555:. These may represent the wild progenitor of proso millet or feral escapes from domesticated production. Indeed, in the United States, weedy proso millet, representing feral escapes from cultivation, are now common, suggesting current proso millet cultivars retain the potential to revert, similar to the pattern seen for weedy rice. Currently, the earliest archeological evidence for domesticated proso millet comes from the Cishan site in semiarid north east China around 8,000 BCE. Because early varieties of proso millet had such a short lifecycle, as little as 45 days from planting to harvest, they are thought to have made it possible for seminomadic tribes to first adopt agriculture, forming a bridge between hunter-gatherer-focused lifestyles and early agricultural civilizations. Archaeological charred grains of common millet were found in several Neolithic sites in Europe and Transcaucasia but
535:
303:
616:, so shady locations of the field should be avoided. It is sensitive to temperatures lower than 10 to 13 °C (50 to 55 °F). Proso millet is highly drought-resistant, which makes it of interest to regions with low water availability and longer periods without rain. The soil should be light or medium-heavy. Due to its flat root systems, soil compaction must be avoided. Furthermore, proso millet does not tolerate soil wetness caused by dammed-up water.
42:
60:
706:
576:-demanding crops. The stubbles of the last crop, by allowing more heat into the soil, result in a faster and earlier millet growth. While millet occupies the ground, because of its superficial root system, the soil can replenish its water content for the next crop. Later crops, for example, a winter wheat, can in turn benefit from the millet stubble, which act as snow accumulators.
3411:
804:
821:, e.g. turnips, carrots, radish and celery. The porridge may be stirred-fried and is called "chao suan zhou" (炒酸粥). The porridge may also be steamed into solids known as "suan lao fan" (酸撈飯). While the traditional grain is proso millet, it is mixed with rice when available. Many folk idioms of sourness derive from this dish.
522:(torpedo grass). The two subgenomes within proso millet are estimated to have diverged 5.6 million years ago. However, the species has experienced only limited amounts of fractionation and copies of most genes are still retained on both subgenomes. A sequenced version of the proso millet genome, estimated to be around 920
791:
states. The top three producers in 2015 were
Colorado, Nebraska, and South Dakota, with 109,265 hectares (270,000 acres), 42,492 hectares (105,000 acres), and 28,328 hectares (70,000 acres). Historically grown as animal and bird seed, as of 2020, it has found a market as an organic gluten-free grain.
571:
Proso millet is a relatively low-demanding crop, and diseases are not known; consequently, it is often used in organic farming systems in Europe. In the United States, it is often used as an intercrop. Thus, proso millet can help to avoid a summer fallow, and continuous crop rotation can be achieved.
402:
states of the United States. About 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) are grown each year. The crop is notable both for its extremely short lifecycle, with some varieties producing grain only 60 days after planting, and its low water requirements, producing grain more efficiently per unit of moisture
816:
In Inner
Mongolia and northwestern Shanxi, China, fermented proso millet porridge known as "suan zhou" (酸粥) is popular. Millet is soaked to allow fermentation, then water is emptied to obtain porridge. The emptied water is served as a millet drink called "suan mi tang" (酸米湯). The porridge is eaten
538:
Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory: the
Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP), the New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP),
717:
Only a few diseases and pests are known to attack proso millet, but they are not economically important. Weeds are a bigger problem. The critical phase is in juvenile development. The formation of the grains happens in the 3- to 5-leaf stage. After that, all nutrients should be available for the
2510:
Martin, Lucie; Messager, Erwan; Bedianashvili, Giorgi; Rusishvili, Nana; Lebedeva, Elena; Longford, Catherine; Hovsepyan, Roman; Bitadze, Liana; Chkadua, Marine; Vanishvili, Nikoloz; Le Mort, Françoise; Kakhiani, Kakha; Abramishvili, Mikheil; Gogochuri, Giorgi; Murvanidze, Bidzina (2021-06-23).
844:
and needs complementation. Proso millet is also a poor fodder due to its low leaf-to-stem ratio and a possible irritant effect due to its hairy stem. Foxtail millet, having a higher leaf-to-stem ratio and less hairy stems, is preferred as fodder, particularly the variety called moha, which is a
1356:) is substantially higher in proso millet. Among the most commonly consumed products are ready-to-eat breakfast cereals made purely from millet flour, and a variety of noodles and bakery products that are, however, often produced from mixtures with wheat flour to improve their sensory quality.
778:
easier. Then the harvest is done with a pickup attached to a combine. Possible yields are between 2.5 and 4.5 tonnes per hectare (1.00 and 1.79 long ton/acre; 1.1 and 2.0 short ton/acre) under optimal conditions. Studies in
Germany showed that even higher yields can be attained.
