596:(NHS) rather than patients pay for medications including test strips, a 2015 study on the comparative cost-effectiveness of all options for the self-monitoring of blood glucose funded by the NHS uncovered considerable variation in the price charged, which could not be explained by the availability of advanced meter features. It estimated that a total of ÂŁ12m was invested in providing 42 million self-monitoring blood glucose tests with systems that failed to meet acceptable accuracy standards, and efficiency savings of ÂŁ23.2m per annum were achievable if the NHS were to disinvest from technologies providing less functionality than available alternatives, but at a much higher price.
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28 mmol/L), and when a meter reading of 50 or 70 (2.8 or 3.9 mmol/L) is accompanied by their usual hypoglycemic symptoms, there is little uncertainty about the reading representing a "true positive" and little harm done if it is a "false positive." However, the incidence of hypoglycemia unawareness, hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) and faulty counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia make the need for greater reliability at low levels particularly urgent in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, while this is seldom an issue in the more common form of the disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
509:: The glucose value in mg/dL or mmol/L (1 mmol/L = 18.0 mg/dL) is displayed on a digital display. Different countries use different measurement units: for example mg/dL are used in the US, France, Japan, Iran, Israel, and India; mmol/L are used in Australia, Canada, China, and the UK. In Germany both units are used. Many meters can display either unit of measure. Instances have been published in which a patient has interpreted a reading in mmol/L as a very low reading in mg/dL or vice versa. Usually mmol/L readings have a decimal point and mg/dL readings do not.
252:
385:
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735:. The device was designed to be worn on the wrist and used electric fields to draw out body fluid for testing. The device did not replace conventional blood glucose monitoring. One limitation was that the GlucoWatch was not able to cope with perspiration at the measurement site. Sweat must be allowed to dry before measurement can resume. Due to this limitation and others, the product is no longer on the market.
481:: Since test strips may vary from batch to batch, some models require a code to be provided, either by the user or on a plug-in chip supplied with each batch of test strips, to calibrate the meter to the strips of the batch. An incorrect code can cause errors of up to 4 mmol/L (72 mg/dL), with possibly serious consequences, including risk of hypoglycemia. Some test media contain the code information in the strip.
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398:
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658:(ISO). According to ISO 15197 Blood glucose meters must provide results that are within ±15% of a laboratory standard for concentrations above 100 mg/dL or within ±15 mg/dL for concentrations below 100 mg/dL at least 95% of the time. However, a variety of factors can affect the accuracy of a test. Factors affecting accuracy of various meters include calibration of meter,
532:
plasma equivalent is calculated from the whole blood glucose reading using an equation built into the glucose meter. This allows patients to easily compare their glucose measurements in a lab test and at home. It is important for patients and their health care providers to know whether the meter gives its results as "whole blood equivalent" or "plasma equivalent." One model measures
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manufacturer cited studies that show the product is just as effective despite not giving an answer to one decimal place, something they argue is unnecessary for control of blood sugar. This debate also happened in
Germany where "Glucoflex-R" was an established strip for type 2 diabetes. As meter accuracy and insurance coverage improved, they lost popularity.
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data directly to a compatible cellular telephone. Currently, Apple's iPhone and
Android devices can be used as a receiver. Aside from a two-hour calibration period, monitoring is logged at five-minute intervals for up to 1 week. The user can set the high and low glucose alarms. The third CGMS available is the FreeStyle Navigator from Abbott Laboratories.
248:(GOx) on an oxygen electrode. Thus, the readout was the amount of oxygen consumed by GOx during the enzymatic reaction with the substrate glucose. This publication became one of the most often cited papers in life sciences. Due to this work he is considered the “father of biosensors,” especially with respect to the glucose sensing for diabetes patients.
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throwing a ball and using the speed at which it is travelling at a point in time to estimate how hard it was thrown. The coulometric method can allow for variable test times, whereas the test time on a meter using the amperometric method is always fixed. Both methods give an estimation of the concentration of glucose in the initial blood sample.
1234:; Ginsberg, Barry H.; Alva, Shridhara; Appel, Matthias; Bess, Stephan; Chen, Kong Y.; Freckmann, Guido; Harris, Dennis R.; Hartwig, Matthias; Hinzmann, Rolf; Kerr, David; Krouwer, Jan; Morrow, Linda; Nichols, James; PfĂĽtzner, Andreas; Pleus, Stefan; Rice, Mark; Sacks, David B.; Schlueter, Kevin; Vesper, Hubert W.; Klonoff, David C. (May 2020).
