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822:, Emperor Qianlong's winter court robe worn on the day court audience was bright yellow; it was decorated with the twelve symbols and was decorated with green ocean dragons on the sleeves and collar, the skirt had five moving dragons, the lapel was decorated by one dragon and the pleats had nine dragons; the skirt has two dragons and four moving dragons and the broad collar has two moving dragons and the each sleeve cuffs have 1 dragon. In the 1759 decree, the use of the five-clawed dragons were also restricted to the usage of the imperial family, i.e. the emperors, the emperor's sons, and the princes of the first and second ranks. Minghuang (bright yellow) dragon robes was only worn by the emperor and the empress; the sons of the Qing emperors were allowed to wear other shades of yellow, i.e. "apricot yellow" for the Crown prince, "golden yellow" for the imperial princes and for the other wives of the emperor, and the other princes and members of the
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The Ming robes that the Qing chaofu derived from were just not used in portraits and official paintings but were deemed as high status to be buried in tombs. In some cases the Qing went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient
Chinese rituals to claim the Mandate of Heaven after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels. Tungusic people on the Amur river like Udeghe, Ulchi and Nanai adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs, Chinese New Year, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China.
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archery. The Ming dynasty dragon robes were simply modified and changed by
Manchus to fit their Manchu tastes by cutting it at the sleeves and waist to make them narrow around the arms and waist instead of wide and added a new narrow cuff to the sleeves. The new cuff was made out of fur. The robe's jacket waist had a new strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. The Manchus added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them.
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in the excavation reports; however they are not the same longpao found in the succeeding Qing dynasty. Ming-dynasty chaofu-like clothing had flared or pleated skirt with right side fastenings and fitted bodices dragon robes have been found in
Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Shandong tombs of Ming officials and Ming imperial family members. Similarly to the earlier Ming chaofu-like clothing which uses sleeve extensions (i.e. another piece of cloth attached to the bodice's integral upper sleeve), the later Qing dynasty chaofu also shares the same feature.
764:, the longpao can only be referred as such when it involves the clothing of the emperor, their consorts, and the crown prince; the lonpao was typically decorated with the five-clawed dragons along with the 12 auspicious symbols depending on the wearer's rank. There are different types of robes decorated with Chinese dragon in the Qing dynasty: including jifu ("auspicious robe", a semi-formal court robe, which was worn during special and important occasions), chaofu (朝服 lit. "audience robe", the most formal robe of the Qing dynasty court), and changfu.
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the west wrongly assumed that those clothing were purely Manchu as the early Manchu rulers wrote several edicts stressing on maintaining their traditions and clothing. Qing unofficial clothes, longpao, share similar features with the Yuan dynasty clothing while Qing official clothing, chaofu, shares similarities with the Ming dynasty chaofu-like clothing. The Ming consciously modelled their clothing after that of earlier Han
Chinese dynasties like the Song dynasty, Tang dynasty and Han dynasty.
1214:; as such they were forbidden from wearing the yellow dragon robes as it was reserved for the Yuan emperors. At that time, they had to wear a purple robe instead of a yellow one. Goryeo kings at that time sometimes used the Mongol attire instead; several Mongol clothing elements were adopted in the clothing of Goryeo. After the fall of Yuan dynasty in 1368, the rulers of Goryeo finally got the chance to regain their former Pre-Yuan dynasty status. However, Goryeo was soon replaced by the
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1472:. In this period, dragon designs were very large at the chest and back and smaller at the shoulders, with cloud and fire patterns all over the robe. One could see that the pattern style was closer to late Míng than early Míng, therefore Lê Dụ Tông's robe patterns were only specific to an era of the Restored Later-Lê, while the Early Later-Lê possibly still followed the dragon mandala style. It is a casual dress worn by emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty.
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947:. Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four-clawed dragons (Mang) for officials, Han Chinese nobles, and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore 5 clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's 6 longpao worn by Han Chinese nobles have 5 clawed dragons on them.
