416:
or one of many other similar names. It is thought that
Japanese students studying in China adopted this practice, and, taking the position that the Chang'an-based manner of elocution were the correct ones, they also began to refer to the previously imported, unfashionable kanji readings as
2116:
1967:
2163:
601:
910:
1962:
1589:
877:
849:
789:
1584:
816:
1068:
75:
1469:
2175:
1894:
1848:
1843:
1369:
903:
195:
2017:
1075:
1858:
1574:
1989:
1828:
1387:
1722:
1702:
1506:
1459:
121:
1838:
1712:
896:
2123:
2101:
1889:
2158:
2096:
2086:
2050:
1948:
1899:
1823:
1798:
1407:
1464:
1542:
806:
1559:
17:
255:. These readings were also used for the Chinese characters of the ancient Japanese syllabary used in the
2040:
1929:
1402:
948:
938:
781:
Lexicon of
Reconstructed Pronunciation: In Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin
225:
readings make up the first of three waves of
Chinese loans to the Japanese language, the others being
2091:
1914:
1818:
1692:
1494:
1429:
943:
2140:
2022:
1994:
1909:
1489:
1434:
308:
2111:
2170:
2032:
1919:
1853:
1743:
1738:
1451:
1193:
292:
117:
1999:
1439:
1275:
1224:
1934:
1904:
1707:
1526:
1511:
1484:
1479:
1417:
1355:
1330:
1265:
1183:
1139:
982:
977:
967:
958:
919:
873:
865:
845:
839:
835:
812:
785:
779:
503:
476:
282:
110:
94:
88:
247:
readings are particularly common for
Buddhist and legal terminology, especially those of the
2128:
2106:
1884:
1680:
1521:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1296:
1244:
1188:
1149:
1085:
1041:
1026:
199:
49:
1649:
2153:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1516:
1289:
1200:
1100:
1061:
1056:
1017:
997:
518:
429:
1282:
2198:
2148:
1499:
1474:
1397:
1377:
1350:
1301:
1253:
1217:
1171:
1115:
1110:
1090:
507:
177:
280:
readings still both exist. Many characters have both readings. For instance, the name
2192:
1939:
1685:
1664:
1382:
1234:
1178:
1046:
1036:
1012:
1002:
992:
511:
198:. They may have been imported either directly from the Southern dynasty or from the
1924:
1753:
1318:
1212:
1156:
1125:
1120:
933:
753:
363:
252:
211:
1979:
1207:
411:
248:
99:
690:
663:
636:
609:
2008:
1974:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1654:
728:
358:
was first introduced in the mid-Heian, likely by people who wished to promote
339:
140:
1788:
1717:
1697:
1639:
461:
322:
1659:
1644:
2068:
1953:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1551:
1392:
744:
238:
207:
125:
366:, people in Chang'an referred to their own way of reading characters as
2045:
1984:
1601:
390:
384:
129:
2063:
1596:
1564:
736:
455:
317:
257:
214:. However, there is no historical documentation to demonstrate that
155:
888:
389:
and all other readings, particularly those originating south of the
192:
readings were introduced into Japan during the 5th and 6th centuries
1606:
1569:
203:
113:
1616:
892:
315:
for all characters, some were actually reconstructed using the
290:) is pronounced as such in some derived placenames, but as
58:
64:
55:
579:
321:
method or were inferred to be the same as their modern
206:
to Japan at that time, including practitioners of both
76:
67:
272:
equivalents did not disappear entirely. Even today,
16:"Go-On" redirects here. For the Uverworld song, see
2139:
2079:
2031:
1873:
1731:
1673:
1615:
1550:
1541:
1450:
1416:
1368:
1341:
1264:
1138:
966:
957:
926:
52:
116:readings based on the classical pronunciations of
514:when they occurred in syllable-initial positions.
218:readings are actually based on Southern Chinese.
202:. There was an influx of thinkers from China and
499:readings, but can be characterized as follows.
474:had taught Buddhism in Tsushima by reading the
427:readings were also occasionally referred to as
405:
378:
42:
467:
449:
436:
399:
372:
347:
161:
146:
36:
904:
811:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–.