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regeneration of the oxidised form of the mediator for shuttling of electrons from enzyme to active site. Osmium-based polypyridyl redox complexes and polymers are attractive candidates as mediators due to their stability in oxidised and reduced forms, tunable redox potential, ease of co-immobilisation and ability to operate at low potentials.
343:"Glucoflex-R" is Australia manufacturer National Diagnostic Products alternative to the BM test strip. It has versions that can be used either in a meter or read visually. It is also marketed under the brand name Betachek. On May 1, 2009, the UK distributor Ambe Medical Group reduced the price of their "Glucoflex-R" test strip to the
1032:. An imprecision of ±15% is less of a problem for high glucose levels than low. There is little difference in the management of a glucose of 200 mg/dL compared with 260 (i.e., a "true" glucose of 230±15%), but a ±15% error margin at a low glucose concentration brings greater ambiguity with regards to glucose management.
244:, on 15 April 1956, at a meeting of the American Society for Artificial Organs during the annual meetings of the Federated Societies for Experimental Biology. In 1962, Clark and Ann Lyons from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital developed the first glucose enzyme electrode. This biosensor was based on a thin layer of
497:: Smaller drop volumes have enabled "alternate site testing" – pricking the forearms or other less sensitive areas instead of the fingertips. Manufacturers recommend that this type of testing should only be used when blood glucose levels are stable, such as before meals, when fasting, or just before going to sleep.
872:
The same principle is used in test strips that have been commercialized for the detection of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). These test strips use a beta-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase enzyme instead of a glucose oxidizing enzyme and have been used to detect and help treat some of the complications that
617:
The search for a successful technique began about 1975 and has continued to the present without a clinically or commercially viable product. As of 1999, only one such product had ever been approved for sale by the FDA, based on a technique for electrically pulling glucose through intact skin, and it
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In contrast, people who do not have diabetes may periodically have hypoglycemic symptoms but may also have a much higher rate of false positives to true, and a meter is not accurate enough to base a diagnosis of hypoglycemia upon. A meter can occasionally be useful in the monitoring of severe types
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The market introduction of noninvasive blood glucose measurement by spectroscopic measurement methods, in the field of near-infrared (NIR), by extracorporal measuring devices, has not been successful because the devices measure tissue sugar in body tissues and not the blood sugar in blood fluid. To
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method is a technique where the total amount of charge generated by the glucose oxidation reaction is measured over a period of time. The amperometric method is used by some meters and measures the electric current generated at a specific point in time by the glucose reaction. This is analogous to
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Most glucometers today use an electrochemical method. Test strips contain a capillary that sucks up a reproducible amount of blood. The glucose in the blood reacts with an enzyme electrode containing glucose oxidase (or dehydrogenase). The enzyme is reoxidized with an excess of a mediator reagent,
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probe with a small transmitter. The receiver is about the size of a cell phone and can operate up to twenty feet from the transmitter. The Dexcom G4 transmits via radio frequency and requires a dedicated receiver. The G5 version utilizes
Bluetooth low energy for data transmission, and can transmit
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Countries that use mmol/L include
Australia, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, and
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0.35 to $ 1.00. Manufacturers often provide meters at no cost to encourage use of the profitable test strips. Type 1 diabetics may test as often as 4 to 10 times a day due to the dynamics of insulin adjustment, whereas type 2 typically test less frequently, especially when insulin is not part of
339:
Test strips that changed color and could be read visually, without a meter, have been widely used since the 1980s. They had the added advantage that they could be cut longitudinally to save money. Critics argued that test strips read by eye are not as accurate or convenient as meter testing. The
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Recent advances in cellular data communications technology have enabled the development of glucose meters that directly integrate cellular data transmission capability, enabling the user to both transmit glucose data to the medical caregiver and receive direct guidance from the caregiver on the
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RTS with a sub-cutaneous probe attached to a small transmitter (roughly the size of a quarter) that sends interstitial glucose levels to a small pager sized receiver every five minutes. The Dexcom System is another system, available in two different generations in the US, the G4 and the G5. (1Q
