Books, 1971.
4464:"Norwegian Gladiator Recovery"
3925:Håkan and Slongo 2010, p. 109.
3509:Oslo: Cappelen, 1995, p. 136.
2906:; one beneath each lower wing.
2854:32,800 ft (10,000 m)
2656:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
1528:posed a threat to the British
511:Supermarine Spitfire, and the
94:Gloster Aircraft Company, Ltd.
1:
5342:. London: Grub Street, 1987.
4933:. London: Grub Street, 2004.
4329:Ketley and Rolfe 1996, p. 11.
4238:"Irish Air Corps Gladiators."
2799:4,594 lb (2,084 kg)
2793:3,217 lb (1,459 kg)
2684:. It is displayed unrestored.
2678:Royal Air Force Museum London
2582:, Fort St. Elmo, Malta (2006)
2166:Chinese Nationalist Air Force
1000:Gladiators were used also by
128:Chinese Nationalist Air Force
7338:Aircraft first flown in 1934
4014:Emiliani et al. 1979, p. 63.
3964:Gustavsson and Slongo, p. 78
3955:Gustavsson and Slongo, p. 70
1648:. On 5 April, German forces
1080:the evacuation from Norway.
659:area, Chinese-American Capt
5110:French Aces of World War 2.
5050:Gloster Aircraft since 1917
5020:Gloster Gladiator in Action
4422:Crawford 2002, pp. 122–123.
3946:. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
3758:Retrieved: 23 October 2010.
3681:Crawford 2002, pp. 120–121.
3505:Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45
2704:Gloucester, Gloucestershire
2237:Swedish Voluntary Air Force
2091:Gladiator fighter from the
2089:Swedish Voluntary Air Force
1202:Ellinikí Vasilikí Aeroporía
846:fighting in the defence of
776:British Expeditionary Force
731:Swedish Voluntary Air Force
351:by a design team headed by
227:Developed privately as the
7359:
5340:Malta: The Hurricane Years
5318:Battle of Britain Aircraft
5240:. London: Macdonald, 1964.
4869:. New York: Viking, 2002.
4658:"Gloster Gladiator G-GLAD"
4284:. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
4243:. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
4209:Ketley 1999, pp. 31–32, 36
4027:. Roma: IBN editore, 2006.
3835:Shores et al. 1987, p. 41.
3742:. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
3730:"Faith, Hope and Charity."
3478:Retrieved: 26 August 2010.
2398:Norwegian Army Air Service
2120:Royal Australian Air Force
2078:Norwegian Army Air Service
2065:
1667:
1193:Royal Australian Air Force
645:M1919 Browning machine gun
572:.303 in (7.7 mm)
359:, the new fighter adopted
138:Norwegian Army Air Service
5606:Faith, Hope & Charity
5556:
5533:
5521:
5480:Flying Guns: World War II
5407:(in French) (58): 41–43.
5162:(in French) (73): 38–41.
5145:(in French) (72): 25–28.
4902:(in French) (69): 21–23.
4885:(in French) (66): 39–40.
4828:Ministry of Information.
4683:"Gloster Gladiator N5914"
3808:Crawford 2002, pp. 59–66.
3735:11 September 2007 at the
3609:Crawford 2002, pp. 70–74.
3228:Spencer 2003, pp. 10, 12.
2620:Norwegian Aviation Museum
1542:Archimede-class submarine
522:, Greece, Iraq, Ireland,
48:
5065:Guarding Neutral Ireland
5052:. London: Putnam, 1971.
4815:Mason 1964, pp. 82, 117.
4628:Simpson, Andrew (2015).
4544:Simpson, Andrew (2017).
4268:. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
3627:Thomas 2002, pp. 18, 94.
3618:Spencer 2003, pp. 31–32.
3416:12 November 2007 at the
3268:Håkan & Slongo 2012.
3153:James 1971, pp. 206–207.
2671:Old Warden, Bedfordshire
2638:Swedish Air Force Museum
2446:Royal Romanian Air Force
2188:Royal Egyptian Air Force
782:and its invasion of the
774:", Britain deployed the
672:Second Sino-Japanese War
406:in the fuselage and two
143:Royal Egyptian Air Force
5616:14 January 2015 at the
5586:Warbirds Resource Group
5493:Zbiegniewski, Andre R.
