657:, but also often with other sparrow species, especially white-crowned sparrows. Flock territories typically range in size from 15–20 acres (6.1–8.1 ha). Individual birds remain with the same flock for the entire winter and return to the same wintering site each year. Studies show that the golden-crowned sparrow's black and gold head stripes are used to signal social status in wintering flocks. Such signals help to reduce the incidence of confrontation between flock mates, thereby reducing such potential costs as injuries or the unnecessary expenditure of energy. The size and color of a bird's crown patches are better predictors of
109:
675:
558:
280:
158:
783:, so Alaskan gold miners along the trails called this bird "Weary Willie". However, birds in the mountains of British Columbia have been reported to have a trill on the third note, rather than a clear whistle as in other populations. These songs are heard mainly in the breeding season, but also in the wintering grounds just after fall migration as well as just before they take off for spring migration. Like other
133:
747:
built by the female. Located on the ground (or occasionally on a low branch), it is made of dried plant material and lined with hair, fine grasses and feathers. The female typically lays five eggs, though clutches of three to five have been recorded. The eggs, which are pale green, oval and heavily
665:
than are those showing differences, and the outcomes of such confrontations can be predicted based on the color of their black stripes. This suggests that social status in this species involves more complexity than a single signal will allow, and that the multiple color patches allow a gradient of
600:
Although its distinctive crown patches allow for easy identification of the adult golden-crowned sparrow in breeding plumage, an immature or non-breeding bird might be mistaken for a white-crowned or white-throated sparrow. It is distinguished from the former by its crown pattern and dusky (rather
577:, though males average slightly larger than females. Other than a plain gray nape, the adult's upperparts are grayish-brown, with broad brownish-black streaks on the back and scapulars, and an unstreaked rump. Its underparts are gray, slightly paler on the belly and
1812:
690:
them from foliage. Its diet, particularly in the winter, consists primarily of plant material; items include seeds, berries, flowers and buds, as well as the occasional crawling insect. The species is an important destroyer of weed seeds on the
734:
The species shows two weight peaks each year: one in mid-winter, and a much higher one shortly before it begins its migration north in the spring. The latter elevated weight is maintained until the bird reaches its breeding grounds.
601:
than pale pink or yellowish) bill, and from the latter by its larger size, plain throat, and lack of a buff-colored central crown stripe. A young or non-breeding bird may also resemble a female
569:
of 24.75 cm (9.74 in) and ranging from 19.0 to 35.4 g (0.67 to 1.25 oz) in mass, the adult golden-crowned sparrow is fairly large for an
American sparrow. Like all
661:(indicating which bird will avoid confrontation with another) than are the bird's size or sex. Birds with similarly sized gold crown patches are far more likely to engage in
637:, and occasionally strays as far as the eastern coast of North America, from Nova Scotia to Florida. In the winter, it is generally found in brushy areas, (particularly
2025:
2231:
800:
2077:
686:
sparrows, the golden-crowned sparrow feeds on the ground, where it forages by pecking and scratching. It also occasionally leaps into the air after insects or
2211:
743:
The breeding season runs from late May through early August. Males on the breeding ground sing throughout the day from an exposed perch. The nest is a bulky
613:
The golden-crowned sparrow is common along the western edge of North
America. It is a migratory species, breeding from north-central Alaska (including the
2183:
1989:
2038:
807:. The sparrow's extremely large range and population size lift it well above the thresholds used to designate an imperiled species, and data from
592:
In the breeding season, the golden-crowned sparrow has a broad yellow central crown stripe which becomes pale gray towards the back of the head.
605:, but can be distinguished by its larger size, darker plumage, longer tail and (usually) some amount of dull yellow feathering on its forehead.
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south to the northwestern corner of the US state of
Washington, and wintering from southern coastal Alaska to northern
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1868:
157:
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sparrows, it has a relatively long, square-tipped tail and a slightly peaked crown. Males and females are similarly
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in 1781, but he thought it was a variety of what he called the "black-crowned bunting" and neglected to give it a
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on the flanks. Its wings and tail are brown, and it shows two white wing bars. Its legs are pale brown, and its
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Hukkanen, Renee R.; Richardson, Matthew; Wingfield, John C.; Treuting, Piper; Braub, Thea (October 2003). "
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among its known food sources. Paired birds commonly forage together, with the male following the female.
