93:
1009:
If black and white surfaces of the same shininess are visually compared, the black surface will always appear glossier because of the greater contrast between the specular highlight and the black surroundings as compared to that with white surface and surroundings. Pfund was also the first to suggest
1005:
In the 1930s work by A. H. Pfund, suggested that although specular shininess is the basic (objective) evidence of gloss, actual surface glossy appearance (subjective) relates to the contrast between specular shininess and the diffuse light of the surrounding surface area (now called "contrast gloss"
1154:
Studies of polished metal surfaces and anodised aluminium automotive trim in the 1960s by Tingle, Potter and George led to the standardisation of gloss measurement of high gloss surfaces by goniophotometry under the designation ASTM E430. In this standard it also defined methods for the measurement
121:
Substrate material type also influences the gloss of a surface. Non-metallic materials, i.e. plastics etc. produce a higher level of reflected light when illuminated at a greater illumination angle due to light being absorbed into the material or being diffusely scattered depending on the colour of
1001:
The earliest studies of gloss perception are attributed to
Ingersoll who in 1914 examined the effect of gloss on paper. By quantitatively measuring gloss using instrumentation Ingersoll based his research around the theory that light is polarised in specular reflection whereas diffusely reflected
117:
Variations in surface texture directly influence the level of specular reflection. Objects with a smooth surface, i.e. highly polished or containing coatings with finely dispersed pigments, appear shiny to the eye due to a large amount of light being reflected in a specular direction whilst rough
1129:
with a specular angle of 45° as did most of the first photoelectric methods of that type, later studies however by Hunter and Judd in 1939, on a larger number of painted samples, concluded that the 60 degree geometry was the best angle to use so as to provide the closest correlation to a visual
1150:
In the paint industry, measurements of the specular gloss are made according to
International Standard ISO 2813 (BS 3900, Part 5, UK; DIN 67530, Germany; NFT 30-064, France; AS 1580, Australia; JIS Z8741, Japan, are also equivalent). This standard is essentially the same as ASTM D523 although
1138:
Standardisation in gloss measurement was led by Hunter and ASTM (American
Society for Testing and Materials) who produced ASTM D523 Standard test method for specular gloss in 1939. This incorporated a method for measuring gloss at a specular angle of 60°. Later editions of the Standard (1951)
1100:
A surface can therefore appear very shiny if it has a well-defined specular reflectance at the specular angle. The perception of an image reflected in the surface can be degraded by appearing unsharp, or by appearing to be of low contrast. The former is characterised by the measurement of the
1013:
In 1937 Hunter, as part of his research paper on gloss, described six different visual criteria attributed to apparent gloss. The following diagrams show the relationships between an incident beam of light, I, a specularly reflected beam, S, a diffusely reflected beam, D and a near-specularly
1002:
light is non-polarized. The
Ingersoll "glarimeter" had a specular geometry with incident and viewing angles at 57.5°. Using this configuration gloss was measured using a contrast method which subtracted the specular component from the total reflectance using a polarizing filter.
38:
831:
1146:
In 1937, the paper industry adopted a 75° specular-gloss method because the angle gave the best separation of coated book papers. This method was adopted in 1951 by the
Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industries as TAPPI Method T480.
620:
898:, cancellation of each other will occur. Low intensity of specularly reflected light means the surface is rough and it scatters the light in other directions. If the middle phase value is taken as criterion for smooth surface,
118:
surfaces reflect no specular light as the light is scattered in other directions and therefore appears dull. The image forming qualities of these surfaces are much lower making any reflections appear blurred and distorted.
1142:
ASTM has a number of other gloss-related standards designed for application in specific industries including the old 45° method which is used primarily now used for glazed ceramics, polyethylene and other plastic films.
984:
66:
in an order system with three variables, including gloss among the involved aspects. The factors that affect gloss are the refractive index of the material, the angle of incident light and the
308:
724:
609:
1084:
933:
892:
60:
of an object. Other categories of visual appearance related to the perception of regular or diffuse reflection and transmission of light have been organized under the concept of
755:
858:
1250:
Tingle, W. H., and George, D. J., “Measuring
Appearance Characteristics of Anodized Aluminum Automotive Trim,” Report No. 650513, Society of Automotive Engineers, May 1965.