4796:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
4125:Lyman 2006, pp. 16, 22.
4080:Thomas 2002, pp. 61–69.
3944:surfcity.kund.dalnet.se
3799:Marcon 1997, pp. 11–15.
3453:Thomas 2002, pp. 14–15.
3315:Thomas 2006, pp. 73–75.
2745:General characteristics
2693:Duxford, Cambridgeshire
2667:Shuttleworth Collection
2642:Linköping, Östergötland
2470:South African Air Force
1197:South African Air Force
1139:. The bomber, V4+DA of
1035:on 21 May, flying from
745:liaison aircraft and a
543:Introduction to service
55:A Gloster Gladiator in
7318:Carrier-based aircraft
5443:Gloster Gladiator Aces
5423:. London:Putnam, 1957.
5259:In the Skies of Europe
4780:Thetford 1957, p. 227.
4662:The Fighter Collection
4637:Royal Air Force Museum
4608:Royal Air Force Museum
4553:Royal Air Force Museum
4524:Royal Air Force Museum
4433:"Gloster Gladiator II"
3279:Gloster Gladiator Aces
2734:
2733:Cockpit of a Gladiator
2726:
2689:The Fighter Collection
2583:
2571:
2100:
2081:
2058:
1941:
1831:to intercept a German
1794:Vichy French Air Force
1790:Syria-Lebanon Campaign
1682:
1627:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
1623:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
1557:sottotenente Malavolta
1484:Marmaduke "Pat" Pattle
1455:, flying a CR.42 from
1426:
1350:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
1311:Hal Far Fighter Flight
1286:had been delivered by
1284:802 Naval Air Squadron
1279:
1230:Marmaduke "Pat" Pattle
1222:biplanes, and against
1177:804 Naval Air Squadron
1129:to the Germans in 1940
946:
930:
922:
835:
822:The Norwegian Campaign
743:Raab-Katzenstein RK-26
726:
632:
555:
434:Italy and the rise of
391:
365:Bristol Mercury M.E.30
303:
289:Design and development
283:Marmaduke "Pat" Pattle
27:1930s fighter aircraft
5601:Malta Aviation Museum
5591:Fleet Air Arm Archive
5257:Neulen, Hans Werner.
5245:The Gloster Gladiator
5238:The Gloster Gladiator
5128:(in French) (80): 3.
4520:"Gloster Gladiator 1"
4437:Norsk Luftfartsmuseum
4343:"Gloster "Gladiator""
4320:Thomas 2002, pp 12-14
4227:Kennedy 2008, p. 180.
4191:Mason 1966, pp. 9-10.
3717:Malta Aviation Museum
3712:1 August 2015 at the
3575:18 April 2009 at the
2914:Browning .303 Mark II
2732:
2724:
2577:
2553:
2210:Free French Air Force
2087:
2075:
2053:
2029:Sea Gladiator Interim
1958:William "Cherry" Vale
1751:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
1677:
1424:
1401:is on display at the
1270:
1249:Royal Iraqi Air Force
1189:Mediterranean Theatre
1057:Skånland Municipality
936:
928:
920:
860:Allied reinforcements
829:
741:dive bombers, plus a
724:
630:
575:Browning machine guns
550:
389:
339:fighters such as the
312:committee formulated
301:
264:Royal Iraqi Air Force
212:. It was used by the
105:Henry Phillip Folland
18:Gloster Sea Gladiator
6044:Meteor "Prone Pilot"
5301:Rawlings, John D.R.
5250:Matricardi, Paolo .
4468:Flight International
4403:Imperial War Museums
4282:Håkans Aviation page
4266:Håkans Aviation page
4069:Håkans Aviation page
4041:Håkans aviation page
3892:Håkans aviation page
3878:Jackson 1989, p. 94.
3788:Håkans aviation page
3772:Håkans aviation page
3728:Sanderson, Michael.