2452:
Filipović, Dragana; Meadows, John; Corso, Marta Dal; Kirleis, Wiebke; Alsleben, Almuth; Akeret, Örni; Bittmann, Felix; Bosi, Giovanna; Ciută, Beatrice; Dreslerová, Dagmar; Effenberger, Henrike; Gyulai, Ferenc; Heiss, Andreas G.; Hellmund, Monika; Jahns, Susanne (2020-08-13).
3029:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
693:
weeder is used. For sowing, the usual sowing machines can be used similarly to how they are used for other crops such as wheat. A distance between the rows of 16 to 25 centimetres (6.3 to 9.8 in) is recommended if the farmer uses an interrow
698:. The sowing depth should be 1.5 to 2 centimetres (0.59 to 0.79 in) in optimal soil or 3 to 4 centimetres (1.2 to 1.6 in) in dry soil. Rolling of the ground after sowing is helpful for further cultivation. Cultivation in
1343:
The demand for more diverse and healthier cereal-based foods is increasing, particularly in affluent countries. Protein content in proso millet grains is comparable with that of wheat, but the share of some essential amino acids
1367:
derived from millets has been shown to be a good substrate for fermentation and malting with grains having similar starch contents as wheat grains. One study suggested that starch derived from proso millet can be converted to
1372:
with an only moderately lower efficiency than starch derived from corn. As proso millet is compatible with low-input agriculture, cultivation on marginal soils for biofuel production may present a new market for farmers.
685:. In Europe, proso millet is sowed between mid-April and the end of May. About 500 grams per acre (44 oz/ha) of seeds are required, which is roughly 500 per square metre (2,000,000/acre). In
2406:
2842:"Colorado's hottest grain is gluten-free, nutrient-dense, great in beer and about to be your new fav pantry staple Colorado produces the most millet in the country. But what exactly is it?"
1303:
758:
Harvest time is at the end of August until mid-September. Determining the best harvest date is not easy because all the grains do not ripen simultaneously. The grains on the top of the
435:
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ripen first, while the grains in the lower parts need more time, making compromise and harvest necessary to optimize yield. Harvesting can be done with a conventional
3757:
3982:
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1990:
Habiyaremye, Cedric; Matanguihan, Janet B.; D'Alpoim Guedes, Jade; Ganjyal, Girish M.; Whiteman, Michael R.; Kidwell, Kimberlee K.; Murphy, Kevin M. (2017).
2978:
473:, the others all employ the NADP-ME as their primary carbon shuttle pathway, while the primary C4 carbon shuttle in proso millet is the NAD-ME pathway.
502:
resulting from a wide hybrid between two different diploid ancestors. One of the two subgenomes within proso millet appears to have come from either
3682:
3770:
3708:
1871:
1862:
2387:
3943:
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2779:"Plant Stage, Not Drought Stress, Determines the Effect of Cultivars on Bacterial Community Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Broomcorn Millet (
3210:
3041:
2896:
4119:
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1959:
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3036:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
4114:
2702:
3000:
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Hanna WW, Baltensperger DD, Seetharam A (2004). "Pearl Millet and Other
Millets". In Moser LE, Burson BL, Sollenberger LE (eds.).
787:
In the United States, as of 2015, the total cultivated area of proso millet was 204,366 hectares (505,000 acres), mostly in the
3744:
2513:"The place of millet in food globalization during Late Prehistory as evidenced by new bioarchaeological data from the Caucasus"
746:
should be avoided due to its same weed spectrum. Because proso millet is an undemanding crop, it may be used at the end of the
3268:
2455:"New AMS 14C dates track the arrival and spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and agricultural change in prehistoric Europe"
2120:
Aliscioni, Sandra S.; Giussani, Liliana M.; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A. (May 2003). "A molecular phylogeny of
4028:
3798:
3121:
2178:
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Its superficial root system and its resistance to atrazine residue make proso millet a good intercrop between two water- and
3922:
2073:
403:
than any other grain species tested. The name "proso millet" comes from the pan-Slavic general and generic name for millet (
3775:
3083:
Saleh AS, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen Q (2012). "Millet Grains: Nutritional
Quality, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits".
3055:
3819:
1867:
560:
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2996:
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3969:
3532:
3509:
2405:
Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Staff, Richard A.; Hunt, Harriet V.; Liu, Xinyi; Jones, Martin K. (December 2013).
4033:
3956:
2595:"Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution"
2126:
2000:
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3837:
3793:
2982:
59:
3886:
2880:
1524:
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738:
with 50 to 75 kilograms (110 to 165 lb) nitrogen per hectare is recommended. Planting proso millet in a
3659:
2718:
Kalam, Sadaf; Basu, Anirban; Ahmad, Iqbal; Sayyed, R.; El-Enshasy, Hesham; Dailin, Joe; Suriani, Ni (2020).
2362:
1555:
1530:
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systems is also possible and often practiced in the United States. Sowing then can be done two weeks later.
