321:. It is slow growing with soft, light-colored (varies in color from cream to carmine), fine-grained wood of little commercial value, although loblolly-bay could be managed as a source of pulpwood. When older specimens are cut, the wood exudes a strong scent. It is similar to a mixture of fresh oranges and pine sap. The bark of the adult tree varies from medium grey to a red brown coloration. Dead adult specimens of loblolly bay exhibit a lustrous shine when exposed to sunlight for several years. The white showy flowers and shiny foliage make it a desirable ornamental, but it is not easy to cultivate. Deer browse stump sprouts heavily.
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source tree. This study also indicated that this distribution of seedfall is concentrated near the source tree, 60 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to one-half of the tree height, and 94 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to the tree height. Seedfall rates during a 2-year study varied from 2,600 to 273,000/ha (1,070 to 110,400/acre).
764:/in), and a count of 836 folds using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology paper folding tester (1 kg or 2.2 lb). Although further testing needs to be done, these tests do not indicate any problems in making kraft paper from loblolly-bay pulp. Pulp mills in the lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina include loblolly-bay in their hardwood pulp.
25:
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693:. Very few seedlings have been observed in the field and most of those seen apparently do not live past the first season. Loblolly-bay seedlings seem to require relatively open conditions and exposed soil for establishment. Older seedlings have only been observed where the mineral soil has been disturbed such as in recently plowed fire lines.
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Only two symptoms of insects or pathogens have been observed locally. Neither causal agent was identified. An ooze was noticed in a wound at the base of a mature tree, but otherwise the tree appeared healthy. An unknown grazing insect consumed all but the leaf veins of the late-season flush of leaves
334:
Loblolly-bay is continuously distributed along the
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from Coastal Southern Virginia to the Appalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle. Discontinuous populations exist in Florida, the coastal counties of Alabama, the coastal counties of Mississippi, south and southeast
703:
Vegetative propagation of first-year shoots in a peat and sand medium under mist is commonly used by horticulturists (1). In the field, vegetative regeneration appears to be more common than regeneration from seed. Stump sprouts may grow as much as 1 m (3.3 ft) in the first year after the
677:
As the ovaries develop they gradually turn brown and five sutures develop. Mature, open capsules are first seen during
September or October, and all of the capsules open by the middle of December. Seeds are shaken out of the capsules by the wind and empty capsules remain attached until peduncle and
670:
Flowers are perfect. Flower bud formation is visible by the time new leaves fully expand. The peduncle expands rapidly and the young bud slowly enlarges until it opens. Flower buds at the top of the tree open first. Flowers are first seen from the last week in June to the first week of July and may
495:
Loblolly-bay grows in flat woodlands or shallow depressions with little or no slope, slow runoff, rapid permeability, and poor to very poor drainage. In South
Carolina the soils are usually of sandy coastal plain or marine origin, except for the organic soils. The water table is at or near the soil
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Early tree growth (ages 5 to 15 years) is relatively rapid. Height growth for the first 15 years averages 0.6 metres per year (2.0 feet per year), with a 10-year-old tree averaging 6.5 m (21 ft) in height. These figures do not compare with the seedling's growth figures because growth and
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Laboratory papermaking tests conducted recently and other results reported in the literature (3,4) indicate that the pulp yield from loblolly-bay was acceptable (52 percent), the bulk of the paper was low (1.46 cm/g or 2.53 in/oz), and the strength acceptable. One laboratory test indicated a
681:
Seedfall starts in
October, peaks in December, and continues until the first of March. Loblolly-bay seeds are light (120,000 to 151,000/lb or 265,000 to 333,000/kg) and winged. Results from one study indicated that approximately 99 percent of the seeds produced fall within two tree heights of the
619:
Pond Pine (Type 98) is the typical vegetation of wet flats and some
Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Loblolly-bay, pond pine, sweetbay, and redbay are the tree species present, and they rarely form a closed canopy. The thick, shrub layer is composed of fetterbush, greenbrier vines, inkberry, and
732:
Loblolly-bay is classed as tolerant of shade. In bays and wet flats, where the tree cover is relatively light, loblolly-bay is a strong competitor. It generally increases in height faster than the pines on the adjacent upland. However, if loblolly-bay is overtopped, older trees will lose their
748:
Loblolly-bay has long been used by horticulturists in landscaping (1). Most research on loblolly-bay has been done by horticulturists interested in propagating it. In the
Southeast, loblolly-bay is considered a handsome and hardy tree valued for its glossy dark-green leaves and abundant white
499:
In South
Carolina's lower Coastal Plain, loblolly-bay is found in wet flats and in bays, typically the Carolina Bays (11). In the upper and middle Coastal Plain, it is found mainly along the edges of Carolina Bays and is widely dispersed in wet, flat woodlands on certain soil types.
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Initial growth of the seedlings is slow. Field observations indicated that by the end of the third growing season the seedlings were about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) tall and by the eighth growing season they were only 30 to 40 cm (12 to 15.5 in) high.