3542:Mason 1966, pp. 7-8.
3531:Håkans Aviation page
3432:Mason 1966, pp. 6-7.
3368:Håkans Aviation page
3259:Mason 1966, pp. 5-6.
3162:Lumsden 1992, p. 12.
3077:Mason 1966, pp. 3-4.
2900:Vickers machine guns
2558:(civil registration
2422:Portuguese Air Force
2375:Lithuanian Air Force
1819:Operations elsewhere
1710:on the outskirts of
1550:On 6 June 1941, the
1325:, formed the entire
914:-hunting civilians.
876:Messerschmitt Bf 110
852:Operation Weserübung
850:on the first day of
530:, Norway, Portugal,
516:Messerschmitt Bf 109
345:Supermarine Spitfire
328:evaporatively cooled
314:Specification F.7/30
281:South African pilot
6646:Advanced trainers (
4762:James 1971, p. 226.
4584:on 18 December 2018
4574:"GLOSTER GLADIATOR"
4443:on 25 November 2018
4311:Thomas 2002, p. 83.
4302:Thomas 2002, p. 82.
4277:Gustavsson, Håkan.
4261:Gustavsson, Håkan.
4252:Fodor 1982, p. 134.
4182:Thomas 2002, p. 81.
4164:Thomas 2002, p. 80.
4064:Gustavsson, Håkan.
4036:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3980:, 20 February 2006.
3973:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3939:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3887:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3817:CALL-OUT 2002 p. 32
3783:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3767:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3645:Rimell 1990, p. 27.
3526:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3487:Thomas 2002, p. 25.
3462:Thomas 2002, p. 15.
3363:Gustavsson, Håkan.
3354:Thomas 2002, p. 12.
3345:Thomas 2002, p. 13.
3336:Thomas 2006, p. 73.
3327:Thomas 2002, p. 11.
3219:Mason 1964, p. 128.
3206:Matricardi, Paolo.
3182:"Gloster Gladiator"
3171:James 1971, p. 207.
3144:James 1971, p. 206.
3135:Lumsden 1992, p.10.
3042:Thomas 2002, p. 91.
2944:Related development
2660:Cosford, Shropshire
2598:National War Museum
1403:National War Museum
1355:bombers before the
676:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
538:Operational history
485:Browning 0.303-inch
325:Rolls-Royce Goshawk
65:General information
5996:Monoplane fighters
5294:Poolman, Kenneth.
5243:Mason, Francis K.
5236:Mason, Francis K.
5221:Mason, Francis K.
5063:Kennedy, Michael.
4771:Mason 1966, p. 16.
4293:Mason 1966, p. 11.
4200:Mason 1966, p. 12.
4173:Lyman 2006, p. 64.
4155:Lyman 2006, p. 68.
4143:Lyman 2006, p. 52.
4134:Lyman 2006, p. 40.
4116:Lyman 2006, p. 84.
4107:Lyman 2006, p. 44.
4098:Lyman 2006, p. 26.
4089:Lyman 2006, p. 25.
4023:Patri, Salvatore.
3853:9 May 2012 at the
3663:Ketley 1999, p. 32
3654:Lyman 2006, p. 27.
3409:Henriksson, Lars.
3384:Perttula, Pentti.
3056:Mason 1966, p. 10.
2904:Lewis machine guns
2807:Bristol Mercury IX
2735:
2727:
2584:
2572:
2546:Surviving aircraft
2284:Hellenic Air Force
2101:
2082:
2059:
1970:Norwegian Campaign
1756:Fliegerführer Irak
1743:Vickers Wellington
1683:
1427:
1280:
1078:Operation Alphabet
1074:invasion of France
947:
931:
923:
840:Norwegian Campaign
836:
727:
718:(five victories).
661:John Wong Sun-Shui
649:.30-06 Springfield
633:
556:
468:Rolls-Royce Merlin
392:
304:
268:Swedish volunteers
262:(during which the
7300:
7299:
7063:Torpedo bombers (
6706:Trials aircraft (
6319:Army aeroplanes (
6184:Attack aircraft (
6142:
6141:
5917:Mars VI Nighthawk
5572:
5571:
5488:978-1-84037-227-4
5473:978-1-84908-670-7
5428:Aeroplane Monthly
5396:978-1-78096-062-3
5354:Gloster Gladiator
5272:Patri, Salvatore.