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is normal. This is important because home blood glucose meters measure the glucose in whole blood while most lab tests measure the glucose in plasma. Currently, there are many meters on the market that give results as "plasma equivalent," even though they are measuring whole blood glucose. The
517:
Countries that use mg/dL include
Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Cyprus, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Syria,
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The imprecision is compounded by the relative likelihoods of false positives and negatives in populations with diabetes and those without. People with type 1 diabetes usually have a wider range of glucose levels, and glucose peaks above normal, often ranging from 40 to 500 mg/dL (2.2 to
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derivative or osmium bipyridyl complex. The mediator in turn is reoxidized by reaction at the electrode, which generates an electric current. In order for the mediator to operate over long timeframes, it needs to be stable in both oxidised and reduced states. This is to allow for continuous
641:
Continuous glucose monitor systems can consist of a disposable sensor placed under the skin, a transmitter connected to the sensor and a reader that receives and displays the measurements. The sensor can be used for several days before it needs to be replaced. The devices provide real-time
491:: The size of the drop of blood needed by different models varies from 0.3 to 1 ÎĽl. Older models required larger blood samples, usually defined as a "hanging drop" from the fingertip. Smaller volume requirements reduce the frequency of pricks that do not produce enough blood.
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controller, as well as an effort to integrate the glucose meter and a cell phone. Testing strips are proprietary and available only through the manufacturer (no insurance availability). These "Glugophones" are currently offered in three forms: as a dongle for the
471:, which reacts with glucose, and other components. A drop of blood is absorbed by a spot for each measurement. Some models use single-use plastic test strips with a spot; other models use discs, drums, or cartridges with multiple spots to make several readings.
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more slowly than for type 1, and a large proportion of people with type 2 diabetes have never been instructed in home glucose testing. This has mainly come about because health authorities are reluctant to bear the cost of the test strips and lancets.
347:, by approximately 50%. This was expected to allow the NHS to save money on strips and perhaps loosen the restrictions on supply a little. Another low cost visually read strip is soon to be available on prescription according to sources at the NHS.
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that monitor glucose levels and alert users when glucose levels cross certain thresholds. Apple has patented methods for determining blood sugar levels by absorption spectroscopy, as well as by analyzing exhaled air in its electronic devices.
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Leigh, Simon; Idris, Iskandar; Collins, Brendan; Granby, Paul; Noble, Max; Parker, Mark (Nov 2015). "Promoting health and reducing costs: a role for reform of self-monitoring of blood glucose provision within the
National Health Service".
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argued that the superior accuracy of a laboratory glucose measurement outweighed the advantage of immediate availability and made meter glucose measurements unacceptable for inpatient diabetes management. Patients with diabetes and their
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screen of the glucose meter. The first such device, from
Telcare, Inc., was exhibited at the 2010 CTIA International Wireless Expo, where it won an E-Tech award. This device then underwent clinical testing in the US and internationally.
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of type 1 diabetes in the late 1970s, and the first meters were marketed for home use around 1981. The two models initially dominant in North
America in the 1980s were the Glucometer, introduced in November 1981, whose
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formed in the oxidation reaction. The disadvantage of this method was that the test strip had to be developed after a precise interval (the blood had to be washed away), and the meter needed to be calibrated frequently.
216:
has been achieving closer-to-normal levels of glucose in the blood for as much of the time as possible, guided by HBGM several times a day. The benefits include a reduction in the occurrence rate and severity of
1713:"Analytical Performance Requirements for Systems for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose With Focus on System Accuracy: Relevant Differences Among ISO 15197:2003, ISO 15197:2013, and Current FDA Recommendations"
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has been a common way of analyzing and displaying accuracy of readings related to management consequences. More recently an improved version of the Clarke Error Grid has come into use: It is known as the
630:
Continuous glucose monitor. The sensor and transmitter are fixed to the upper arm. The reader shows days to replacement of sensor, current blood glucose level and a diagram of the latest blood glucose
360:
Special glucose meters for multi-patient hospital use are now used. These provide more elaborate quality control records. Their data handling capabilities are designed to transfer glucose results into
146:
Four generations of blood glucose meter, c. 1993–2005. Sample sizes vary from 30 to 0.3 μl. Test times vary from 5 seconds to 2 minutes (modern meters typically provide results in 5 seconds).