508:
or a close relative of that species. The second subgenome does not show close homology to any known diploid
404:
3664:
3651:
302:
3646:
3547:
3432:
3166:
Taylor, J.R.N.; Schober, T.J.; Bean, S.R. (2006). "Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets".
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species, but some unknown diploid ancestor apparently also contributed a copy of its genome to a separate
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sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), and eastern North
America (4,000–3,000 BP).
391:
375:
186:
1290:
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method directly from the grains, indicated that it appeared in that area in the 2nd millennium BC.
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http://www.biofarm.ch/assets/files/Landwirtschaft/Merkblatt_Biohirse_Version%2012_2010.pdf(23.11.14)
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1509:
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Weedy forms of proso millet are found throughout central Asia, covering a widespread area from the
3811:
4071:
3948:
3573:
3321:
3145:
3102:
2822:
2759:
2720:"Recent Understanding of Soil Acidobacteria and Their Ecological Significance: A Critical Review"
2434:
2339:
2037:
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1423:
1409:
1317:
1148:
1128:
938:
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210:
54:
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1958:
Bhat, B Venkatesh; Arunachalam, A; Kumar, Dinesh; Tonapi, Vilas A; Mohapatra, Trilochan (2019).
3762:
41:
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1968:
1940:
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1617:
1538:
1440:
1226:
1026:
763:
504:
470:
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3339:
Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Liu, Minxuan; Diao, Xianmin; Shao, Konglan; Wu, Naiqin (2018).
2957:
2580:
2104:
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4109:
4104:
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3137:
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2741:
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2550:
2532:
2482:
2466:
2418:
2323:
2259:
2251:
2195:
2187:
2135:
2124:(Poaceae: Paniceae): tests of monophyly and phylogenetic placement within the Panicoideae".
2085:
2019:
2009:
1930:
1920:
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1757:
1724:
1706:
1658:
1497:
1395:
1043:
825:
647:
439:
367:
3736:
766:
with the moisture content of the grains around 15-20%. Usually, proso millet is mowed into
4063:
3894:
2668:
1802:
1793:
1733:
1623:
1592:
1503:
1481:
1337:
818:
727:
699:
686:
659:
426:
97:
1302:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
3481:
3364:
2528:
2309:
2247:
1916:
3987:
3935:
3930:
3383:
3340:
2809:
2778:
2746:
2719:
2621:
2594:
2555:
2512:
2487:
2454:
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2229:
2200:
2165:
2024:
1991:
1935:
1896:
1831:
1823:
1784:
1742:
1577:
1546:
665:
629:
581:
518:
513:
499:
450:
418:
359:
84:
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use is possible, but special sowing parameters are needed. For good crop development,
17:
4093:
3325:
2826:
2763:
2438:
2089:
1715:
1324:(table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), millet flour supplies 382
894:
747:
739:
735:
690:
641:
635:
355:
202:
110:
3106:
2927:
2343:
2041:
4076:
3560:
3149:
1673:
1632:
1466:
1313:
880:
788:
454:
399:
3700:
3317:
3141:
1640:
spp., are the common species recorded on proso millet during dry seasons in India.
705:
3974:
3785:
3514:
3501:
2660:
Merkblatt für den Anbau von
Rispenhirse im biologischen Landbau, www.biofarm.ch,
488:
species with a base chromosome number of 18, twice the base chromosome number of
4020:
3824:
3806:
3721:
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2847:
1700:
1608:
1381:
1329:
864:
624:
544:
466:
387:
323:
153:
123:
3491:
3373:
3031:
2537:
2470:
2255:
1996:
L.) and Its
Potential for Cultivation in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.: A Review"
3179:
2736:
2694:
2422:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1200:
1060:
1009:
731:
723:
695:
678:
653:
485:
3863:
3625:
3455:
3220:
2799:
2546:
2478:
2430:
1967:. Indian Council of Agriculgultural Research. pp. 28, 76. Archived from
3695:
3633:
3607:
3098:
2611:
2327:
2014:
1925:
1187:
1106:
1093:
775:
573:
4000:
3392:
3051:
2818:
2755:
2630:
2564:
2496:
2335:
2273:
2228:
Zou, Changsong; Li, Leiting; Miki, Daisuke; et al. (25 January 2019).
2209:
2147:
2033:
1944:
3410:
3252:
3235:
3995:
3845:
3524:
3449:
3202:
2191:
2139:
992:
795:
Proso millet is one of the few types of millet not cultivated in Africa.
682:
620:
552:
548:
523:
3899:
3674:
2407:"The early chronology of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Europe"
3858:
3687:
3568:
3297:
Portillo, Marta; Ball, Terry B.; Wallace, Michael; et al. (2019).
1369:
1345:
1325:
972:
803:
767:
759:
612:
Due to its C4 photosynthetic system, proso millet is thermophilic like
494:
489:
462:
163:
143:
2164:
Hunt, H. V.; Badakshi, F.; Romanova, O.; et al. (10 April 2014).