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The song is a three-note whistle, descending in pitch. It is very distinctive, and often described as
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spotted with reddish-brown, measure (0.65–0.67)×(0.80–0.82) mm (0.026×0.031 in). They are
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2004:
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1779:
A Guide to the
Identification and Natural History of the Sparrows of the United States and Canada
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The size and color of its crown patches help to determine a bird's status among its flock mates.
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show that its numbers are stable or increasing. Throughout its range, it is protected by the
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Chainea, Alexis S.; Tjernella, Kris A.; Shizuka, Dai; Lyon, Bruce E. (February 2011).
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1694:"The Occurrence of Hippoboscid Flies on Some Species of Birds in Southern California"
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1156:
941:
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The oldest known golden-crowned sparrow lived at least 10 years and 6 months; it was
692:
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472:
142:
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59:
2174:
1942:
1333:
1201:
Robbins, Chandler S.; Bruun, Bertel; Zim, Herbert
Spencer; Zim, Herbert S. (2001).
866:
prey on the golden-crowned sparrow at some point in its life cycle. These include
839:
831:
764:
1981:
1325:
1929:
1659:
2064:
2012:
1862:
1532:
Norment, C. J.; Hendricks, P.; Santonocito, R. (1998). "Golden-crowned
Sparrow (
654:
448:
367:
229:
34:
1537:
2142:
708:
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79:
44:
1853:
1388:. Washington, DC, USA: Department of Agriculture. p. 226. Archived from
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827:
753:
716:
712:
638:
442:
392:
209:
169:
84:
1739:
1508:"Longevity Records of North American Birds: Coerebinae through Estrildidae"
1562:"Migratory Bird Program: Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act"
1123:
Backyard Birds of
Washington: How to Identify and Attract the Top 25 Birds
2168:
2108:
1847:
899:
863:
787:
sparrows, it has a sharp, distinctive call note, which is transcribed as
744:
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39:
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and, for much of the 1800s, this was the name used by most authorities.
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with both white-crowned and white-throated sparrows has been reported.
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815:, and many of its wintering grounds are in protected areas, including
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2017:
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1968:
1000:
Zink, Robert M.; Dittmann, Donna L.; Rootes, William L. (1991).
582:
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1418:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. pp.
1310:"Sparrows use multiple status signals in winter social flocks"
1002:"Mitochondrial DNA Variation and the Phylogeny of Zonotrichia"
926:
924:
922:
1588:"Group Living and Infestation by Ectoparasites in Passerines"
1245:. New York, NY, USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 338.
494:
475:
1066:. Washington, DC, USA: Government Printing Office. pp.
830:, the golden-crowned sparrow is prone to elevated levels of
585:
is dark, with the upper mandible darker than the lower. Its
1382:
Judd, Sylvester Dwight (1898). "Birds as Weed
Destroyers".
767:
as an adult one winter, and recaptured nine winters later.
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from the nest within 12 days. Both parents feed the young.
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Immature birds lack the distinctive head stripes of adults.
362:
The golden-crowned sparrow is one of five species in the
1361:"All About Birds: Golden-crowned Sparrow — Life History"
1205:
Birds of North
America: A Guide to Field Identification
565:
Measuring 15–18 cm (6–7 in) in length with a
1242:
Peterson Field Guide to Birds of
Western North America
2158:
1837:
1491:. Boston, MA, USA: De Wolfe, Fiske and Co. p.
1445:"Winter Weights of Golden-crowned and Fox Sparrows"
1411:
1202:
1155:
1209:. New York, NY, USA: St. Martin's Press. p.
956:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721091A94698703.en
803:lists the golden-crowned sparrow as a species of
649:The golden-crowned sparrow spends its winters in
858:. Diseases which are known to affect it include
116:Adult; males and females are similarly plumaged
1634:, among Chaparral Birds of Southern California"
1722:sp. in a Colony of Gray-crowned Rosy Finches (
1268:"Some Flocking Habits of the Crowned Sparrows"
801:International Union for Conservation of Nature
467:In the bird's scientific name, the genus name
436:. Various authorities in the 1800s (including
1410:Vessel, Matthew F.; Wong, Herbert H. (1987).
1162:. Boston, MA, USA: Houghton Mifflin. p.
446:, but many assigned it to its current genus,
8:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1126:. Layton, UT, USA: Gibbs Smith. p. 47.
1060:Ridgway, Robert; Friedmann, Herbert (1901).
752:by the female for 11–14 days. The young are
354:found in the western part of North America.
1660:"Notes on Menoponidae of North America. II"
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1443:Linsdale, Jean M.; Sumner, E. L. (1934).
1385:Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture
954:
422:. That lapse was corrected in 1789, when
1759:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
414:first described the species in his book
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
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1345:
1343:
918:
629:. It has been recorded as a vagrant in
395:into separate species very recently in
383:with, and very closely related to, the
1781:. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.
779:. The call also sounds like the words
460:described the same species in 1844 as
2232:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1063:The Birds of North and Middle America
403:is a slightly more distant relative.
7:
1813:Golden-crowned sparrow photo gallery
1628:McClure, H. Elliott (Oct–Dec 1987).
1542:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology
756:—born naked, blind and helpless—but
2212:IUCN Red List least concern species
1809:'s Internet Bird Collection website
942:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
543:
530:
506:
487:
1692:McClure, H. Elliot (Spring 1984).
666:interactions between flock mates.
14:
1564:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1539:The Birds of North America Online
1485:Maynard, Charles Johnson (1890).
813:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
1762:. London, UK: Christopher Helm.
1363:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1266:Price, John B. (November 1931).
156:
1658:Emerson, K. C. (Nov–Dec 1947).
931:BirdLife International (2016).
1807:Handbook of Birds of the World
1414:Natural History of Vacant Lots
1:
1630:"The Occurrence of Chiggers,
1326:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.016
1239:Peterson, Roger Tory (2010).
1821:on the xeno canto collection
1815:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1803:Golden-crowned sparrow media
1701:Journal of Field Ornithology
1515:Journal of Field Ornithology
1488:Eggs of North American Birds
641:), usually in dense shrubs.
501:
482:
456:had established that genus.
826:As with other flock-living
2248:
1756:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1641:North American Bird Bander
1506:Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen.
908:Columbian ground squirrels
834:. It serves as a host for
495:
476:
1777:Rising, James D. (1996).
1667:The Canadian Entomologist
821:national wildlife refuges
471:is a compound word: from
440:) placed it in the genus
416:General Synopsis of Birds
319:
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153:Scientific classification
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1632:Neoshoengastia americana
1536:)". In Poole, A. (ed.).
949:: e.T22721091A94698703.
795:Conservation and threats
609:Distribution and habitat
30:Late Pleistocene–present
2227:Birds described in 1789
2148:Zonotrichia-atricapilla
1894:Zonotrichia_atricapilla
1869:Zonotrichia atricapilla
1839:Zonotrichia atricapilla
1724:Leucosticte tephrocotis
1534:Zonotrichia atricapilla
1120:Fenimore, Bill (2009).
1080:Jobling (2010), p. 414.
935:Zonotrichia atricapilla
547: hair of the head
430:in the 13th edition of
424:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
347:Zonotrichia atricapilla
262:Zonotrichia atricapilla
2222:Native birds of Alaska
2005:golden-crowned-sparrow
1191:Rising (1996), p. 210.
1154:Kaufman, Kenn (1990).
1107:Rising (1996), p. 209.
1089:Jobling (2010), p. 59.
1050:Rising (1996), p. 211.
990:Rising (1996), p. 212.
976:Rising (1996), p. 204.