2009:
Ghoshdastider U, Wu R, Trzaskowski B, Mlynarczyk K, Miszta P, Gurusaran M, Viswanathan S, Renugopalakrishnan V, Filipek S (2015). "Nano-Encapsulation of
Glucose Oxidase Dimer by Graphene".
683:. Older blood glucose meters often need to be "coded" with the lot of test strips used, otherwise, the accuracy of the blood glucose meter may be compromised due to lack of calibration.
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Advances in
Electrochemical Sciences and Engineering : Bioelectrochemistry : Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments. Somerset, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
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by a clock set by the user, and many can display an average of recent readings. Stored data will only reflect trends accurately if the clock is set to approximately the right time.
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Blood alcohol sensors using the same approach, but with alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, have been tried and patented but have not yet been successfully commercially developed.
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measurements, and reduce the need for fingerprick testing of glucose levels. A drawback is that the meters are not as accurate because they read the glucose levels in the
587:
The cost of home blood glucose monitoring can be substantial due to the cost of the test strips. In 2006, the US cost to consumers of each glucose strip ranged from about
674:, and aging of test strips. Models vary in their susceptibility to these factors and in their ability to prevent or warn of inaccurate results with error messages. The
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test strips for some meters were found in the United States, producing erratic test results that do not meet the legitimate manufacturer's performance specifications.
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201:, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dL or
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1915:
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Lipkowski, J., Kolb, D. M., & Alkire, R. C. (2011). Bioelectrochemistry : Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
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527:: Glucose levels in plasma (one of the components of blood) are higher than glucose measurements in whole blood; the difference is about 11% when the
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1285:
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1801:"CTIA International Wireless 2010 Finds Telcare Inc. Measures Up to Emerging Technology Award for Cellular-enabled Blood Glucose Meter Solution"
1593:"FDA Warns About Fake Diabetic Blood Test Strips Sold For Use With Various Models Of LifeScan, Inc.'s One Touch Brand Blood Glucose Monitors"
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The total charge passing through the electrode is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood that has reacted with the enzyme. The
1181:"Fundamental Importance of Reference Glucose Analyzer Accuracy for Evaluating the Performance of Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems (BGMSs)"
832:(GDH). This has the advantage of sensitivity over glucose oxidase but is more susceptible to interfering reactions with other substances.
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determine blood glucose, the measuring beam of infrared light, for example, has to penetrate the tissue for measurement of blood glucose.
263:
by Anton H. Clemens. It was used in American hospitals in the 1970s. A moving needle indicated the blood glucose after about a minute.
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Bailey, Timothy S.; Klaff, Leslie J.; Wallace, Jane F.; Greene, Carmine; Pardo, Scott; Harrison, Bern; Simmons, David A. (July 2016).
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503:: The time it takes for a reading to be displayed may range from 3 to 60 seconds from application of blood for different models.
662:, pressure use to wipe off strip (if applicable), size and quality of blood sample, high levels of certain substances (such as
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Accuracy of glucose meters is a common topic of clinical concern. Blood glucose meters must meet accuracy standards set by the
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181:. It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of
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reaction that is still used nowadays in glucose test strips for urine. Besides glucose oxidase, the test kit contains a
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was widely accepted as the de facto standard for reference measurements and system calibration by most manufacturers of
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which lags behind the levels in the blood. Continuous blood glucose monitoring systems are also relatively expensive.
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1286:"Glucose Analytical Comparability Evaluation of the YSI 2300 STAT Plus™ and YSI 2900D Biochemistry Analyzers"
295:, a health care professional or a patient may refer to "taking a BM": "Mrs X's BM is 5", etc. BM stands for
1821:
NM Farandos; AK Yetisen; MJ Monteiro; CR Lowe; SH Yun (2014). "Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics".
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resisted adoption of meter glucose measurements for inpatient diabetes care for over a decade. Managers of
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There are currently three CGMS (continuous glucose monitoring system) available. The first is Medtronic's
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was withdrawn after a short time owing to poor performance and occasional damage to the skin of users.
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Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yemen.