5193:Aeroplane Monthly
5118:978-1-85532-898-3
5073:978-1-84682-097-7
5043:978-0-7474-0310-4
5033:Jackson, Robert.
5013:978-1-84908-708-7
4998:978-83-89450-52-4
4916:Gloster Gladiator
4845:978-1-84603-283-7
4790:Lednicer, David.
3996:Mason 1966, p. 9.
3636:Weal 2012, p. 49.
3560:Mason 1966, p. 8.
3444:Mason 1966, p. 7.
3306:Mason 1966, p. 6.
3250:Mason 1966, p. 5.
3197:Barber 2008, p. 6
3117:Mason 1966, p. 4.
3068:Mason 1966, p. 3.
2864:Time to altitude:
2518:Swedish Air Force
2352:Latvian Air Force
2232:Finnish Air Force
2158:Republic of China
2142:Belgium Air Force
2097:Finnish Air Force
2093:air squadron F 19
1977:Finnish Air Force
1950:Regia Aeronautica
1876:Finnish Air Force
1870:Final engagements
1764:Regia Aeronautica
1679:Arab Legionnaires
1646:Hawker Hurricanes
1635:Regia Aeronautica
1596:Greco-Italian War
1592:promptly rejected
1552:Regia Aeronautica
1530:Aden Protectorate
1509:Regia Aeronautica
1370:Regia Aeronautica
1297:of Gladiators at
1211:Regia Aeronautica
1169:Battle of Britain
1151:Battle of Britain
1141:Kampfgeschwader 1
1064:on the island of
905:, while two were
751:Swedish Air Force
704:Finnish Air Force
688:Chinese Americans
647:to fire American
501:aircraft carriers
203:Gloster Gladiator
199:
198:
177:12 September 1934
166:Introduction date
133:Finnish Air Force
16:(Redirected from
7350:
7323:Gloster aircraft
7101:
7066:
6931:
6781:
6778:Reconnaissance (
6709:
6649:
6480:
6405:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6322:
6242:
6187:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6146:
5895:Biplane fighters
5662:
5655:
5648:
5639:
5561:
5560:
5538:
5537:
5526:
5525:
5514:
5441:Thomas, Andrew.
5419:Thetford, Owen.
5416:
5383:
5331:Sgarlato, Nico.
5188:
5171:
5154:
5137:
5103:978-0-951989-920
5048:James, Derek N.
4951:Fodor, Denis J.
4914:Crawford, Alex.
4911:
4894:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4719:on 14 March 2012
4715:. Archived from
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4580:. Archived from
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4496:. Archived from
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4439:. Archived from
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4375:. Archived from
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4275:
4269:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4236:Crawford, Alex.
4234:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4218:Cull 2004, p. 12
4216:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4144:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4044:
4034:
4028:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3981:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3937:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3845:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3781:
3775:
3765:
3759:
3751:Crawford, Alex.
3749:
3743:
3726:
3720:
3704:
3698:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3524:
3518:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3471:Crawford, Alex.
3469:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3382:
3371:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3289:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3057:
3054:
3043:
3040:
2997:Polikarpov I-153
2950:Gloster Gauntlet
2874:
2852:Service ceiling:
2823:
2747:
2578:The fuselage of
2531:
2529:
2528:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2492:Soviet Air Force
2483:
2481:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2111:
2109:
2108:
1939:
1880:Continuation War
1852:Ergänzungsgruppe
1837:barrage balloons
1588:occupied Albania
1017:Lesjaskogsvatnet
939:Lesjaskogsvatnet
866:Norwegian action
708:Continuation War
568:Bristol Bulldogs
341:Hawker Hurricane
318:Gloster Gauntlet
276:Continuation War
256:defence of Malta
237:Second World War
194:Gloster Gauntlet
169:23 February 1937
53:
32:
21:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7093:
7058:
6923:
6773:
6701:
6641:
6472:
6397:
6349:
6314:
6234:
6179:
6173:
6143:
6138:
6112:
6078:
6012:
5991:
5922:Mars X Nightjar
5890:
5672:
5666:
5618:Wayback Machine
5558:
5540:Documentary on
5535:
5523:
5517:External videos
5512:
5401:
5367:
5206:Lyman, Robert.