704:
3726:
3198:
1364:
1076:
841:
837:
133:
3426:
3749:
3612:
3341:"Phytolith analysis for differentiating between broomcorn millet (
2888:
1653:
802:
771:
743:
613:
533:
458:
301:
71:
3599:
1677:
1649:
1239:
310:
3430:
3292:
3290:
3267:
Sathish, Ravulapenta; Manjunatha, M; Rajashekarappa, K (2017).
3195:
Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management
1696:
Native names for proso millet in its cultivated area include:
1321:
914:
3236:"Management of Economically Important Insect Pests of Millet"
2055:
2777:
Na, Xiaofan; Cao, Xiaoning; Ma, Caixia; et al. (2019).
1895:
Lu, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, K.-b.; et al. (21 April 2009).
718:
millet, so preventing the growth of weeds is necessary. In
3001:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2388:"This Ancient Grain May Have Helped Humans Become Farmers"
2056:"USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service Homepage"
1399:(proso millet shoot fly, a major pest in India and Africa)
3273:(Wiedemann) on proso millet at different dates of sowing"
836:
Proso millet is primarily grown as livestock and poultry
3234:
Gahukar, Ruparao T; Reddy, Gadi V P; Royer, Tom (2019).
2581:
Producing and marketing proso millet in the great plains
2074:"Evaluation of the waxy endosperm trait in proso millet"
2072:
Graybosch, R. A.; Baltensperger, D. D. (February 2009).
2689:. Agronomy Monographs. Vol. 45. pp. 537–560.
2170:(Poaceae): the origin of tetraploid broomcorn millet,
2159:
2157:
828:, being mixed with other grains to produce a texture.
358:
evidence suggests millet was first domesticated about
3086:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
412:
3439:
2981:. Gluten Free Home Brewing. c. 2015. Archived from
2289:"Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions"
1275:
1263:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1126:
1105:
1092:
1075:
1059:
1042:
1025:
1008:
991:
970:
935:
911:
893:
877:
863:
858:
824:In the United States, proso millet is used to brew
3033:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
362:in Northern China. Major cultivated areas include
2067:
2065:
1138:
982:
669:are the most common members, in declining order.
2103:Lyman James Briggs; Homer LeRoy Shantz (1913).
1905:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1890:
1888:
2223:
2221:
2219:
859:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3126:L.) fermentation for fuel ethanol production"
2576:
2574:
1985:
1983:
1981:
677:The seedbed should be finely crumbled as for
8:
3299:"Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany"
1901:) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago"
853:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
1750:
1328:, and is a rich source (20% or more of the
3427:
2997:United States Food and Drug Administration
2357:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria, eds. (2000).
1897:"Earliest domestication of common millet (
952:
852:
774:. There, they can wither, which makes the
40:
31:
3382:
3372:
3277:Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
3251:
3161:
3159:
2945:. 中华书局. pp. 43, 44, 48, 51, 61, 150.
2808:
2798:
2745:
2735:
2620:
2610:
2554:
2536:
2486:
2317:
2263:
2199:
2023:
2013:
1934:
1924:
1627:suck the milky developing grains in India
770:first, since the plants are not dry like
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
2965:University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
2869:National Research Council (1996-02-14).
2680:
2678:
2676:
2359:Domestication of Plants in the Old World
623:have significantly different effects on
530:Domestication and history of cultivation
3422:Alternative Field Crops Manual: Millets
2593:Goron, Travis; Raizada, Manish (2015).
1872:United States Department of Agriculture
1863:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1815:
689:, this amount should be increased if a
2876:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
526:pairs in size, was published in 2019.
3240:Journal of Integrated Pest Management
754:Harvesting and postharvest treatments
7:
4034:66bb8e0c-0d3e-42e3-97df-7b1ff5af2941
3874:4e3ed4e7-8cc2-4831-999b-fc7d9a5a6e8f
2386:Fessenden, Maris (January 7, 2016).
1676:analysis method which distinguishes
2958:"Alternative Uses of Proso Millet"
2287:Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003).
1291:Full Report of USDA Database entry
840:. As food it is very deficient in
25:
2956:Santra, D.K.; Rose, D.J. (2013).
2109:. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 29–.
1688:on the basis of micromorphology.
580:is commonly classified into five
3962:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:412217-1
3409:
2230:"The genome of broomcorn millet"
2090:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2008.01511.x
58:
3058:from the original on 2024-05-09
3011:from the original on 2024-03-27
2840:Daliah Singer (July 30, 2020).
2583:, U. Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
2106:The water requirement of plants
498:. The species appears to be an
469:. While all of these crops use
2179:Journal of Experimental Botany
1312:Millet flour is 9% water, 75%
449:Proso millet is a relative of
1:
3318:10.1080/14614103.2019.1569351
3142:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.010
3130:Industrial Crops and Products
1868:Agricultural Research Service
1672:. A 2018 report developed a
1662:(Kitag.) Chang comb. Nov. or
869:1,597 kJ (382 kcal)
807:Cooked rice with proso millet
619:A 2019 study found different
608:Climate and soil requirements
1298:Percentages estimated using
730:, harrow weeder or interrow
4120:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3345:) and its weed/feral type (
3120:Rose DJ, Santra DK (2013).