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One noninvasive glucose meter has been approved by the U.S. FDA: The GlucoWatch G2 Biographer made by
1941:
Ruff, Adrian (2017). "Redox polymers in bioelectrochemistry: Common playgrounds and novel concepts".
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Although the apparent value of immediate measurement of blood glucose might seem to be higher for
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1044:) to ensure that the average glucose when fasting remains above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).
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365:
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Two used Accu-Chek test strips. The lower one has had the cover peeled off to show the circuit.
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There are several key characteristics of glucose meters which may differ from model to model:
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There is currently an effort to develop an integrated treatment system with a glucose meter,
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1405:"Diabetes UK, UK Diabetes Resource, Diabetes Symptoms, Diabetes Diet, Gestational Diabetes"
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1970:"Redox polymers in electrochemical systems: From methods of mediation to energy storage"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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as well as a reduction in the short-term, potentially life-threatening complications of
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The Pursuit of Noninvasive Glucose, 3rd Edition, by John L. Smith, Ph.D., available at
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1625:"Noninvasive glucose monitoring: comprehensive clinical results. Cygnus Research Team"
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1995:
1665:. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. December 2008
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http://www.mendosa.com/The%20Pursuit%20of%20Noninvasive%20Glucose%203rd%20Edition.pdf
1021:
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824:(sometimes known as GOx). Others use a similar reaction catalysed instead by another
663:
222:
1866:"Google Unveils Smart Contact Lens That Lets Diabetics Measure Their Glucose Levels"
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467:: A consumable element, different for each meter, containing spots impregnated with
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299:, now part of Roche, who produce test strips called 'BM-test' for use in a meter.
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eventually persuaded acceptance. Prior to its discontinuation in July 2021, the
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model UX5000, VX5200, and LX350 cell phones, as well as an add-on pack for the
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Tamada JA, Garg S, Jovanovic L, Pitzer KR, Fermi S, Potts RO (November 1999).
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572:. Meters have been combined with devices such as insulin injection devices,
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197:. A small drop of blood, obtained from slightly piercing a fingertip with a
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for the past 30 years, despite there being no such regulatory requirement.
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for measuring both unhealthy ketoacidosis and healthy nutritional ketosis.
17:
1302:
Han, Julia; Nichols, James H.; Rice, Mark; Klonoff, David C. (May 2020).
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27:
Medical device for determining the concentration of glucose in the blood
2022:
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537:
422: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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presented his first paper about the oxygen electrode, later named the
1155:"Diabetic Seniors – Informational Resource for Seniors with Diabetes"
1024:(high sugar), meters have been less useful. The primary problems are
825:
792:
765:
202:
1304:"The End of the Road for the YSI 2300 Analyzer: Where Do We Go Now?"
988:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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564:: Some meters can transfer stored data, typically to a computer or
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625:
457:: The typical size is smaller than the palm of the hand. They are
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375:
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784:. Similar systems have been tested for a longer time in Finland.
255:
CDC image showing the usage of a lancet and a blood glucose meter
1707:
Freckmann, G; Schmid, C; Baumstark, A; Rutschmann, M; Haug, C;
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Since approximately 1980, a primary goal of the management of
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derivative, which is oxidized to a blue polymer by the
816:
Many glucose meters employ the oxidation of glucose to
550:: Most meters include a memory to store test results,
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1104:
266:
Home glucose monitoring was demonstrated to improve
151:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1236:"The YSI 2300 Analyzer Replacement Meeting Report"
1094:
1092:
776:Razr cell phone. In US, this limits providers to
173:for determining the approximate concentration of
1968:Yuan, Mengwai; Minteer, Shelley D. (June 2019).
835:The first-generation devices relied on the same
2042:Diabetes-related supplies and medical equipment
1355:"Glucose Measurement: Time for a Gold Standard"
317:YSI 2300 STAT PLUS Glucose and Lactate Analyzer
1894:"Google develops contact lens glucose monitor"
656:International Organization for Standardization
155:measure concentration of glucose in the blood
8:
1444:
1442:
1030:ratio of false positive and negative results
704:Parts of this article (those related to the
922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1717:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1359:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1308:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1240:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1185:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
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1985:
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1004:Learn how and when to remove this message
942:Learn how and when to remove this message
438:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1864:Lardinois, Frederic (January 16, 2014).