5174:
5157:
5140:
5123:
5108:Ketley, Barry.
5018:Harrison, W.A.
4897:
4880:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4713:History Journal
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4500:on 24 June 2021
4494:Flygvapenmuseum
4488:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4379:on 23 July 2019
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4276:
4272:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3984:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3938:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3855:Wayback Machine
3846:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3746:
3740:killifish.f9.co
3737:Wayback Machine
3727:
3723:
3714:Wayback Machine
3705:
3701:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3577:Wayback Machine
3568:
3564:
3559:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3525:
3521:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3418:Wayback Machine
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3383:
3374:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
2992:Polikarpov I-15
2972:Bristol Bulldog
2929:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2819:
2743:
2719:
2548:
2540:Royal Air Force
2526:
2524:
2504:
2502:
2478:
2476:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2382:
2361:
2359:
2338:
2336:
2330:Irish Air Force
2316:
2314:
2308:Iraqi Air Force
2293:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2268:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2194:
2174:
2172:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2126:
2106:
2104:
2070:
2064:
2056:Irish Air Corps
2010:Bristol Mercury
1996:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1910:
1872:
1825:Irish Air Corps
1821:
1802:Pierre Le Gloan
1798:Dewoitine D.520
1781:
1692:Rashid Air Base
1672:
1670:Anglo-Iraqi War
1666:
1664:Anglo-Iraqi War
1658:Battle of Crete
1584:
1545:Galilei Galileo
1534:Mario Visintini
1522:
1493:Franco Lucchini
1441:Franco Lucchini
1419:
1265:
1245:Anglo-Iraqi War
1238:Greek Campaigns
1185:
1159:, stationed at
1153:
1125:
1033:north of Norway
998:
888:Fallschirmjäger
872:Fornebu Airport
868:
824:
796:Vitry-en-Artois
768:
735:Finnish Lapland
696:
625:
545:
540:
449:
384:
357:Hawker Aircraft
296:
291:
260:Anglo-Iraqi War
214:Royal Air Force
185:1953 (Portugal)
148:
147:
116:Royal Air Force
107:
80:National origin
60:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7356:
7354:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7305:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7111:
7105:
7103:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6762:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5554:
5553:
5531:
5530:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5510:External links
5508:
5507:
5506:
5491:
5476:
5461:
5458:Air Enthusiast
5454:
5439:
5424:
5417:
5399:
5384:
5371:Air Enthusiast
5365:
5352:Spencer, Tom.
5350:
5336:
5329:
5314:
5299:
5292:
5277:
5270:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5219:
5204:
5189:
5177:Air Enthusiast
5172:
5155:
5138:
5121:
5106:
5091:
5076:
5061:
5046:
5031:
5016:
5001:
4986:
4971:
4964:
4949:
4942:
4927:
4912:
4895:
4878:
4863:
4848:
4835:Barber, Mark.
4833:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4808:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4743:Aerial Visuals
4730:
4700:
4689:. 13 July 2018
4687:Jet Age Museum
4674:
4649:
4620:
4595:
4565:
4536:
4511:
4481:
4454:
4424:
4415:
4390:
4373:Heritage Malta
4360:
4347:Plieno sparnai
4331:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4270:
4254:
4245:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4057:
4055:de Marchi 1994
4045:
4029:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3982:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3896:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3776:
3760:
3756:geocities.com.
3744:
3721:
3699:
3690:Hayles, John.
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3590:
3588:Rawlings 1969.
3581:
3562:
3544:
3535:
3519:
3497:Kraglund, Ivar
3489:
3480:
3476:webachive.org.