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tomb) were excavated and it was found that Qing chaofu was similar in structure. They had embroidered or woven dragon-like creatures on them but are different from longpao dragon robes which are a separate clothing. As they have dragon-looking creature on them, those clothing are called "dragon robe"
955:
It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the
Manchus skin clothes became Qing dynasty clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty longpao (lit. "dragon robe") and chaofu . Scholars from
942:
has six longpao robes that belonged to Han
Chinese nobility of the Qing dynasty. Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had 4 slits in skirts: All first, second and third rank officials (as well as Han Chinese and Manchu nobles)
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of China as a tributary state, and thus used red goryeonpo was used in accordance to China's policy of wearing clothing which were two levels lower. The red goryeongpo was used instead of yellow for its dragon robes, as yellow symbolized the emperor and red symbolized the king. After the fall of the
1209:
of China (1271–1368 AD), the Goryeo kings, the royal court, and the government had several titles and privileges downgraded to the point that they were no more the equals of the Yuan emperors. The Goryeo kings were themselves demoted from the traditional status of imperial ruler of a kingdoms to the
1069:
have clothes resembling the Qing long pao and Tang dynasty banbi. Therefore, there is evidence from excavated tombs indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the Qing chaofu, and it was not invented or introduced by
Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty.
676:
In the early Ming, the Ming court retained the decorative schemes of the Yuan dynasty for their own dragon robes; however, Ming designers also modified the Yuan dynasty's dragon robe and personalized it by adding "waves breaking against rocks along the lower edges of the decorative areas". The Ming
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of Urga, which were the three most prominent dignitaries of
Tibetan Buddhism. Court robes were often sent from China to Tibet in the 18th century where they were redesigned in the clothing style worn by lay aristocrats; these Chinese textiles held great value in Tibet at that time as some of these
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is associated with the empress of China. When used on clothing, the
Chinese dragons denote the superiority of its wearer or his aspirations. Since the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the wearing of robes with dragon patterns were forbidden for subjects of the emperor without his authorization.
1082:
The Qing dynasty longpao resembles Yuan dynasty clothing like robes found in the
Shandong Yuan dynasty tomb of Li Youan. The Yuan robes had hems flared and around the arms and torso they were tight. Qing unofficial clothes, longpao, share similar features with the Yuan dynasty clothing while Qing
1041:
which were found in Todaiji temple's Shosoin repository in terms of construction (e.g. cross-collar) but not in terms of decoration; however, they also differ from each other in some features. The Qing chaofu may also have been derived from the Tang dynasty banbi; the Tang dynasty banbi also uses
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in 694 AD that she would bestow these robes decorated with (coiled) dragons-with-three-claws to high-ranking officials, i.e. court officials above the third rank, and to princes. The dragon robes were a symbol of power, and it was a great honour to be bestowed dragon robes by the emperor. This
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which used to adorn the ceremonial and ritual robes of the previous Chinese emperors since the Zhou dynasty. The Ming dynasty dragon robes were therefore modified, cut and tailored to be narrow at the sleeves and waist with slits in the skirt to make it suitable for falconry, horse riding and
1585:
The rulers of Ryukyu adopted Ming-style court clothing for official clothing and everyday wear: the five-clawed dragon silk robe worn by the Ryukyu king was called umantun (or umanshâ) which looks similar to the Ming dynasty emperor's clothing. As in China, the colour yellow in clothing was
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The Qing dynasty chaofu appear in official formal portraits while these Ming dynasty Chaofu-like clothing that they derive from do not, perhaps indicating the Ming officials and imperial family wore chaofu under their formal robes since they appear in Ming tombs but not portraits.
629:. The Imperial family of Yuan used the five-clawed long dragons, which were chasing flaming pearls among clouds. Large dragons with 5-claws became characteristic features of the emperor's clothing while smaller dragons with three claws were used for general occasions.
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Following the founding of the Ming dynasty, the Ming rulers consciously modelled their clothing after that of earlier Han Chinese dynasties like the Song dynasty, Tang dynasty and Han dynasty. These Ming chaofu-like clothing shared similarities with the Tang dynasty
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In 1111 AD, a decree forbid all subjects of the emperor from wearing dragon patterns, making wearing of dragon robes an exclusive right for the emperor and the empress unless the dragon robes were bestowed to them as a symbol of special favour.
