146:
20:
625:
589:
Koza RA, Kozak UC, Brown LJ, Leiter EH, MacDonald MJ, Kozak LP (December 1996). "Sequence and tissue-dependent RNA expression of mouse FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase".
94:
in the mitochondrial matrix. In mammals, its activity in transporting reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane is secondary to the malate–aspartate shuttle.
657:"Involvement of a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in modulating the NADH/NAD+ ratio provides evidence of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Arabidopsis"
86:(G3P) and regenerating the NAD needed to generate energy via glycolysis. Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) then catalyzes the oxidation of G3P by
635:
277:
235:
641:
759:
550:"The role of mRNA levels and cellular localization in controlling sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in tissues of the mouse"
111:
153:
131:
75:
102:
The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of
145:
779:
392:"Pathways of hydrogen transport in the oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide in flight muscle"
784:
68:
52:
431:
Boxer GE, Shonk CE (January 1960). "Low levels of soluble DPN-linked alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in tumors".
157:
87:
180:, making the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle less energetically efficient compared to oxidation of NADH by Complex I.
135:
79:
173:
48:
189:
177:
152:
Glycerol-3-phosphate is converted back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by an inner membrane-bound mitochondrial
509:"Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediate metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue"
56:
47:
generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. NADH must be transported into the mitochondria to enter the
257:
215:
706:"The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues"
460:"Unusually high mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue"
194:
107:
139:
115:
83:
106:. It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of
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763:
323:"GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI"
299:"GPD1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI"
214:
Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (2017-01-01), Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (eds.),
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pathway is used to transport electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria.
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705:
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is a mechanism used in skeletal muscle and the brain that regenerates NAD from
169:
36:
731:
119:
739:
690:
672:
602:
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142:(1) by oxidizing one molecule of NADH to NAD as in the following reaction:
610:
575:
493:
534:
475:
322:
298:
176:. This reaction is irreversible. These electrons bypass Complex I of the
44:
114:(GPD1) until high GPD1 and GPD2 activity were demonstrated in mammalian
74:
The shuttle consists of two proteins acting in sequence. Cytoplasmic
156:
2 (GPD2 or mGPD), this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound
548:
Ratner PL, Fisher M, Burkart D, Cook JR, Kozak LP (April 1981).
32:
258:"CHAPTER 14 - Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation"
351:"alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase of flight muscle mitochondria"
757:
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/601glycolysissum.html
704:
Mráček, Tomáš; Drahota, Zdeněk; Houštěk, Josef (2013-03-01).
624:
Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007).
144:
67:
either the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle pathway or the
256:
Bhagavan, N. V. (2002-01-01), Bhagavan, N. V. (ed.),
172:(ubiquinone to ubiquinol) whose electrons enter into
766:(describes the shuttle in the context of glycolysis)
655:
Shen W, Wei Y, Dauk M, et al. (February 2006).
710:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
90:, regenerating DHAP in the cytosol and forming FADH
216:"Chapter 9 - Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics"
344:
342:
264:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 247–274,
130:In this shuttle, the enzyme called cytoplasmic
78:(cGPD) transfers an electron pair from NADH to
8:
721:
680:
565:
524:
483:
458:Ohkawa KI, Vogt MT, Farber E (May 1969).
407:
366:
507:Houstek J, Cannon B, Lindberg O (1975).
349:Estabrook RW, Sacktor B (October 1958).
18:
16:NADH transport mechanism in mitochondria
591:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
206:
262:Medical Biochemistry (Fourth Edition)
7:
222:, Academic Press, pp. 177–204,
112:glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1
554:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
396:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
355:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
526:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x
390:Sacktor B, Dick A (October 1962).
228:10.1016/b978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4
154:glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
132:glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
76:glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
63:for NAD. Depending on the type of
14:
630:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
513:European Journal of Biochemistry
270:10.1016/b978-012095440-7/50016-0
1:
567:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69647-X
409:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50156-3
368:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64696-4
723:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014
59:to NADH and only contains a
53:inner mitochondrial membrane
29:glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
464:The Journal of Cell Biology
158:flavin adenine dinucleotide
801:
136:dihydroxyacetone phosphate
134:1 (GPD1 or cGPD) converts
80:dihydroxyacetone phosphate
23:Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle
174:oxidative phosphorylation
49:oxidative phosphorylation
190:Malate-aspartate shuttle
178:electron transport chain
69:malate–aspartate shuttle
673:10.1105/tpc.105.039750
603:10.1006/abbi.1996.0536
149:
51:pathway. However, the
24:
780:Biochemical reactions
195:Mitochondrial shuttle
148:
108:lactate dehydrogenase
22:
785:Cellular respiration
476:10.1083/jcb.41.2.441
327:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
303:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
220:Medical Biochemistry
140:glycerol 3-phosphate
116:brown adipose tissue
84:glycerol-3-phosphate
120:pancreatic Ăź-islets
41:reducing equivalent
762:2020-06-24 at the
150:
35:, a by-product of
25:
637:978-0-7167-8724-2
279:978-0-12-095440-7
237:978-0-12-803550-4
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82:(DHAP), forming
61:transport system
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764:Wayback Machine
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433:Cancer Research
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402:(10): 3259–63.
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751:External links
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716:(3): 401–410.
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644:on 2007-05-18.
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110:activity over
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667:(2): 422–41.
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597:(1): 97–104.
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560:(7): 3576–9.
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160:(FAD) to FADH
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642:the original
627:Biochemistry
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519:(1): 11–18.
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470:(2): 441–9.
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330:. Retrieved
326:
317:
306:. Retrieved
302:
293:
283:, retrieved
261:
251:
241:, retrieved
219:
209:
151:
129:
101:
73:
43:that stores
39:. NADH is a
28:
26:
57:impermeable
774:Categories
661:Plant Cell
332:2021-05-03
308:2021-05-03
285:2023-05-14
243:2023-05-14
201:References
170:coenzyme Q
104:blow flies
37:glycolysis
732:0005-2728
439:: 85–91.
45:electrons
760:Archived
740:23220394
691:16415206
445:13803504
418:13975951
377:13587533
184:See also
126:Reaction
682:1356549
611:8951039
576:6782104
494:5783866
485:2107766
164:. FADH
138:(2) to
98:History
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535:168075
533:
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65:tissue
736:PMID
728:ISSN
714:1827
687:PMID
632:ISBN
607:PMID
572:PMID
531:PMID
490:PMID
441:PMID
414:PMID
373:PMID
274:ISBN
232:ISBN
118:and
33:NADH
27:The
718:doi
677:PMC
669:doi
599:doi
595:336
562:doi
558:256
521:doi
480:PMC
472:doi
404:doi
400:237
363:doi
359:233
266:doi
224:doi
88:FAD
55:is
776::
734:.
726:.
712:.
708:.
685:.
675:.
665:18
663:.
659:.
605:.
593:.
570:.
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529:.
517:54
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511:.
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478:.
468:41
466:.
462:.
437:20
435:.
412:.
398:.
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371:.
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353:.
341:^
325:.
301:.
272:,
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742:.
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671::
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268::
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166:2
162:2
92:2
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