1523:. Diabetesincontrol.com. Archived from
1518:"Diabetes In Control : Newsletter"
1064:
368:computer systems for billing purposes.
291:to many health care professionals. In
131:
1481:. Abbott. 1 July 2005. Archived from
1450:"Unit of Measurement for Blood Sugar"
326:Home glucose testing was adopted for
7:
2057:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
1892:Mendoza, Martha (January 16, 2014).
920:adding citations to reliable sources
420:adding citations to reliable sources
259:Another early glucose meter was the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1974:Current Opinion in Electrochemistry
1943:Current Opinion in Electrochemistry
1916:"How Do Blood-Glucose Meters Work?"
1157:. Diabetes-wise.net. Archived from
1119:"Portable Meter To Aid Diabetics",
289:synonymous with the generic product
380:Glucose monitoring with glucometer
25:
1479:"Unit of Measure Reference Table"
1497:"Print Diabetes Self-Management"
958:
892:
695:
592:treatment. In the UK, where the
396:
189:(HBGM) performed by people with
34:
1663:"Continuous Glucose Monitoring"
1454:Top Blood Sugar Monitor Reviews
795:reported testing prototypes of
407:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
1781:"Dexcom Product Compatibility"
1134:"Insulin Pumpers UK: Glossary"
279:, and the Accu-Chek meter (by
1:
1823:Advanced Healthcare Materials
1353:Hagvik, Joakim (March 2007).
388:Glucose meter and test strips
1987:10.1016/j.coelec.2019.03.003
1955:10.1016/j.coelec.2017.06.007
1499:. Diabetesselfmanagement.com
576:, and cellular transmitters.
570:diabetes management software
1761:"Dexcom G4 product website"
984:the claims made and adding
705:
622:Continuous glucose monitors
613:Noninvasive glucose monitor
2078:
1372:10.1177/193229680700100205
1123:, November 5, 1981, p. A-6
1073:"Definition of GLUCOMETER"
1042:congenital hyperinsulinism
884:Meter use for hypoglycemia
873:can result from prolonged
637:Continuous glucose monitor
634:
610:
525:Glucose vs. plasma glucose
362:electronic medical records
2052:Medical testing equipment
2047:Physiological instruments
139:
1803:. Eworldwire. 2010-03-25
1729:10.1177/1932296815580160
1641:10.1001/jama.282.19.1839
1426:"Alternate site testing"
1321:10.1177/1932296819886603
1253:10.1177/1932296820911471
1198:10.1177/1932296816634356
1136:. Insulin-pumpers.org.uk
283:). Consequently, these
214:type 2 diabetes mellitus
187:blood glucose monitoring
1077:www.merriam-webster.com
1040:of hypoglycemia (e.g.,
594:National Health Service
548:Memory and timestamping
536:in the blood to detect
356:Hospital glucose meters
219:long-term complications
165:also referred to as a "
1835:10.1002/adhm.201400504
813:
632:
495:Alternate site testing
489:Volume of blood sample
389:
381:
261:Ames Reflectance Meter
256:
1687:. Abbott Laboratories
1485:on February 19, 2011.
830:glucose dehydrogenase
811:
768:, an add-on pack for
629:
387:
379:
335:Non-meter test strips
254:
916:improve this section
708:section) need to be
681:Consensus Error Grid
534:beta-hydroxybutyrate
416:improve this article
54:improve this article
2062:American inventions
1697:An example of a CGM
660:ambient temperature
297:Boehringer Mannheim
2023:10.1039/C4RA16852F
1896:. Associated Press
1599:. 16 October 2006.
1456:. 11 February 2017
969:possibly contains
814:
644:interstitial fluid
633:
607:Noninvasive meters
390:
382:
302:In North America,
287:names have become
257:
1685:"FreeStyle Libre"
1563:10.1111/dme.12977
1551:Diabetic Medicine
1020:(low sugar) than
1014:
1013:
1006:
971:original research
952:
951:
944:
845:hydrogen peroxide
729:
728:
676:Clarke Error Grid
670:, dirt on meter,
448:
447:
440:
372:Test strip meters
191:diabetes mellitus
185:, including home
159:
158:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2069:
2027:
2026:
2017:(18): 13570–78.