1468:, the only artefact of the Lê's Long Bào was the funeral robe of Emperor Lê Dụ Tông during the Restored Later-Lê period. However, the dragon patterns on this dress had already followed the "dragon–cloud " style, a common style of the late
3148:"Okinawan Treasures Make U.S. Debut in New Exhibit at the George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum | The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum | The George Washington University"
1003:) can be seen from the slim-fitting sleeves and horse-hoof-shaped cuffs, which are the vestiges of the Manchu clothing worn when people were hunting in cold weather. The first prototype of the chaofu was actually the
817:
decree, all the Twelve Ancient Symbols of Imperial Authority (which were ironically initially rejected by the first Qing emperor) were eventually added on the emperor's dragon robes by the year 1759. According to the
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Since the Ming dynasty, the Chinese dragons have five claws. However, only royals could wear five-clawed dragons, honoured officials could be granted the privilege of wearing robes with dragon-like creatures, such as
832:
665:(the feiyu, "Flying-fish", a creature with four claws, fin-like wings on the torso, and a fish-looking tail) and the douniu (Dipper capricorn; a creature which can have 3 or 4 claws; water buffalo-like horns). The
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and cloth when they paid tribute or traded with the Ming dynasty. In 1636, the dress code elaborated by the Manchu allowed the emperor and the first-rank princes to wear yellow robes with five-clawed dragons.
455:(which includes the dragon) allowed to be worn on clothing are regulated according to social ranks. The use of the 12 ornaments on clothing were again specified during the reign of Emperor Xiaoming of the
783:, the first emperor of Qing did not want to be solely dressed in the clothing of the Han Chinese and wanted to maintain the Manchu ethnic identity, even in terms of clothing. He also rejected the use of
1414:
s, and the crown prince and the eldest son of the crown prince wore dark blue ones. The belts were also divided into two kinds: jade and crystal. As for the circular, embroidered dragon design of the
795:, and from the early eighteenth century, the Qing court has established a dragon robe with 9 dragons, wherein 4 dragons would radiate from the neck on the chest, back and shoulders to symbolize the
475:(618–906 CE) and was used by the Tang dynasty rulers and senior officials; the circular-collar robe was embellished with dragons to symbolize imperial power. It was documented during the reign of
1198:
initially used yellow dragon robes, sharing similar clothing style as the Chinese. In 1043, the king of Goryeo forbid his subjects from wearing robes with brocaded or embroidered dragons and
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adopted dragon roundels on their robes to indicate social status; currently, the oldest archeological artefacts of the dragon robe which has been found so far is dated to the
847:
1346:
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The Qing emperors bestowed dragons robes on Mongol nobles who were under Qing dynasty control; the Qing dressed code was applied to the Mongol nobility from the year 1661.
799:, 4 dragons were found on the skirts – 2 on the back and 2 on the front of the skirt respectively, with the last dragon (9th) hidden placed on the inner flap of the gown.
1011:; the Mongol terlig of the Yuan continued to develop in the succeeding Ming and Qing dynasties developing their own respective characteristics. However, the Qing dynasty
734:
519:
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397:, the Chinese dragon is a five-clawed dragon; if it has four claws, it is no more considered as a Chinese dragon but is considered as a Chinese dragon-like creature
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411:"The mang robe is a garment with an image close to a dragon, similar to the dragon robe of the top authority (the emperor), except for the deduction of one claw".
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proclaimed himself as emperor in 1897 that the colour of the goryeopo changed from red to yellow to be of the same colour as the emperor of China. Only
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dynasty's dragon robe had a large dragon on the back and chest area of the robe and dragons which were placed horizontally on the skirt, wide sleeves.
2230:. Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. 1987.
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347:(龍), as the main decoration; it was worn by the emperors of China. Dragon robes were also adopted by the rulers of neighbouring countries, such as
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Chinese dragons have origins in ancient China. The Chinese dragons have been associated with the emperor of China since ancient times, while the
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1460:"Since the Restored Later-Lê era, for grand and formal occasions, (the emperors) always wore Xung Thiên hat and Hoàng Bào robe...."
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2279:. Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu. Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 40.
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2067:
Lee, Tae-ok. Cho, Woo-hyun. Study on Danryung structure. Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference. 2003. pp.49–49.
1400:. During the winter months, a fabric of red silk was used, and gauze was used during the summer. Red indicated strong vitality.
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The Song dynasty eventually made the dragon into the symbol of the emperor. The Song dynasty's emperor's attire, such as the
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could be re-sewn from many different pieces of robes. Only nobles and high lamas were allowed to wear dragon robes in Tibet.
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In the arts of the Tang and Song dynasties, the dragons are often depicted with three-claws and horns which curled upwards.