747:
676:
1139:
included methods for measuring at 20° for evaluating high gloss finishes, developed at the DuPont
Company (Horning and Morse, 1947) and 85° (matte, or low, gloss).
227:
180:
150:
1314:
1069:
653:
247:
200:
1054:
1024:
1106:
1074:
Defined as a measure of the absence of haze or a milky appearance adjacent to the specularly reflected light: haze is the inverse of absence-of-bloom
1272:
77:
reflection – light reflected from the surface in an equal amount and the symmetrical angle to the one of incoming light – in comparison with
1039:
1293:
1187:
Ingersoll Elec. World 63,645 (1914), Elec. World 64, 35 (1915); Paper 27, 18 (Feb. 9, 1921), and U. S. Patent 1225250 (May 8, 1917)
1083:
1241:
Tingle, W. H., and Potter, F. R., “New
Instrument Grades for Polished Metal Surfaces,” Product Engineering, Vol 27, March 1961.
941:
1309:
1097:
Defined as the uniformity of the surface in terms of visible texture and defects (orange peel, scratches, inclusions etc.)
1029:
Defined as the ratio of the light reflected from a surface at an equal but opposite angle to that incident on the surface.
1334:
259:
861:
62:
684:
1196:
Ingersoll R. S., The
Glarimeter, "An instrument for measuring the gloss of paper". J.Opt. Soc. Am. 5.213 (1921)
895:
315:
901:
1164:
1059:
Defined as the ratio of the specularly reflected light to that diffusely reflected normal to the surface;
867:
122:
the material. Metals do not suffer from this effect producing higher amounts of reflection at any angle.
1169:
1068:
826:{\displaystyle \Delta \phi ={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}\Delta r={\frac {4\pi \Delta h\cos i}{\lambda }}\;}
839:
1053:
1023:
153:
1111:
In his paper Hunter also noted the importance of three main factors in the measurement of gloss:
1105:
78:
67:
1289:
1268:
732:
678:. The path difference between rays reflected from the top and bottom of the surface bumps is:
658:
627:
Surface roughness influences the specular reflectance levels; in the visible frequencies, the
57:
56:(mirror-like) direction. It is one of the important parameters that are used to describe the
27:
Optical property describing the ability of a surface to reflect light in a specular direction
1078:
Distinctness of image gloss – identified by the distinctness of images reflected in surfaces
253:
205:
158:
128:
17:
1329:
37:
1093:
Surface texture gloss – identified by the lack of surface texture and surface blemishes
638:
628:
232:
185:
1063:
Absence of bloom – the perceived cloudiness in reflections near the specular direction
1048:
Contrast gloss – the perceived brightness of specularly and diffusely reflecting areas
1323:
635:
range is most relevant. The diagram on the right depicts the reflection at an angle
1214:
Hunter, R. S., "Methods of determining gloss", RP958 J. Res. NBS, Volume 18 (1937)
1126:
1038:
632:
1118:
The amount and way in which the light is spread around the specular direction
100:
When light illuminates an object, it interacts with it in a number of ways:
1205:
A. H. Pfund, "The measurement of gloss", J. Opt. Soc. Am. 20, 23.23 (1930)
1018:
Specular gloss – the perceived brightness and the brilliance of highlights
107:
Transmitted through it (dependent on the surface transparency and opacity)
860:
is small, the two beams (see Figure 1) are nearly in phase, resulting in
53:
1310:
PCI Magazin article: What is the Level of
Confidence in Measuring Gloss?
110:
Scattered from or within it (diffuse reflection, haze and transmission)
49:
31:
619:
864:; therefore, the specimen surface can be considered smooth. But when
1223:
Judd, D B (1937), Gloss and glossiness. Am. Dyest. Rep. 26, 234–235
1101:
distinctness-of-image and the latter by the haze or contrast gloss.
655:
on a rough surface with a characteristic roughness height variation
92:
618:
91:
36:
1010:
that more than one method was needed to analyze gloss correctly.
202:, giving the intensity of specularly reflected beam of intensity
1044:
Defined as the gloss at grazing angles of incidence and viewing
52:
property which indicates how well a surface reflects light in a
1121:
The change in specular reflection as the specular angle changes
1089:
Defined as the sharpness of the specularly reflected light
935:, then substitution into the equation above will produce:
623:
Figure1: Specular reflection of light from a rough surface
979:{\displaystyle \Delta h<{\frac {\lambda }{8\cos i}}\;}
229:, while the refractive index of the surface specimen is
1115:
The amount of light reflected in the specular direction
84:– the amount of light scattered into other directions.