3464:
3455:
3446:
3434:
3425:
3402:
3393:
3372:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3317:
3308:
3290:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3199:
3187:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3079:
3070:
3058:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2955:Gloster F.5/34
2952:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2910:Later aircraft
2907:
2884:
2883:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2858:Rate of climb:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2828:Maximum speed:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2700:Jet Age Museum
2696:
2685:
2674:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2649:United Kingdom
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:Bodø, Nordland
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:Fighter Flight
2589:
2588:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:United Kingdom
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2066:Main article:
2063:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2034:arrestor hooks
2030:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1945:
1944:Gladiator aces
1942:
1927:
1909:
1906:
1902:Polikarpov R-5
1871:
1868:
1820:
1817:
1780:
1777:
1708:Essex Regiment
1668:Main article:
1665:
1662:
1650:invaded Greece
1583:
1580:
1521:
1520:Eastern Africa
1518:
1418:
1415:
1365:"Timber" Woods
1331:No 1435 Flight
1303:siege of Malta
1264:
1261:
1184:
1181:
1152:
1149:
1124:
1121:
1039:airfield near
1025:Heinkel He 115
997:
996:British action
994:
951:Norwegian Army
878:fighters, two
867:
864:
823:
820:
767:
766:The Phoney War
764:
756:Björn Bjuggren
695:
692:
665:Mitsubishi A5M
624:
621:
605:British Empire
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:, and Sweden.
448:
445:
383:
380:
295:
292:
290:
287:
220:(FAA) (as the
216:(RAF) and the
197:
196:
191:
190:Developed from
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
83:United Kingdom
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
43:
42:
39:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7355:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7096:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6926:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6776:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6182:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:Model numbers
5675:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5532:
5529:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5504:
5503:83-89088-55-X
5500:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:1-84176-289-X
5448:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:0-948817-06-2
5345:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:1-85486-014-3
5323:
5319:
5316:Rimell, Ray.
5315:
5312:
5311:0-354-01028-X
5308:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:90-801136-6-2
5286:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:1-86126-799-1
5264:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:0-85064-012-1
5228:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:1-84176-991-6
5213:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:(13): 13–25.
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:952-99432-0-2
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:0-370-00084-6
5055:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:0-89747-450-3
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:0-354-01090-5
4980:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:0-8094-3431-8
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:1-904010-80-6
4936:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:83-916327-0-9
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4876:
4875:0-670-03040-6
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:83-86208-34-1
4857:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4241:geocities.com
4239:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4005:Sgarlato 2005
4002:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3695:aeroflight.co
3693:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:82-02-14138-9
3512:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:2002 pp.9-10
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:Related lists
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:F. H. Maynard
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
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2878:
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2876:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:Cruise speed:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:Gross weight:
2795:
2792:
2791:Empty weight:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
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2500:
2497:
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2420:
2419:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2377:had 14 units.
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2354:had 26 units.
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2335:
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2328:
2327:
2324:
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2193:
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2182:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2147:
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2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2039:Sea Gladiator
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:Oiva Tuominen
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1907:
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1899:
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1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1703:RAF Habbaniya
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1663:
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1659:
1655:
1651:
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1396:
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1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:Macchi MC.200
1358:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:fighter cover
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
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1258:
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1239:
1235:
1234:North African
1231:
1227:
1226:
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1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:RAF Roborough
1158:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1117:
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1111:
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904:
901:
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894:
890:
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
856:fighter cover
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
808:Dornier Do 18
803:
801:
797:
791:
789:
785:
784:Low Countries
781:
780:Manstein Plan
777:
773:
765:
763:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
723:
719:
717:
713:
712:Oiva Tuominen
709:
705:
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
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658:
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629:
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569:
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553:
549:
542:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:arrestor hook
490:
489:Fleet Air Arm
486:
482:
477:
476:Specification
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
446:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
423:
421:
417:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:maiden flight
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:radial engine
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
300:
293:
288:
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284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:Gloster SS.37
225:
223:
222:Sea Gladiator
219:
218:Fleet Air Arm
215:
211:
208:
205:is a British
204:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
123:Fleet Air Arm
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:Primary users
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
63:
58:
52:
47:
41:Sea Gladiator
40:
37:
36:
33:
30:
19:
7098:Transports (
6522:
6402:Helicopter (
6178:1926–current
6017:Jet aircraft
5986:
5803:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5494:
5479:
5464:
5463:Weal, John.