2926:. 府谷县委史志研究室. Archived from
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1427:occurs in the United States
465:within the grass subfamily
4141:
3374:10.1038/s41598-018-31467-6
2599:Frontiers in Plant Science
2538:10.1038/s41598-021-92392-9
2471:10.1038/s41598-020-70495-z
2256:10.1038/s41467-019-08409-5
2127:American Journal of Botany
2001:Frontiers in Plant Science
627:assemblage, and also that
322:is a grain crop with many
3306:Environmental Archaeology
3269:"Incidence of shoot fly,
3180:10.1016/j.jcs.2006.06.009
3168:Journal of Cereal Science
2979:"Pale Millet Malt - 5 LB"
2787:Frontiers in Microbiology
2737:10.3389/fmicb.2020.580024
2724:Frontiers in Microbiology
2695:10.2134/agronmonogr45.c15
2423:10.1017/S0003598X00049875
2166:"Reticulate evolution in
1297:
1287:
1283:
1259:
1251:
1122:
1118:
966:
962:
955:
951:
931:
927:
907:
903:
873:
783:Geographical distribution
559:dates obtained thanks to
492:species within its genus
443:
413:
216:
209:
192:
185:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
4115:Plants described in 1753
2881:National Academies Press
2800:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00828
2687:Warm-Season (C4) Grasses
1656:types are classified as
1525:Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
1493:Chilo orichalcociliellus
3099:10.1111/1541-4337.12012
2612:10.3389/fpls.2015.00157
2363:Oxford University Press
2328:10.1126/science.1078208
2015:10.3389/fpls.2016.01961
1961:Millets in the Himalaya
1926:10.1073/pnas.0900158106
1556:Dociostaurus maroccanus
1300:US recommendations
3193:Kalaisekar, A (2017).
1596:(in the United States)
1304:the National Academies
808:
709:
540:
430:
422:
408:
314:
49:Proso millet panicles
18:Glutinous proso millet
2235:Nature Communications
1433:Haplothrips aculeatus
1360:Fermentation products
957:Vitamins and minerals
845:high-quality fodder.
832:Livestock and poultry
806:
708:
537:
305:
3418:at Wikimedia Commons
2392:Smithsonian Magazine
2140:10.3732/ajb.90.5.796
1826:Panicum miliaceum L.
1404:Atherigona miliaceae
720:conventional farming
477:Evolutionary history
263:Panicum densepilosum
3365:2018NatSR...813022Z
3253:10.1093/jipm/pmz026
2529:2021NatSR..1113124M
2310:2003Sci...300..597D
2248:2019NatCo..10..436Z
1917:2009PNAS..106.7367L
1720:china bachari bagmu
1572:Hieroglyphus banian
1510:Ostrinia furnacalis
1044:Pantothenic acid (B
855:
3353:Scientific Reports
2918:赵喜荣 (2023-06-05).
2667:2015-02-03 at the
2517:Scientific Reports
2459:Scientific Reports
2417:(338): 1073–1085.
2192:10.1093/jxb/eru161
1612:(in North America)
1564:Locusta migratoria
1536:hairy caterpillar
1453:Spodoptera exempta
1424:Meromyza americana
1421:wheat stem maggot
1410:Atherigona soccata
1265:Other constituents
809:
710:
673:Seedbed and sowing
541:
315:
288:Panicum spontaneum
283:(Kitag.) D.M.Chang
255:Panicum asperrimum
247:Panicum asperrimum
221:Leptoloma miliacea
4087:
4086:
3908:Open Tree of Life
3851:Panicum~miliaceum
3587:Panicum_miliaceum
3471:Panicum miliaceum
3441:Panicum miliaceum
3433:Taxon identifiers
3416:Panicum miliaceum
3414:Media related to
3343:Panicum miliaceum
3212:978-0-12-804243-4
3124:Panicum miliaceum
3043:978-0-309-48834-1
2941:邢向东; 王兆富 (2014).
2898:978-0-309-04990-0
2781:Panicum miliaceum
2304:(5619): 597–603.
2186:(12): 3165–3175.
1994:Panicum miliaceum
1911:(18): 7367–7372.