1288:. London: Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 326–329.
30:"Glossy" redirects here. For the fashion website, see
1315:
NPL: Good practice guide for the measurement of Gloss
1033:
Sheen – the perceived shininess at low grazing angles
944:
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842:
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735:
687:
661:
641:
318:
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235:
208:
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1155:
of distinctness of image gloss and reflection haze.
125:
The Fresnel formula gives the specular reflectance,
104:
Absorbed within it (largely responsible for colour)
1232:Institute of Paper Chemistry (1937); Hunter (1958)
978:
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989:This smooth surface condition is known as the
8:
303:{\displaystyle R_{s}={\frac {I_{r}}{I_{0}}}}
975:
894:, then beams are not in phase and through
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719:{\displaystyle \Delta r=2\Delta h\cos i\;}
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604:{\displaystyle R_{s}={\frac {1}{2}}\left}
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73:Apparent gloss depends on the amount of
1180:
928:{\displaystyle \Delta \phi <\pi /2}
7:
729:When the wavelength of the light is
113:Specularly reflected from it (gloss)
887:{\displaystyle \Delta \phi =\pi \;}
945:
905:
871:
843:
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783:
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662:
25:
1263:Koleske, J.V. (2011). "Part 10".
1104:
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749:, the phase difference will be:
96:Specular and diffuse reflection
1286:Optical Properties of Polymers
853:{\displaystyle \Delta \phi \;}
152:, for an unpolarized light of
1:
1265:Paint and Coating Test Manual
991:Rayleigh roughness criterion
1125:For his research he used a
256:is given as follows :
18:Gloss (material appearance)
1351:
1134:Standard gloss measurement
29:
862:constructive interference
896:destructive interference
742:{\displaystyle \lambda }
671:{\displaystyle \Delta h}
182:, at angle of incidence
1165:List of optical topics
1151:differently drafted.
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1284:Meeten, G.H. (1986).
1170:Distinctness of image
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222:{\displaystyle I_{r}}
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1014:reflected beam, B.
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68:surface topography
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648:{\displaystyle i}
615:Surface roughness
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242:{\displaystyle m}
195:{\displaystyle i}
58:visual appearance
16:(Redirected from
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1324:Categories
1176:References
1127:glossmeter
633:micrometre
82:reflection
967:
957:λ
946:Δ
915:π
909:ϕ
906:Δ
881:π
875:ϕ
872:Δ
847:ϕ
844:Δ
818:λ
811:
802:Δ
799:π
784:Δ
779:λ
775:π
763:ϕ
760:Δ
737:λ
710:
701:Δ
689:Δ
663:Δ
576:
563:−
542:
519:
506:−
491:−
485:
440:
427:−
406:
393:
380:−
365:−
359:
154:intensity
1159:See also
75:specular
54:specular
1257:Sources
997:History
631:in the
80:diffuse
50:optical
32:Digiday
1330:Optics
1292:
1271:
88:Theory
48:is an
63:cesia
46:Gloss
1290:ISBN
1269:ISBN
952:<
912:<
252:The
964:cos
836:If
808:cos
707:cos
567:sin
539:cos
510:sin
482:cos
431:sin
403:cos
384:sin
356:cos
1326::
993:.
249:.
70:.
1298:.
1277:.
970:i
961:8
949:h
923:2
919:/
878:=
814:i
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796:4
790:=
787:r
772:2
766:=
713:i
704:h
698:2
695:=
692:r
666:h
643:i
598:]
592:2
587:)
579:i
571:2
558:2
554:m
548:+
545:i
534:2
530:m
522:i
514:2
501:2
497:m
488:i
477:2
473:m
466:(
461:+
456:2
451:)
443:i
435:2
422:2
418:m
412:+
409:i
396:i
388:2
375:2
371:m
362:i
350:(
344:[
338:2
335:1
330:=
325:s
321:R
294:0
290:I
284:r
280:I
274:=
269:s
265:R
237:m
215:r
211:I
190:i
168:0
164:I
138:s
134:R
34:.
20:)
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