552:are both acceptable and widespread, e.g., 素 (
307:sounds are now lost. Even though monolingual
8:
533:, they are interpreted as voiced plosives (
61:
1547:
1422:
963:
911:
897:
889:
460:because of a story that claims a Baekjean
495:readings are generally less orderly than
268:readings were introduced to Japan, their
830:
828:
841:Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction
770:
194:, when China was divided into separate
336:readings were formerly referred to as
93:
87:
7:
870:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
14:
233:(meaning Tang Song sound), with
48:
748:: an even later type of reading
196:Northern and Southern dynasties
583:(rare readings in parentheses)
1:
872:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
311:list a complete inventory of
237:being mainly associated with
2055:Kanji pronunciation sources
1829:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
805:Masayoshi Shibatani (2008).
784:. UBC Press. pp. 487–.
778:Edwin G Pulleyblank (1991).
529:) in Middle Chinese, but in
2164:Speculative fiction writers
1723:Transcription into Japanese
406:
379:
176:exhibit characteristics of
43:
2215:
1082:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
844:. Routledge. p. 104.
521:are pronounced as nasals (
15:
1425:
740:: a later type of reading
732:: Sino-Japanese readings
689:
662:
635:
608:
468:
450:
437:
400:
373:
348:
221:Shibatani has noted that
162:
147:
138:are the earliest form of
37:
1949:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
1408:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
510:were distinguished from
352:, lit. "Japanese sound")
1895:Godan and ichidan verbs
1713:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
85:Japanese pronunciation:
808:The Languages of Japan
18:Go On (Uverworld song)
2000:Court lady language (
1470:Southern Amami Ōshima
1403:Yilan Creole Japanese
362:readings. During the
309:Japanese dictionaries
1819:Small Kana Extension
1430:Eastern Old Japanese
1069:Northern Izu Islands
544:In some characters,
120:of the historically
1370:Pidgins and creoles
585:
512:unvoiced consonants
98:, "sounds from the
2171:Classical Japanese
2018:Gender differences
1854:Extended shinjitai
866:Baxter, William H.
836:Miyake, Marc Hideo
580:
118:Chinese characters
2186:
2185:
1890:Verb conjugations
1869:
1868:
1537:
1536:
1418:Japonic languages
1364:
1363:
1356:Okinawan Japanese
920:Japanese language
879:978-3-11-012324-1
851:978-1-134-40373-8
791:978-0-7748-4467-3
719:
718:
584:
517:Syllable-initial
504:voiced consonants
477:Vimalakīrti Sutra
2206:
2129:Polivanov system
1990:Honorific speech
1885:Japanese grammar
1548:
1423:
964:
913:
906:
899:
890:
883:
882:
862:
856:
855:
832:
823:
822:
802:
796:
795:
775:
693:
666:
639:
612:
586:
582:
519:nasal consonants
473:
471:
470:
459:
453:
452:
442:
440:
439:
415:
409:
403:
402:
388:
382:
376:
375:
353:
351:
350:
200:Korean Peninsula
193:
184:History and uses
167:
165:
164:
153:, preceding the
152:
150:
149:
108:
107:
104:
97:
91:
86:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
47:
40:
39:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2135:
2080:Transliteration
2075:
2051:Sound symbolism
2027:
2009:Role language (
1968:from Portuguese
1900:Irregular verbs
1878:
1876:
1865:
1814:Kana Supplement
1809:Kana Extended-B
1804:Kana Extended-A
1727:
1703:Historical kana
1669:
1611:
1590:by stroke count
1581:Kanji radicals
1575:by stroke count
1533:
1446:
1412:
1388:Hawaiian Creole
1360:
1337:
1260:
1134:
953:
922:
917:
887:
886:
880:
864:
863:
859:
852:
834:
833:
826:
819:
804:
803:
799:
792:
777:
776:
772:
767:
762:
724:
490:
488:Characteristics
465:
447:
434:
397:
370:
345:
331:
188:
186:
168:readings. Both
159:
144:
105:
95:[ɡoꜜoɴ]
89:[ɡo.oɴ]
84:
77:
51:
45:
44:
34:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1951:
1946:
1940:Native words (