5457:
5442:
5427:
5420:
5404:
5387:
5369:
5353:
5339:
5332:
5317:
5302:
5295:
5280:
5273:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5222:
5207:
5192:
5176:
5159:
5142:
5125:
5109:
5094:
5079:
5064:
5049:
5034:
5019:
5004:
4989:
4974:
4967:
4953:The Neutrals
4952:
4945:
4930:
4915:
4899:
4882:
4866:
4851:
4836:
4829:
4823:Bibliography
4811:
4799:. Retrieved
4795:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4742:
4733:
4721:. Retrieved
4717:the original
4712:
4703:
4691:. Retrieved
4686:
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4661:
4652:
4640:. Retrieved
4636:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4582:the original
4578:Shuttleworth
4577:
4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4523:
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4498:the original
4493:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4467:
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4441:the original
4436:
4427:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4402:
4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4377:the original
4372:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4346:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3977:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3943:
3921:
3916:Thomas 2002.
3912:
3904:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3857:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3724:
3716:
3702:
3694:
3692:"Gladiator."
3686:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3593:
3584:
3565:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3503:
3492:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3428:
3420:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3311:
3278:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3224:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3073:
3038:
3002:
3001:
2960:
2959:
2943:
2942:
2938:John Lapsley
2909:
2894:synchronised
2889:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2840:Stall speed:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2593:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2485:Soviet Union
2462:South Africa
2023:
2019:Gladiator II
2013:
1985:
1974:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1912:
1887:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1822:
1806:
1785:
1782:
1768:Hawker Audax
1763:
1761:
1754:
1736:
1716:
1696:
1688:4th Squadron
1684:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1619:112 Squadron
1614:
1600:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1555:Gustavsson,
1551:
1549:
1538:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1488:Breda Ba.65s
1479:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1417:North Africa
1407:Fort St Elmo
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1289:
1281:
1271:
1253:Vichy French
1242:
1223:
1209:
1201:
1186:
1173:239 Squadron
1157:247 Squadron
1154:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1070:
1045:Narvik front
1030:
1011:
1002:263 Squadron
999:
980:.Ds and one
948:
943:RAF Cranwell
899:
887:
869:
837:
804:
792:
769:
747:Junkers F.13
728:
697:
669:
634:
602:
598:
591:
583:
557:
532:South Africa
512:
505:
465:
460:
456:
450:
440:
436:Adolf Hitler
424:
419:
415:
413:
404:Vickers guns
393:
353:H.P. Folland
349:
322:
309:Air Ministry
305:
280:
241:
228:
226:
221:
202:
200:
174:First flight
153:Number built
89:Manufacturer
29:
6909:SF 37/SH 37
5977:Gnatsnapper
5912:Sparrowhawk
4748:24 November
4723:24 November
4709:"Gladiator"
4693:24 November
4667:24 November
4642:24 November
4613:24 November
4588:24 November
4558:24 November
4529:24 November
4504:24 November
4474:24 November
4447:24 November
4408:24 November
4383:24 November
3277:Thomas, A.
2987:Grumman F3F
2821:Performance
2813:Propellers:
2803:Powerplant:
2203:Free France
2005:Gladiator I
1988:Arthur Chin
1966:Caesar Hull
1884:Lake Ladoga
1724:94 Squadron
1714:on 30 May.
1615:Squadriglia
1603:80 Squadron
1476:Squadriglia
1445:Squadriglia
1383:Squadriglia
1299:RAF Hal Far
1167:during the
1137:Netherlands
1103:Scharnhorst
1093:battleships
1087:on 7 June.