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1931:
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1927:
1918:. Archived from
1912:
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1407:. Diabetes.co.uk
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1124:
1121:Pittsburgh Press
1117:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1009:
1002:
998:
995:
989:
986:inline citations
962:
961:
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940:
936:
933:
927:
896:
888:
744:Minimed Paradigm
724:
721:
715:
699:
698:
691:
514:United Kingdom.
501:Duration of test
443:
436:
432:
429:
423:
400:
392:
313:endocrinologists
268:glycemic control
144:
132:
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118:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
2077:
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2008:
2007:
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1967:
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1923:
1922:on 4 March 2016
1914:
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1690:
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1635:(19): 1839–44.
1622:
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1428:. Accu-Chek.com
1424:
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1398:
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1301:
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1279:
1232:Heinemann, Lutz
1229:
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990:
975:
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959:
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931:
928:
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897:
886:
822:glucose oxidase
806:
747:2016). It is a
725:
719:
716:
713:
700:
696:
689:
652:
639:
624:
615:
609:
585:
469:glucose oxidase
444:
433:
427:
424:
413:
401:
374:
358:
353:
351:Types of meters
337:
328:type 2 diabetes
246:glucose oxidase
242:Clark electrode
235:
210:type 1 diabetes
183:glucose testing
147:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Glucose meter"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2029:
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1960:
1933:
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1884:
1856:
1829:(6): 792–810.
1813:
1792:
1772:
1752:
1699:
1676:
1654:
1615:
1602:
1584:
1540:
1509:
1488:
1467:
1438:
1417:
1396:
1365:(2): 169–172.
1345:
1314:(3): 595–600.
1294:
1277:
1246:(3): 679–686.
1222:
1191:(4): 872–875.
1171:
1146:
1125:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:ISO/IEEE 11073
1049:
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1012:
1011:
966:
964:
957:
950:
949:
900:
898:
891:
885:
882:
818:gluconolactone
805:
802:
797:contact lenses
791:In early 2014
727:
726:
703:
701:
694:
688:
685:
651:
648:
635:Main article:
623:
620:
611:Main article:
608:
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336:
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234:
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171:medical device
163:glucose meter,
157:
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42:
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33:
26:
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14:
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2:
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2012:
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1776:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:(4): 885–94.
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:(July 2015).
1710:
1703:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1664:
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1598:
1594:
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1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:(5): 681–90.
1556:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1530:on 2015-09-23
1526:
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1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
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1172:
1161:on 2014-11-08
1160:
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1043:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:hyperglycemia
1019:
1008:
1005:
997:
987:
983:
979:
973:
972:
967:This article
965:
956:
955:
946:
943:
935:
925:
921:
917:
911:
910:
906:
901:This section
899:
895:
890:
889:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:hyperglycemia
870:
867:
862:
859:
855:
849:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
820:catalyzed by
819:
810:
803:
801:
798:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
750:
745:
740:
736:
734:
723:
720:November 2017
711:
707:
702:
693:
692:
686:
684:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:ascorbic acid
661:
657:
649:
647:
645:
638:
628:
621:
619:
614:
606:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
582:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Data transfer
560:
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460:
456:
453:
452:
451:
442:
439:
431:
428:November 2010
421:
417:
411:
410:
405:This section
403:
399:
394:
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378:
371:
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243:
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232:
230:
228:
224:
223:hyperglycemia
220:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
150:
143:
138:
135:Glucose meter
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2010
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2014:
2011:RSC Advances
2010:
2004:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1949:(1): 66–73.