1899:Panicum miliaceum
1856:Panicum miliaceum
1665:Panicum miliaceum
1618:Leptocorisa acuta
1590:cotton boll worm
1561:migratory locust
1539:Spilosoma obliqua
1441:Mythimna separata
1332:, DV) of several
1310:
1309:
1255:
1254:
799:As food and drink
764:combine harvester
482:Panicum miliaceum
471:C4 photosynthesis
319:Panicum miliaceum
307:Panicum miliaceum
300:
299:
292:
284:
275:
267:
259:
251:
242:
233:
229:Milium esculentum
225:
196:Panicum miliaceum
178:P. miliaceum
16:(Redirected from
4132:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3964:
3952:
3951:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3825:NBNSYS0000004667
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3740:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3678:
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3668:
3667:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3428:
3413:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3347:Panicum ruderale
3336:
3330:
3329:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3271:Atherigona pulla
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2802:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2749:
2739:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2682:
2671:
2658:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2540:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2361:(3rd ed.).
2354:
2348:
2347:
2321:
2319:10.1.1.1013.4523
2293:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2017:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1820:
1754:
1659:Panicum ruderale
1553:Moroccan locust
1498:Sesamia inferens
1488:Ch. suppressalis
1396:Atherigona pulla
1338:dietary minerals
1142:
1080:
1064:
1047:
1030:
1013:
996:
986:
953:
856:
826:gluten-free beer
726:may be used. In
713:Field management
648:Gemmatimonadetes
445:
438:
416:
415:
368:Himachal Pradesh
356:Archaeobotanical
332:broomcorn millet
290:
282:
280:Panicum ruderale
273:
265:
258:Fischer ex Jacq.
257:
249:
240:
231:
223:
198:
63:
62:
44:
32:
27:Species of grass
21:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
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4019:
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3999:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3968:
3960:
3955:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3895:Observation.org
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
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3862:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3783:MichiganFlora:
3782:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
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3637:
3632:
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3593:
3585:
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3572:
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3559:
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3498:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3478:
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3454:
3453:
3448:
3435:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3283:(5): 2000–2004.
3266:
3265:
3261:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3213:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3122:"Proso millet (
3119:
3118:
3114:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
2995:
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2990:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2883:. p. 260.
2879:. Vol. 1.
2868:
2867:
2863:
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2851:
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2838:
2834:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2717:
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2712:
2705:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2669:Wayback Machine
2659:
2638:
2592:
2591:
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2579:
2572:
2509:
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2226:
2217:
2163:
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2155:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
1992:"Proso Millet (
1989:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1694:
1647:
1624:Nezara viridula
1593:Helicoverpa zea
1585:Earhead feeders
1544:rice butterfly
1482:Chilo partellus
1379:
1362:
1293:
1288:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
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1087:
1078:
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1003:
994:
987:
958:
947:
942:
923:
918:
889:
884:
851:
834:
814:
801:
785:
756:
728:organic farming
715:
700:no-till farming
687:organic farming
675:
660:Verrucomicrobia
610:
569:
532:
479:
434:
296:
205:
200:
194:
181:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:wfo-0000885202
4068:
4058:
4048:
4038:
4025:
4015:
4005:
3992:
3979:
3966:
3953:
3940:
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3461:
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3436:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3405:
3404:External links
3402:
3399:
3398:
3331:
3312:(2): 246–256.
3286:
3259:
3226:
3211:
3185:
3174:(3): 252–271.
3155:
3136:(1): 602–605.
3112:
3093:(3): 281–295.
3068:
3042:
3021:
2988:
2985:on 2022-08-12.
2970:
2948:
2933:
2930:on 2023-08-27.
2910:
2897:
2861:
2832:
2769:
2710:
2703:
2672:
2636:
2585:
2570:
2502:
2444:
2397:
2378:
2372:978-0198503569
2371:
2349:
2279:
2215:
2153:
2134:(5): 796–821.
2112:
2095:
2078:Plant Breeding
2061:
2047:
1977:
1974:on 2022-02-25.
1950:
1884:
1845:
1832:The Plant List
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
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1800:
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1628:
1621:and green bug
1613:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:Oxya chinensis
1567:
1559:
1551:
1547:Melanitis leda
1542:
1534:
1519:
1518:
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1471:
1464:field cricket
1462:
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1390:
1389:
1388:Seedling pests
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666:Planctomycetes
630:Proteobacteria
609:
606:
568:
565:
531:
528:
514:allotetraploid
500:allotetraploid
478:
475:
451:foxtail millet
405:Serbo-Croatian
364:Northern China
298:
297:
295:
294:
285:
277:
271:Panicum milium
268:
260:
252:
244:
238:Milium panicum
235:
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2889:10.17226/2305
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2057:
2051:
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2043:
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2031:
2026:
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2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1986:
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1982:
1978:
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1963:
1962:
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1583:
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1574:
1573:
1569:grasshoppers
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1522:leaf folders
1521:
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1489:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:S. frugiperda
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1425:
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1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:carbohydrates
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
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1125:
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1082:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1010:Riboflavin (B
1007:
1000:
998:
990:
985:
980:
977:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
954:
950:
944:
941:
940:
934:
930:
926:
920:
917:
916:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
895:Dietary fiber
892:
886:
883:
882:
881:Carbohydrates
876:
872:
868:
866:
862:
857:
848:
846:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
822:
820:
811:
805:
798:
796:
793:
790:
782:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:crop rotation
737:
736:fertilization
733:
729:
725:
721:
712:
707:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
667:
662:
661:
656:
655:
650:
649:
644:
643:
638:
637:
636:Bacteroidetes
632:
631:
626:
622:
617:
615:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:patentissimum
587:
583:
579:
575:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
441:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Kashfi millet
341:
337:
336:common millet
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
312:
308:
304:
289:
286:
281:
278:
272:
269:
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
239:
236:
230:
227:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
180:
179:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:Tracheophytes
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Proso millet
33:
30:
19:
4044:proso-millet
3440:
3359:(1): 13022.