845:Machaerilaemus maestum
679:
562:
538:
525:
401:white-throated sparrow
342:golden-crowned sparrow
24:Golden-crowned sparrow
2130:Paleobiology Database
809:Christmas Bird Counts
739:Breeding and lifespan
677:
560:
454:William John Swainson
426:assigned it the name
385:white-crowned sparrow
2160:Emberiza atricapilla
1728:Comparative Medicine
896:western screech owls
523:for "black-haired":
462:Zonotrichia coronata
428:Emberiza atricapilla
329:Zonotrichia coronata
322:Emberiza atricapilla
1679:10.4039/Ent79209-11
892:mountain pygmy owls
371:, a group of large
244:Z. atricapilla
123:Conservation status
1673:(11–12): 209–216.
872:loggerhead shrikes
680:
663:agonistic behavior
563:
458:Peter Simon Pallas
438:John James Audubon
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2117:Open Tree of Life
1831:Taxon identifiers
1788:978-0-12-588971-1
1769:978-1-4081-2501-4
1429:978-0-520-05250-5
1252:978-0-547-15270-7
1220:978-1-58238-090-2
1173:978-0-395-53376-5
1133:978-1-4236-0568-3
884:northern harriers
855:Ornithoica vicina
850:hippoboscid flies
389:mitochondrial DNA
373:American sparrows
352:New World sparrow
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725:common knotweed
695:, with various
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627:Baja California
617:as far west as
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596:Similar species
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433:Systema naturae
420:scientific name
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1797:External links
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1734:(5): 548–552.
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1620:
1601:(2): 418–423.
1584:Poulin, Robert
1575:
1553:
1524:
1498:
1477:
1458:(3): 107–112.
1435:
1428:
1402:
1374:
1339:
1320:(2): 447–453.
1300:
1281:(6): 238–242.
1258:
1251:
1226:
1219:
1193:
1179:
1172:
1139:
1132:
1109:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1052:
1034:
1015:(3): 578–584.
992:
978:
969:
917:
915:
912:
880:Cooper's hawks
862:. A number of
796:
793:
772:
769:
740:
737:
671:
668:
646:
643:
621:) and central
610:
607:
597:
594:
554:
551:
410:Ornithologist
381:sister species
359:
356:
336:
335:
317:
316:
310:
309:
303:
297:
295: Breeding
291:
289:Z. atricapilla
284:
283:
275:
274:
267:
256:
255:
249:
248:
241:
239:
235:
234:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
149:
148:
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
117:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2244:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1707:(2): 230–240.
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1647:(4): 148–150.
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1521:(3): 318–333.
1520:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1392:on 2013-04-08
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
996:
993:
987:
985:
983:
979:
973:
970:
957:
952:
948:
944:
943:
938:
936:
927:
925:
923:
919:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:sharp-shinned
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
832:feather mites
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:least concern
802:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Pacific Slope
689:
685:
676:
669:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Unimak Island
616:
608:
606:
604:
603:house sparrow
595:
593:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
559:
552:
550:
540:
527:
522:
518:
515:
503:
484:
474:
473:Ancient Greek
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
405:Hybridization
402:
398:
397:geologic time
394:
391:show the two
390:
387:; studies of
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
350:) is a large
349:
348:
343:
334:
330:
323:
318:
315:
311:
290:
285:
281:
276:
271:
265:
263:
257:
254:
253:Binomial name
250:
246:
245:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:Passerellidae
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:Passeriformes
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
144:
139:
138:Least Concern
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:
105:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2159:
1838:
1778:
1758:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1538:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1487:
1480:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1413:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1384:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1317:
1313:
1303:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1241:
1204:
1196:
1157:
1122:
1085:
1076:
1062:
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1012:
1008:
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972:
960:. Retrieved
946:
940:
934:
853:
852:, including
843:
842:, including
840:chewing lice
825:
798:
788:
784:
781:I'm so weary
780:
776:
774:
762:
742:
733:
683:
681:
655:conspecifics
648:
612:
599:
591:
570:
564:
534: black
516:
468:
466:
461:
447:
441:
431:
427:
415:
409:
375:. It has no
366:
361:
346:
345:
341:
339:
332:Pallas, 1844
328:
325:Gmelin, 1789
321:
320:
288:
261:
259:
243:
242:
230:
18:
2217:Zonotrichia
2091:Neotropical
2065:NatureServe
2013:iNaturalist
1863:Wikispecies
1750:Works cited
962:12 November
785:Zonotrichia
684:Zonotrichia
682:Like other
571:Zonotrichia
553:Description
517:atricapilla
510: hair
491: band
469:Zonotrichia
449:Zonotrichia
412:John Latham
368:Zonotrichia
358:Systematics
231:Zonotrichia
2206:Categories
2175:Q109578148
2143:Xeno-canto
1595:The Condor
1452:The Condor
1396:2012-07-20
1275:The Condor
914:References
904:feral cats
828:passerines
777:oh-dear-me
729:poison oak
713:chickweeds
697:ryegrasses
589:is brown.