1946:
1942:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1720:
1716:
1709:Heinemann, L
1702:
1689:. Retrieved
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1657:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1483:the original
1458:. Retrieved
1453:
1430:. Retrieved
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1280:
1243:
1239:
1230:Han, Julia;
1225:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1120:
1115:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1018:hypoglycemia
1015:
1000:
991:
968:
938:
929:
914:Please help
902:
879:
871:
863:
854:ferricyanide
850:
837:colorimetric
834:
815:
790:
786:
757:insulin pump
754:
741:
737:
730:
717:
709:
666:) in blood,
653:
640:
616:
598:
586:
566:mobile phone
561:
547:
524:
516:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
478:
464:
454:
449:
434:
425:
414:Please help
409:verification
406:
359:
342:
338:
325:
308:laboratories
301:
275:is owned by
265:
258:
238:Leland Clark
236:
227:hypoglycemia
207:
195:hypoglycemia
166:
162:
160:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1926:28 November
1900:January 17,
1877:January 17,
1691:21 February
1669:21 February
866:coulometric
601:counterfeit
599:Batches of
552:timestamped
465:Test strips
321:glucometers
2036:Categories
1871:TechCrunch
1807:2014-03-13
1786:2016-01-30
1766:2016-01-30
1534:2014-03-13
1503:2014-03-13
1432:2018-07-20
1411:2014-03-13
1165:2014-03-13
1140:2014-03-13
1082:2020-10-10
1060:References
978:improve it
852:such as a
804:Technology
749:hypodermic
733:Cygnus Inc
668:hematocrit
529:hematocrit
366:laboratory
167:glucometer
80:newspapers
18:Glucometer
1996:108142625
1026:precision
982:verifying
903:does not
858:ferrocene
841:benzidine
461:-powered.
304:hospitals
273:trademark
169:", is a
1851:35508652
1843:25400274
1747:25872965
1649:10573275
1597:BioSpace
1579:19190997
1571:26443548
1391:19888402
1340:31711305
1272:32174135
1217:26902794
1048:See also
994:May 2023
932:May 2023
778:AT&T
774:Motorola
672:humidity
650:Accuracy
568:running
364:and the
1980:: 1–6.
1738:4525642
1382:2771464
1331:7576956
1263:7576944
1208:4928230
976:Please
924:removed
909:sources
856:ion, a
782:Verizon
761:wristop
710:updated
631:levels.
538:ketosis
507:Display
459:battery
293:Britain
233:History
177:in the
175:glucose
152:Purpose
94:scholar
1994:
1849:
1841:
1745:
1735:
1647:
1577:
1569:
1460:30 May
1389:
1379:
1338:
1328:
1291:. YSI.
1270:
1260:
1215:
1205:
826:enzyme
793:Google
766:iPhone
759:, and
706:Future
687:Future
479:Coding
203:mmol/L
199:lancet
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1992:S2CID
1847:S2CID
1575:S2CID
1528:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
285:brand
281:Roche
277:Bayer
221:from
179:blood
101:JSTOR
87:books
1928:2012
1902:2014
1879:2014
1839:PMID
1743:PMID
1693:2016
1671:2016
1645:PMID
1629:JAMA
1567:PMID
1462:2023
1387:PMID
1336:PMID
1268:PMID
1213:PMID
1028:and
907:any
905:cite
780:and
589:US$
583:Cost
574:PDAs
455:Size
212:and
193:or
73:news
2019:doi
1982:doi
1951:doi
1831:doi
1733:PMC
1725:doi
1637:doi
1633:282
1559:doi
1377:PMC
1367:doi
1326:PMC
1316:doi
1258:PMC
1248:doi
1203:PMC
1193:doi
980:by
918:by
418:by
345:NHS
56:by
2038::
2013:.
1990:.
1978:15
1976:.
1972:.
1945:.
1868:.
1845:.
1837:.
1825:.
1741:.
1731:.
1719:.
1715:.
1643:.
1631:.
1627:.
1595:.
1573:.
1565:.
1555:33
1553:.
1470:^
1452:.
1441:^
1385:.
1375:.
1361:.
1357:.
1334:.
1324:.
1312:14
1310:.
1306:.
1266:.
1256:.
1244:14
1242:.
1238:.
1211:.
1201:.
1189:10
1187:.
1183:.
1103:^
1091:^
1075:.
877:.
828:,
770:LG
229:.
205:.
161:A
2025:.
2021::
2015:5
1998:.
1984::
1957:.
1953::
1947:5
1930:.
1904:.
1881:.
1853:.
1833::
1827:4
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1789:.
1769:.
1749:.
1727::
1721:9
1695:.
1673:.
1651:.
1639::
1613:.
1581:.
1561::
1537:.
1506:.
1464:.
1435:.
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1393:.
1369::
1363:1
1342:.
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1250::
1219:.
1195::
1168:.
1143:.
1085:.
1007:)
1001:(
996:)
992:(
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939:(
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930:(
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912:.
722:)
718:(
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441:)
435:(
430:)
426:(
412:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
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91:·
84:·
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50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