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3309:
3305:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3194:
3188:
3171:
3167:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3090:
3084:
3060:. Retrieved
3032:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3004:
2991:
2983:the original
2973:
2967:. p. 2.
2964:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2928:the original
2923:
2920:"东拉西扯唠酸粥（二）"
2913:
2902:. Retrieved
2875:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2845:
2835:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2686:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2523:(1): 13124.
2520:
2516:
2505:
2465:(1): 13698.
2462:
2458:
2447:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2391:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2301:
2295:
2282:
2239:
2233:
2183:
2177:
2172:P. miliaceum
2171:
2167:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2098:
2084:(1): 70–73.
2081:
2077:
2050:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1969:the original
1960:
1953:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1875:. Retrieved
1861:
1855:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1825:
1818:
1695:
1685:
1682:P. miliaceum
1681:
1674:morphometric
1669:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1637:
1633:Odontotermes
1631:
1622:
1616:
1615:earhead bug
1607:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1545:
1537:
1531:Cn. patnalis
1529:
1523:
1517:Leaf feeders
1508:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1467:Brachytrupes
1465:
1457:
1451:
1447:M. unipuncta
1445:
1439:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1382:Insect pests
1380:
1363:
1342:
1311:
1269:
1264:
1139:
1134:
1127:
983:
978:
971:
937:
913:
879:
854:Millet flour
835:
823:
815:
794:
789:Great Plains
786:
757:
716:
676:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
618:
611:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:P. miliaceum
577:
570:
542:
517:
509:
505:P. capillare
503:
493:
481:
480:
455:pearl millet
448:
400:Great Plains
352:white millet
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:proso millet
327:
326:, including
324:common names
318:
317:
316:
306:
287:
279:
270:
262:
254:
246:
237:
228:
220:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
117:
104:
91:
78:
29:
3807:NatureServe
3722:iNaturalist
3465:Wikispecies
2848:Denver Post
1789:pani varagu
1701:Jin Chinese
1692:Local names
1686:P. ruderale
1638:Microtermes
1609:Sipha flava
1601:Other pests
1475:Stem borers
1416:A. punctata
1330:Daily Value
993:Thiamine (B
642:Chloroflexi
625:rhizosphere
567:Cultivation
557:radiocarbon
545:Caspian Sea
467:Panicoideae
388:Middle East
293:nom. inval.
276:nom. illeg.
243:nom. illeg.
234:nom. illeg.
154:Panicoideae
150:Subfamily:
124:Commelinids
98:Angiosperms
4094:Categories
4051:WisFlora:
3936:kew-429269
3931:Plant List
3545:Calflora:
3062:2024-06-21
3015:2024-03-28
2904:2008-07-18
2242:(1): 436.
1810:References
1630:termites,
1504:S. cretica
1438:armyworms
1393:shoot fly
1354:methionine
1350:isoleucine
1340:(table).
1334:B vitamins
1201:Phosphorus
817:alongside
732:cultivator
724:herbicides
696:cultivator
679:sugar beet
654:Firmicutes
594:contractum
486:tetraploid
398:, and the
370:of India,
348:red millet
340:hog millet
224:(L.) Smyth
3696:GrassBase
3665:200025821
3652:200025821
3634:FloraBase
3326:135206336
3221:967265246
2827:128359092
2764:226064207
2547:2045-2322
2479:2045-2322
2439:163096064
2431:0003-598X
2411:Antiquity
2314:CiteSeerX
1877:8 January
1838:8 January
1645:As a weed
1636:spp. and
1384:include:
1320:, and 4%
1214:Potassium
1188:Manganese
1175:Magnesium
1107:Vitamin K
1094:Vitamin E
1077:Folate (B
1061:Vitamin B
1027:Niacin (B
849:Nutrition
776:threshing
621:cultivars
598:compactum
586:miliaceum
574:pesticide
519:P. repens
436:‹See Tfd›
360:10,000 BP
172:Species:
68:Kingdom:
4029:VicFlora
4018:VASCAN:
4001:25509813
3996:Tropicos
3846:NSWFlora
3812:2.132528
3763:10594448
3750:131424-3
3701:imp07117
3582:eFloraSA
3522:BioLib:
3450:Wikidata
3393:30158541
3203:Elsevier
3107:86749886
3056:Archived
3052:30844154
3009:Archived
2999:(2024).