379:. It is a
377:subspecies
900:barn owls
864:predators
860:canarypox
754:altricial
750:incubated
659:dominance
639:chaparral
443:Fringilla
287:Range of
238:Species:
176:Kingdom:
170:Eukaryota
2189:11357201
2169:Wikidata
2070:2.101900
2057:22721091
2031:10452883
1969:45511193
1920:22721091
1915:BirdLife
1848:Wikidata
1740:14656000
1586:(1991).
868:northern
836:chiggers
721:filarees
717:mulleins
709:pigweeds
645:Behavior
575:plumaged
567:wingspan
539:capillus
314:Synonyms
216:Family:
190:Chordata
186:Phylum:
180:Animalia
166:Domain:
143:IUCN 3.1
1995:5231138
1902:Avibase
1854:Q690956
1805:on the
1615:1368958
1568:20 July
1472:1363660
1367:20 July
1334:3090654
1295:1363693
1029:4088098
888:merlins
701:fescues
670:Feeding
579:buffier
544:transl.
531:transl.
512:). The
507:transl.
488:transl.
452:, once
393:evolved
272:, 1789)
226:Genus:
206:Order:
196:Class:
141: (
96:↓
2135:428649
2122:265554
2096:gocspa
2044:179461
2002:GNAB:
1977:EURING
1956:gocspa
1930:gocspa
1882:gocrsp
1819:Sounds
1785:
1766:
1738:
1720:Avipox
1613:
1546:6 June
1470:
1426:
1422:–241.
1332:
1293:
1249:
1217:
1170:
1130:
1027:
906:, and
848:, and
765:banded
758:fledge
705:bromes
688:gleans
651:flocks
635:Russia
536:) and
493:) and
399:. The
305:
299:
293:
270:Gmelin
2109:78419
2083:44392
2026:IRMNG
1982:18410
1951:eBird
1943:5D762
1927:BOW:
1697:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1637:(PDF)
1611:JSTOR
1591:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1468:JSTOR
1448:(PDF)
1330:S2CID
1291:JSTOR
1271:(PDF)
1070:–336.
1025:JSTOR
1005:(PDF)
771:Voice
653:with
631:Japan
623:Yukon
521:Latin
502:thrix
364:genus
2184:GBIF
2078:NCBI
2052:IUCN
2039:ITIS
2018:9185
1990:GBIF
1783:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1736:PMID
1726:)".
1570:2012
1548:2012
1424:ISBN
1369:2012
1247:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1128:ISBN
964:2021
947:2016
878:and
870:and
819:and
799:The
789:tsew
727:and
633:and
587:iris
583:bill
526:ater
496:θρίξ
483:zone
477:ζώνη
340:The
200:Aves
35:PreꞒ
1964:EoL
1938:CoL
1889:ADW
1878:ABA
1675:doi
1603:doi
1493:108
1460:doi
1420:240
1322:doi
1283:doi
1211:340
1164:250
1068:333
1017:doi
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1009:Auk
951:doi
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549:).
519:is
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2080::
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1992::
1979::
1966::
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1940::
1917::
1904::
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1865::
1850::
1732:53
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1671:79
1669:.
1665:.
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1639:.
1609:.
1599:93
1597:.
1593:.
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1513:.
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1450:.
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1318:81
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1289:.
1279:33
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1273:.
1229:^
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