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1543:Writing system
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:Pseudo-Chinese
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:Bamboo English
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:Amami Japanese
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
980:
974:
972:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
928:
924:
923:
918:
916:
915:
908:
901:
893:
885:
884:
878:
857:
850:
824:
818:978-0521369183
817:
797:
790:
769:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
750:
749:
741:
723:
720:
717:
716:
707:
702:
697:
694:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
667:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
640:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
613:
605:
604:
602:Middle Chinese
599:
596:
593:
590:
578:
577:
542:
515:
508:Middle Chinese
489:
486:
330:
327:
303:However, some
185:
182:
178:Middle Chinese
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:Cyrillization
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Wāpuro rōmaji
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1942:yamato kotoba
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Counter words
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1665:Kana ligature
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Script reform
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Bonin English
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
987:
986:
985:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
970:
965:
962:
960:
956:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
927:Earlier forms
925:
921:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
894:
891:
881:
875:
871:
867:
861:
858:
853:
847:
843:
842:
837:
831:
829:
825:
820:
814:
810:
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300:) in others.
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33:
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27:
26:
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2117:In Esperanto
2087:Romanization
2058:
2041:Pitch accent
2023:Dictionaries
2010:
2002:nyōbō kotoba
2001:
1955:
1954:Loan words (
1941:
1925:Topic marker
1839:ARIB STD B24
1585:by frequency
1465:Amami Ōshima
1342:
1331:
1290:
1276:
1266:
1254:
1241:East San'in
1225:
1201:
1172:
1150:
1140:
1076:
1027:
983:
968:
949:Early Modern
939:Early Middle
869:
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773:
754:Checked tone
743:
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623:
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212:Confucianism
189:
187:
173:
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154:
139:
135:
134:
30:
29:
24:
23:
22:
2097:Nihon-shiki
1980:Wasei-kango
1915:Possessives
1875:Grammar and
1708:Modern kana
1693:Punctuation
1674:Orthography
1495:Tokunoshima
1107:Gifu-Aichi
1077:Tōkai–Tōsan
944:Late Middle
464:named Hōmei
132:) dialect.
122:prestigious
2141:Literature
2011:yakuwarigo
1995:Honorifics
1975:Wasei-eigo
1963:from Dutch
1910:Adjectives
1877:vocabulary
1655:Hentaigana
1650:Man'yōgana
1490:Okinoerabu
1194:Okuyoshino
765:References
323:homophones
296:(which is
286:(which is
231:tou-sou-on
2033:Phonology
1920:Particles
1859:Half/Full
1789:Shift JIS
1718:Yotsugana
1698:Kanazukai
1640:Okurigana
1552:Logograms
1164:Shiramine
1009:Southern
989:Northern
581:Examples
568:) and 都 (
445:Kudara-on
100:Wu region
46:English:
2193:Category
1956:gairaigo
1935:Numerals
1905:Pronouns
1844:Enclosed
1824:Katakana
1799:Hiragana
1795:Unicode
1750:ISO/IEC
1732:Encoding
1635:Furigana
1630:Katakana
1625:Hiragana
1527:Yonaguni
1507:Southern
1485:Okinawan
1480:Kunigami
1460:Northern
1452:Ryukyuan
1393:Kyowa-go
1324:Tsushima
1314:Nagasaki
1309:Kumamoto
1297:Chikuzen
1161:Kanazawa
1151:Hokuriku
1086:Shizuoka
1053:Eastern
1042:Kanagawa
1033:Western
978:Hokkaidō
959:Dialects
868:(1992),
838:(2003).