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Han Chinese court costume was also modified by Manchus by adding a ceremonial big collar (daling) or shawl collar (
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52:
3195:
2926:
The history of the Renaissance world : from the rediscovery of Aristotle to the conquest of Constantinople
421:; feiyu and douniu have additional specific characteristics which differ them from both the mang and the long.
1194:, since 1043 AD, the Song, Liao, and Jin emperors have bestowed imperial clothing to Goryeo. The kings of the
1322:
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584:
1543:
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1274:, the robe became a Korean custom by integrating unique Korean style into its design. It is only when
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By the end of the seventeenth century AD, the Qing court decided to re-design the dragon robes of the
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also wore a dragon robe with a belt; it was a round-collared gown decorated with dragon roundels.
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575:. The Liao and Jin dynasties both adopted imperial clothing decorated with Song-style dragons.
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Efficacious underworld : the evolution of Ten Kings paintings in medieval China and Korea
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A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule
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A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
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1261:. It was introduced for the first time in 1444 from the Ming dynasty during the reign of
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1426:(사조룡보, 四爪龍補), a dragon with four toes; and the eldest son of the crown prince wore a
1029:
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2751:
Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.).
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Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.).
2196:. Mactaggart Art Collection. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. pp. 33–37.
2784:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
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In Vietnam, the dragon robes is called Long Bào. It was worn in Vietnam since the
3014:"Study on the Korean Traditional Dyeing : Unique features and understanding"
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Dressed to rule : 18th century court attire in the Mactaggart Art Collection
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originally did not weaved their own textiles, and the Manchus had to obtain Ming
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A history of Korea : from "Land of the Morning Calm" to states in conflict
1997:
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Tangut Emperor of Western Xia wearing a robe with dragon roundels, 13th century
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Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art
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Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art
2013:
1998:"Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming dynasty China"
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Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
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official clothing, chaofu, derived from Ming dynasty chaofu-like clothing.
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The Qing dynasty inherited the dragon robes of the Ming dynasty. The early
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A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
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2324:"The Gift of a Python Robe: The Circulation of Objects in "Jin Ping Mei""
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2127:"The Gift of a Python Robe: The Circulation of Objects in "Jin Ping Mei""
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s have different grades divided by their colour and belt material and a
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The early use of dragon symbols on imperial robes was documented in the
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The last emperors : a social history of Qing imperial institutions
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The last emperors : a social history of Qing imperial institutions
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2714:"The dress of the Mongol Empire: Genealogy and diaspora of theTerlig"
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30:"Longpao" redirects here. For the subdistrict in Nanjing, China, see
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As a result of the use of Dragon robes in the Yuan, the subsequent
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Other clothing with four-clawed Chinese dragon-like creatures are
348:
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2044:"Shang Shu : Yu Shu : Yi and Ji – Chinese Text Project"
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for use as formal attires for royalty and government officials.
1454:
Categorized Records of the Institutions of Successive Dynasties
1422:(오조룡보, 五爪龍補), a dragon with five toes; the crown prince wore a
1096:
The Qing emperor also bestowed five-clawed dragon robes to the
553:
King Tang of Shang, as imagined by Song dynasty painter Ma Lin
2453:"Man's Audience Robe (Chaofu) second half of the 19th century"
625:
was the first to codify the use of dragon robes as emblems on
2482:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 42–43.
806:
started to wear the sun and moon symbols; both were part of
673:
and douniu robes were strictly regulated by the Ming court.
2123:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 7. (cited in
1025:; the adaptations of the clothing were formalized in 1759.
1376:
s. When a king or other member of the royal family wore a
541:
King Yu of Xia, as imagined by Song dynasty painter Ma Lin
1046:(a form of skirt attached to the bodice) and the bodice.
401:(蟒, lit. "python"); mang can be found on clothing called
1756:. Yongxiang Lu, Chuijun Qian, Hui He. Heidelberg. 2014.
1137:
Lay Aristocrat's Robe (Chuba), 18th–19th century, Tibet.
1042:
different fabric with different patterns on the banbi's
3115:
The origins of banana-fibre cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan
1372:
There was normally a dragon embroidered in a circle on
2657:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 148.
1410:
reflecting the wearer's status. The king wore scarlet
437:
dragon (one of the 12 ornaments) as documented in the
339:
for short, is a form of everyday clothing which had a
1753:
A history of Chinese science and technology. Volume 2
1656:"Powerful Form and Potent Symbol: The Dragon in Asia"
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restricted to the use of the ruling family of Ryukyu.