2943:吴堡方言调查研究
2854:July 30,
2819:31068914
2756:33193209
2665:Archived
2631:25852710
2565:34162920
2497:32792561
2344:13350469
2336:12714734
2274:30683860
2210:24723408
2148:21659176
2042:10022987
2034:28119699
2008:: 1961.
1945:19383791
1767:Gujarati
1670:ruderale
1326:calories
1270:Quantity
1135:Quantity
1129:Minerals
979:Quantity
973:Vitamins
768:windrows
748:rotation
683:rapeseed
553:Mongolia
549:Xinjiang
547:east to
524:megabase
516:species
211:Synonyms
140:Family:
111:Monocots
4125:Cereals
4110:Forages
4105:Panicum
4100:Millets
4011:5404619
3988:1262-39
3913:1079445
3859:NTFlora
3794:MoBotPF
3688:2705090
3600:1114498
3569:Ecocrop
3456:Q165196
3384:6115419
3361:Bibcode
3150:1627015
2871:"Ebony"
2810:6491785
2793:: 828.
2747:7661733
2622:4371761
2605:: 157.
2556:8222238
2525:Bibcode
2488:7426858
2306:Bibcode
2297:Science
2265:6347628
2244:Bibcode
2201:4071833
2168:Panicum
2122:Panicum
2025:5220228
1936:2678631
1913:Bibcode
1776:Marathi
1758:Punjabi
1725:Kannada
1707:Bengali
1668:subsp.
1430:thrip,
1370:ethanol
1346:leucine
1318:protein
1149:Calcium
1101:0.11 mg
1071:0.37 mg
1021:0.07 mg
939:Protein
819:pickles
760:panicle
510:Panicum
495:Panicum
490:diploid
463:sorghum
440:Russian
396:Romania
384:Belarus
380:Ukraine
165:Panicum
160:Genus:
144:Poaceae
130:Order:
72:Plantae
4008:uBio:
3944:PLANTS
3871:NZOR:
3799:285210
3714:317710
3675:PANMIL
3672:FoIO:
3626:193565
3538:121524
3499:APDB:
3479:AoFP:
3391:
3381:
3324:
3219:
3209:
3199:London
3148:
3105:
3050:
3040:
2895:
2825:
2817:
2807:
2762:
2754:
2744:
2701:
2629:
2619:
2563:
2553:
2545:
2495:
2485:
2477:
2437:
2429:
2369:
2342:
2334:
2316:
2272:
2262:
2208:
2198:
2146:
2040:
2032:
2022:
1943:
1933:
1834:. 2013
1805:: тары
1803:Kazakh
1794:Nepali
1762:cheena
1738:variga
1734:Telugu
1729:baragu
1711:cheena
1606:aphid
1549:ismene
1507:, and
1456:, and
1413:, and
1365:Starch
1352:, and
1316:, 11%
1247:2.6 mg
1227:Sodium
1221:224 mg
1208:285 mg
1182:119 mg
1169:3.9 mg
1114:0.8 μg
1055:1.3 mg
1004:0.4 mg
946:10.8 g
888:75.1 g
865:Energy
842:lysine
838:fodder
812:Humans
742:after
691:harrow
663:, and
602:ovatum
600:, and
461:, and
427:Polish
392:Turkey
386:, the
376:Russia
350:, and
266:Steud.
250:Fisch.
232:Moench
134:Poales
4061:WoI:
4041:WiO:
3983:SANBI
3975:65666
3949:PAMI2
3920:PFI:
3882:NZPCN
3864:20305
3776:40946
3758:IRMNG
3734:IPA:
3727:78340
3621:EUNIS
3613:PANMI
3561:6TMS7
3525:42700
3515:97176
3502:51648
3489:APA:
3322:S2CID
3302:(PDF)
3246:(1).
3146:S2CID
3103:S2CID
2961:(PDF)
2823:S2CID
2760:S2CID
2435:S2CID
2340:S2CID
2292:(PDF)
2038:S2CID
1972:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1798:dudhe
1785:Tamil
1780:varaī
1771:cheno
1752:barri
1747:chena
1743:Hindi
1678:seeds
1654:feral
1650:Weedy
1377:Pests
1279:8.7 g
1276:Water
1156:14 mg
1088:42 μg
922:4.2 g
899:3.5 g
772:wheat
744:maize
614:maize
582:races
484:is a
459:maize
444:просо
431:proso
423:proso
419:Czech
414:просо
409:proso
372:Nepal
291:Zhuk.
274:Pers.
241:Mill.
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
79:Clade
4064:2727
4054:4409
4021:7807
3957:POWO
3923:7776
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