722:See also
642:capital
592:Meaning
430:Tsushima
410:, lit. "
383:, lit. "
239:Buddhism
208:Buddhism
126:Jiankang
124:eastern
111:Japanese
2159:Writers
2092:Hepburn
2046:Rendaku
1985:Engrish
1681:Braille
1602:Ryakuji
1522:Yaeyama
1440:grammar
1435:Hachijō
1332:Satsugū
1291:Hichiku
1277:Hōnichi
1231:San'yō
1226:Chūgoku
1202:Shikoku
1141:Western
1101:Nagaoka
1097:Echigo
1062:Tochigi
1057:Ibaraki
1018:Nairiku
998:Tsugaru
969:Eastern
729:On'yomi
683:dzyangX
615:bright
598:Kan-on
458:sound")
414:sound")
391:Yangtze
387:sound")
380:shin'on
293:Seitoku
283:Shōtoku
141:on'yomi
130:Nanjing
2154:Poetry
2102:Kunrei
2064:Kan-on
1835:Other
1744:EUC-JP
1660:Sōgana
1645:Gojūon
1597:Kokuji
1565:Kanbun
1517:Tarama
1512:Miyako
1302:Hakata
1267:Kyūshū
1255:Umpaku
1218:Sanuki
1184:Banshū
1173:Kansai
1116:Mikawa
1111:Nagoya
1091:Narada
984:Tōhoku
876:
848:
815:
788:
737:Kan-on
696:below
656:kjaeng
629:mjaeng
595:Go-on
589:Kanji
560:), 奴 (
531:kan-on
497:kan-on
456:Baekje
368:qínyīn
360:kan-on
356:go-on'
318:fanqie
298:kan-on
278:kan-on
266:kan-on
258:Kojiki
227:kan-on
174:kan-on
156:kan-on
2199:Kanji
2176:texts
2149:Books
2069:Tō-on
2059:Go-on
1686:Kanji
1607:Ateji
1570:Kanji
1500:Yoron
1475:Kikai
1343:Other
1245:Inshū
1235:Bingo
1189:Kishū
1179:Awaji
1047:Tokyo
1037:Gunma
1028:Kantō
1013:Kesen
1003:Akita
993:Nanbu
760:Notes
745:Tō-on
493:Go-on
482:go-on
425:Go-on
419:go-on
407:go'on
395:wúyīn
393:, as
334:Go-on
329:Names
313:go-on
305:go-on
288:go-on
274:go-on
270:go-on
264:When
245:Go-on
235:go-on
223:go-on
216:go-on
204:Korea
190:Go-on
170:go-on
136:Go-on
128:(now
114:kanji
25:Go-on
1784:0213
1779:0212
1774:0211
1769:0208
1764:0201
1760:JIS
1754:2022
1617:Kana
1319:Saga
1283:Ōita
1213:Tosa
1157:Kaga
1126:Hida
1121:Mino
874:ISBN
846:ISBN
813:ISBN
786:ISBN
714:haeH
710:haeX
548:and
443:and
276:and
251:and
249:Nara
229:and
210:and
172:and
109:are
31:goon
2107:JSL
1849:EIS
1739:EUC
1208:Iyo
934:Old
678:shō
669:up
651:kei
646:kyō
624:mei
619:myō
574:tsu
506:in
462:nun
451:百済音
438:対馬音
432:-on
421:".
385:Qin
342:-on
148:音読み
92:or
80:-on
78:GOH
28:or
2195::
827:^
712:,
705:ka
700:ge
673:jō
576:).
572:,
570:to
566:nu
564:,
562:do
558:su
556:,
554:so
550:-u
546:-o
541:).
539:d-
537:,
535:b-
527:n-
525:,
523:m-
484:.
469:法明
412:Wu
404:,
401:呉音
377:,
374:秦音
349:和音
340:Wa
325:.
261:.
241:.
180:.
163:漢音
83:;
59:oʊ
41:,
38:呉音
2013:)
2004:)
1958:)
1944:)
912:e
905:t
898:v
854:.
821:.
794:.
691:下
664:上
637:京
610:明
472:)
466:(
448:(
441:)
435:(
417:"
398:(
371:(
346:(
166:)
160:(
151:)
145:(
106:)
102:"
71:/
68:n
65:ɒ
62:.
56:ɡ
53:ˈ
50:/
35:(
20:.
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