1012:
740:
The dragon robe for special occasions of Ming dynasty
187:
120:
2979:"King's Robe with Dragon Insignia – Heritage Search"
1028:
Chaofu-like robes from Ming dynasty tombs (e.g. the
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2757:(illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills. p. 106.
1265:. Joseon dynasty ideologically submitted itself to
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2806:"Robe for Tibetan aristocrat (chuba) 18th century"
2712:Cho, Woohyun; Yi, Jaeyoon; Kim, Jinyoung (2015).
951:Misconceptions on Qing court clothing development
2847:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124.
2718:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
865:Court robe with dragons and clouds, 1723-1735 AD
224:
210:
2983:Cultural Heritage Administration – English Site
2514:The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China
2404:"Festival Robe second half of the 18th century"
2379:The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China
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853:Dragon robe of the Qing dynasty for daily wear
1386:(익선관, 翼善冠) (a kind of hat), a jade belt, and
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3021:International Journal of Costume and Fashion
1967:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
943:were entitled to wear 9 dragons by the Qing
808:Twelve Ancient Symbols of Imperial Authority
785:Twelve Ancient Symbols of Imperial Authority
257:
243:
1917:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1660:The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art
1515:Paintings of Long bào of the Nguyễn dynasty
651:emperors shunned them on formal occasions.
491:, also has dragons as decorative patterns.
471:, the dragon robe was first adopted by the
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877:Changfu with dragon roundels, 1850-1861 AD
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2544:. Stanford University Press. p. 25.
2517:. Univ of California Press. p. 158.
2339:
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838:The dragon robe for special occasions of
661:(dragon-like creature with four-clawed),
1430:(삼조룡보, 三爪龍補), a dragon with three toes.
1286:were able to wear the yellow goryeonpo.
1175:first adopted the circular-collar robe,
529:King wearing Chinese-style dragon robes.
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985:The Manchu element on the Qing chaofu (
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500:
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3080:
3007:
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3003:
2972:
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2968:
2950:
2898:
2630:(illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills.
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2300:
2251:
2185:
2183:
2121:Chinese Clothing: An Illustrated Guide
1886:
1777:
826:had to wear blue or blue-black robes.
38:
3087:Organization, Vietnam Centre (2020).
2929:(1 ed.). New York. p. 565.
2918:
2916:
2877:. Bloomington, Indiana. p. 170.
2866:
2864:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2371:
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2181:
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1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
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1844:
1842:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1649:
1647:
405:(蟒服, lit. "mang robe"). According to
27:Everyday dress of East Asian emperors
7:
3118:. Leuven : Leuven University Press.
1914:Ornament : a modern perspective
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
3089:Weaving a Realm (Dệt Nên Triều Đại)
3074:Kim Min-ja,《Koreana》No.22(Number 2)
1557:Royal robe, replica of 19th century
1205:After Goryeo was subjugated by the
2977:Cultural Heritage Administration.
2328:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2131:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1456:(Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí):
1367:Gonryongpo Dragon robe of the king
1241:once again adopted the style from
689:The dragon robe for daily wear of
25:
2689:"Robe of State19th century China"
1245:of China, then known in China as
1210:status of a lower rank king of a
1125:Chuba (dragon robe) made in Tibet
451:, where the use of the number of
2651:Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005).
2476:Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1998).
2086:. Beijing: China History Press.
1961:Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1998).
1591:
1562:
1550:
1535:
1520:
1508:
1493:
1477:
1360:
1345:
1340:Gonryongpo of the Korean Emperor
1333:
1321:
1306:
1291:
1223:
1142:
1130:
1118:
921:
909:
897:
882:
870:
858:
846:
831:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
682:
598:
546:
534:
518:
503:
51:
2989:from the original on 2021-07-14
2816:from the original on 2016-08-13
2577:from the original on 2014-10-23
2567:"Lucky Motifs on a Dragon Robe"
2429:"Semi-formal Court Robe (Jifu)"
1828:from the original on 2015-09-12
3091:. Vietnam: Dân Trí Publisher.
2538:Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017).
2227:5000 years of Chinese costumes
1569:Long bào of the Nguyễn dynasty
1484:The give audience of Emperor
999:
945:Illustrated Precedents of 1759
440:Records of the Grand Historian
327:
318:
310:
281:
225:
188:
158:
144:
121:
91:
77:
1:
3012:Hwang, Oak Soh (2013-06-30).