1053:46 Squadron
954:Air Service
903:Helmut Lent
739:Hawker Hart
698:During the
684:Arthur Chin
520:Free France
400:Gerry Sayer
7307:Categories
6928:Trainers (
6477:Fighters (
5596:aeroflight
5576:RAF Museum
5333:Fiat CR.42
3421:Avrosys.nu
3287:184176289X
3025:References
2982:Fiat CR.42
2977:Fiat CR.32
2967:Avia B-534
2846:Endurance:
2776:Wing area:
2554:Gladiator
2002:Prototype.
1954:Pat Pattle
1931:Roald Dahl
1908:Quotations
1898:Lake Onega
1732:Suez Canal
1357:Fiat CR.42
1220:Fiat CR.42
1216:Fiat CR.32
1133:Phoney War
1049:Hurricanes
982:Tiger Moth
978:Fokker C.V
844:Jagevingen
772:Phoney War
716:Paavo Berg
700:Winter War
680:flying ace
609:Suez Canal
579:Hornchurch
491:, with an
453:Hucclecote
447:Production
408:Lewis guns
372:cantilever
361:single-bay
272:Winter War
6354:Gliders (
6239:Bombers (
6084:Schneider
5987:Gladiator
5967:Goldfinch
5436:0143-7240
5413:1243-8650
5380:0143-5450
5201:0143-7240
5185:0143-5450
5168:1243-8650
5151:1243-8650
5134:1243-8650
4908:1243-8650
4891:1243-8650
3030:Citations
2890:Initially
2764:Wingspan:
2738:Data from
2368:Lithuania
2261:Luftwaffe
2113:Australia
2062:Operators
1962:Rhodesian
1915:Hurricane
1829:Baldonnel
1813:Singapore
1786:Luftwaffe
1747:Faisal II
1565:Adi Arcai
1353:Sparviero
1243:The 1941
1225:Luftwaffe
1108:HMS
1097:Gneisenau
1043:. At the
1037:Bardufoss
1028:Britain.
1010:HMS
972:and four
958:surrender
896:transport
788:Dyle Plan
762:bombers.
641:Hong Kong
637:Guangzhou
617:Norwegian
587:flat spin
528:Lithuania
513:Luftwaffe
441:Gladiator
428:Abyssinia
382:Prototype
337:monoplane
233:monoplane
38:Gladiator
7333:Biplanes
5982:Gauntlet
5947:Gamecock
5671:aircraft
5614:Archived
5362:78987788
4801:16 April
4353:23 April
3851:Archived
3733:Archived
3710:Archived
3573:Archived
3414:Archived
2927:See also
2872:Armament
2602:Valletta
2414:Portugal
2099:markings
1994:Variants
1928:—
1894:Murmansk
1728:Ismaïlia
1699:blockade
1607:Trikkala
1526:Ethiopia
1497:dogfight
1480:Capitano
1443:, of 90
1411:Valletta
1309:was the
1290:Glorious
1145:Maubeuge
1089:Glorious
1085:Glorious
1012:Glorious
962:mainland
912:souvenir
885:and one
858:for the
560:Tangmere
497:catapult
333:breeches
274:and the
100:Designer
59:markings
6039:Javelin
6024:E.28/39
5942:Gorcock
5804:SS/G.37
5779:TC/G.33
5769:AS/G.31
5669:Gloster
5581:BoB net
5549:Charity
2912:: four
2897:.303 in
2848:2 hours
2783:Airfoil
2770:Height:
2758:Length:
2438:Romania
2323:Ireland
2253:Germany
2225:Finland
2135:Belgium
2095:, with
2080:colours
1844:Athenia
1739:Baqubah
1730:on the
1712:Baghdad
1642:Eleusis
1611:Coritza
1438:Tenente
1391:Charity
1378:Charity
1343:Charity
1323:Charity
1207:Italian
1187:In the
1123:Belgium
1066:Hinnøya
1062:Harstad
1021:Oppland
1007:carrier
990:Petsamo
986:Finland
974:He 115s
960:of the
907:strafed
900:experte
891:-laden
883:bombers
812:Hatston
800:Dunkirk
657:Nanking
508:biplane
472:stopgap
432:Fascist
294:Origins
210:fighter
207:biplane
182:Retired
161:History
74:Fighter
7292:Tp 103
7287:Tp 102
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