2002:Frontiers of History in China
1859:Kwon, Cheeyun Lilian (2019).
1328:Red gonryongpo, Joseon period
1149:Man's Ceremonial Robe (chuba)
480:practice continued until the
3186:Chinese traditional clothing
2573:. Melissa M. Rinne (trans).
2382:. Univ of California Press.
1695:"The Making of Dragon Robes"
916:Chinese dragon's robe (jifu)
3112:Hendrickx, Katrien (2007).
2322:Volpp, Sophie (June 2005).
2125:Volpp, Sophie (June 2005).
1488:in the book of Samuel Baron
1353:Gojong of the Korean Empire
1233:of Goryeo, r. 1351–1374 AD.
1013:
934:Dragon robes of Han Chinese
617:Fashion in the Yuan dynasty
3217:
3172:Global Encyclopedia / Daum
3033:10.7233/ijcf.2013.13.1.035
2923:Bauer, Susan Wise (2013).
1816:Shigeki, Kawakami (1998).
1693:Cammann, Schuyler (1951).
1578:
1437:
1392:(목화, 木靴) shoes. They wore
1087:Influences and derivatives
970:
772:
749:
636:
614:
582:
378:
29:
2190:Vollmer, John E. (2007).
2083:All about Chinese dragons
2014:10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x
1654:Wilson, J. Keith (1990).
1185:North-South States Period
990:
292:
265:
258:
244:
165:
98:
50:
46:
3201:Court uniforms and dress
2511:Keliher, Macabe (2019).
2427:Anonymous (2018-10-31).
2376:Keliher, Macabe (2019).
2273:Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016).
1911:Trilling, James (2003).
1636:Chester Beatty Library.
153:Traditional Chinese
133:Alternative Chinese name
72:Traditional Chinese
2778:Forsyth, James (1994).
2730:10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2
2433:Cleveland Museum of Art
1711:10.1163/156853251X00202
1638:"Reading a dragon robe"
1446:Restored Late-Lê period
1023:Han Chinese court dress
904:Dragon robe, 1796–1820
563:Both the rulers of the
463:Tang and Song dynasties
433:An illustration of the
86:Simplified Chinese
2841:Park, Hyunhee (2021).
2258:: CS1 maint: others (
1464:According to the book
1462:
1106:Jebtsundamba khutukhtu
585:Fashion in Western Xia
559:Liao and Jin dynasties
444:
211:
2871:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
2844:Soju A Global History
2571:Kyoto National Museum
2050:(in Chinese (Taiwan))
1822:Kyoto National Museum
1788:) CS1 maint: others (
1055:Jin dynasty (266–420)
940:Spencer Museum of Art
432:
375:Cultural significance
1996:Yuan, Zujie (2007).
1380:, they also wore an
820:Huangchao liqi tushi
815:Huangchao liqi tushi
469:circular-collar robe
276:Revised Romanization
3191:Vietnamese clothing
2565:Shigeki, Kawakami.
2119:Valery M. Garrett,
2080:Bates, Roy (2007).
1440:Vietnamese clothing
1418:, the king wore an
1167:Korean kingdoms of
1065:mountains south in
892:'s Silk Dragon Robe
579:Western Xia dynasty
457:Eastern Han dynasty
315:traditional Chinese
206:Vietnamese alphabet
32:Longpao Subdistrict
3070:2012-04-25 at the
1818:"Imperial dragons"
1021:adaptation of the
802:In the 1730s, the
797:cardinal direction
589:The rulers of the
445:
307:simplified Chinese
3125:978-94-6166-049-7
3098:978-604-88-9574-7
2936:978-0-393-05976-2
2884:978-0-253-00078-1
2810:www.metmuseum.org
2693:www.metmuseum.org
2457:www.metmuseum.org
2408:www.metmuseum.org
2286:978-1-107-16786-5
2203:978-1-55195-705-0
2093:978-1-4357-0322-3
1974:978-0-520-92679-0
1872:978-0-8248-5603-8
1763:978-3-662-44166-4
1314:Yeongjo of Joseon
1190:According to the
296:
295:
288:
287:
195:
194:
176:Standard Mandarin
128:
127:
109:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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1705:(4/5): 297–321.
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1606:Similar garments
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1183:of China in the
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824:Aisin Gioro clan
804:Qianlong emperor
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567:and Jurchen-led
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1466:Weaving a Realm
1442:
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1416:Mandarin square
1408:Mandarin square
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1299:Taejo of Joseon
1296:
1284:Emperor Sunjong
1234:
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779:At the time of
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200:Vietnamese name
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57:Dragon robe of
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2551:978-1503600683
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2524:978-0520300293
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2389:978-0520300293
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2334:(1): 133–158.
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2137:(1): 133–158.
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2008:(2): 181–212.
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1280:Emperor Gojong
1276:Emperor Gojong
1239:Joseon dynasty
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1196:Goryeo dynasty
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489:tongtianguanfu
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381:Chinese dragon
379:Main article:
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369:Ryukyu Kingdom
365:Nguyễn dynasty
341:Chinese dragon
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1212:vassal state
1207:Yuan dynasty
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840:Qing dynasty
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298:
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183:Hanyu Pinyin
116:Hanyu Pinyin
66:Chinese name
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1263:King Sejong
1257:: 黃龍袍), as
1051:Han dynasty
1017:was also a
627:court robes
591:Western Xia
569:Jin dynasty
513:dragon robe
367:), and the
233:Korean name
122:gǔn lóngpáo
42:Dragon robe
3180:Categories
3170:Gonryongpo
3157:2022-03-18
2993:2021-07-14
2820:2021-03-31
2791:0521477719
2764:1555952380
2698:2021-05-05
2637:1555952380
2581:2021-03-19
2462:2022-03-18
2438:2022-03-18
2413:2022-03-18
2054:2021-03-19
1881:1098213341
1832:2021-03-19
1699:T'oung Pao
1623:References
1502:Đồng Khánh
1486:Lê Hy Tông
1412:gonryongpo
1404:Gonryongpo
1398:gonryongpo
1383:ikseongwan
1378:gonryongpo
1374:gonryongpo
1259:gonryongpo
1218:in 1392.
1104:, and the
1098:Dalai Lama
1049:Moreover,
971:See also:
961:pijianling
781:Hong Taiji
750:See also:
583:See also:
459:in 59 AD.
393:Since the
335:: 곤룡포) or
303:gunlongpao
282:Gollyongpo
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3134:715172043
3049:117676922
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2953:cite book
2945:846490399
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2738:0001-6446
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2295:953576345
2254:cite book
2212:680510577
2102:680519778
2048:ctext.org
2030:195069294
2022:1673-3401
1889:cite book
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1772:893557979
1719:0082-5433
1672:0009-8841
1544:Khải Định
1200:phoenixes
1177:dallyeong
1061:, to the
981:Yesa robe
477:Wu Zetian
407:Shen Defu
387:fenghuang
343:, called
3068:Archived
2987:Archived
2814:Archived
2575:Archived
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2350:25066765
2246:19814728
2153:25066765
1983:43476703
1933:46472239
1826:Archived
1680:25161297
1542:Emperor
1527:Emperor
1500:Emperor
1192:Goryeosa
1067:Xinjiang
1063:Tianshan
756:Qizhuang
449:Shangshu
419:douniufu
212:Long bào
1727:4527313
1612:Feiyufu
1599:Shō Iku
1529:Duy Tân
1434:Vietnam
1253:: 황룡포;
1179:, from
1078:Longpao
1059:Yingban
1007:of the
987:Chinese
769:Manchus
760:In the
663:feiyufu
643:Feiyufu
415:feiyufu
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220:Chữ Hán
189:Lóngpáo
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1394:hanbok
1389:mokhwa
1251:hangul
1173:Balhae
1100:, the
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1014:chaofu
1000:chaofu
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995:pinyin
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973:Terlig
967:Chaofu
928:Chaofu
752:Mangfu
667:mangfu
658:mangfu
639:Mangfu
527:Khotan
403:mangfu
357:Joseon
353:Goryeo
333:hangul
325::
323:pinyin
317::
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239:Hangul
3045:S2CID
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2026:S2CID
1723:JSTOR
1676:JSTOR
1255:hanja
1169:Silla
1163:Korea
1111:chuba
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977:Jisün
671:feiyu
425:China
349:Korea
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3130:OCLC
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2941:OCLC
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2879:ISBN
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2672:2009
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311:袞龙袍
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