843:
7. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Survey Staff. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 436. Washington, DC. 754
688:
Seed germination in petri dishes in sunlight is high: 70 to 80 percent within 10 days. In a greenhouse heated at 13 to 16 °C (55 to 61 °F), similar germination percentages were obtained but up to 24 days were required. Germination is
719:
yield measurements were made on stems that were most probably sprouts. Early diameter growth at breast height is about 0.4 metres per year (1.3 feet per year), a 10-year-old tree being about 5.1 to 6.1 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) in d.b.h.
671:
be seen until mid-August. Flowers remain open for 1 or 2 days and are pollinated by bumble bees, thrips, flies, and hummingbirds. After the second day the sepals and petals fall, leaving the ovary at the end of the peduncle.
872:
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The average annual precipitation within the range of loblolly-bay is 1,630 mm (64 in) in
Florida, declining to 1,120 mm (44 in) in North Carolina, and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.
740:
during August. Another noticeable sensitivity is to fire. The thin bark and shallow root system of loblolly-bay probably contribute to its low fire tolerance. Dead wood is extremely susceptible to rotting and Fungi.
317:) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree or shrub found in acidic, swampy soils of pinelands and bays on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the southeastern United States. It is a member of the tea or family
512:
types (2) within the
Atlantic Coastal Plain (9,10,11). Pondcypress (Society of American Foresters Type 100) is found in certain Carolina Bays with ponded water. Loblolly-bay is not found in the bay interior with
623:
Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Type 104) is the "broadleaf evergreen forest" of the lower Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina. Loblolly-bay is a minor component in the overstory along with red maple
725:
The root system of loblolly-bay appears to reflect its strong tendency to reproduce by sprouting. A number of specimens examined had a large primary lateral root with secondary roots branching downward.
564:
Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82) but cannot be found consistently. In the middle Coastal Plain of South Carolina, loblolly-bay is found with loblolly pine, water oak
442:
Approximately 53 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the months of June, July, August, September, and October. Annually there are from 110 to 120 days with only a trace of rainfall.
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flowers. Its wood has been used in cabinetmaking and its bark as a tanning agent (5). If the bark is steeped in warm water, it will dye both the container and water a rich carmine color.
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8. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration. 1968. Weather atlas of the United States. (1975 Reprinted Edition.) Gale Research Co., Detroit, MI. 262 p.
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4. Foreman, L. F., and D. D. Niemeyer. 1947. Kraft pulping of southern hardwoods. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Monograph Series 4. New York. p. 167-173.
335:
Texas, and southern Louisiana. In South Carolina it is commonly found in the lower Coastal Plain, but in the middle and upper Coastal Plain it is restricted to specific sites.
343:
The climate over the range of loblolly-bay is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. Air temperature data, compiled from a weather atlas (8), are as follows:
1100:
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Because of its ability to grow in wet bogs and flats where loblolly pine does poorly, loblolly-bay silviculture may offer a management alternative for such areas.
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Numerous root-collar sprouts are produced when the trees are killed by fire (9) or if the root system is mechanically damaged by a logging or disking operation.
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11. Wells, B. W., and S. G. Boyce. 1953. Carolina Bays: additional data on their origin and history. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Society 69:119-141.
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A2- 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 in) black or gray, sand, loamy fine sand or sandy loam, very strongly or extremely acid (often there is no A2),
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In North and South Carolina, loblolly-bay is apparently very soil-specific even though it is found on several soil series. It grows on certain
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C- 51 to 127 to 175 cm (20 to 50 to 69 in) gray or brown, sand, fine sand or loamy fine sand, strongly to very strongly acid.
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A1- 0 to 25 cm (0.0 to 9.8 in) black to dark gray, fine sand, loamy fine sand or loamy sand, very strongly or extremely acid,
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527:), probably because of the high water table; rather it is found along better drained margins. Here it is growing with loblolly pine (
64:
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9. Wells, B. S. 1928. Plant communities of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and their successional relations. Ecology 9:230-242.
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2. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.
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The information of this section is based on measurements and observations made in the northern Coastal Plain of South Carolina.
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B- 38 to 51 to 127 cm (15 to 20 to 50 in) gray or brown, sand to sandy loam, very strongly acid (often not present),
142:
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10. Wells, B. W. 1932. The natural gardens of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. p. 67.
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5. Harrar, E. S. 1964. Hough's encyclopedia of American woods. vol. 4. p. 131-135. Robert Speller and Sons, New York.
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6. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1891–1902. Silva of North America. vol. 1. p. 41-44. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA.
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474:(7). Soil profiles of a loblolly-bay site in South Carolina have the following general characteristics at various
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tree is cut. These stump sprouts appear to be very attractive to deer and heavy browsing has been noticed.
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1. Bailey, L. H. 1928. Standard encyclopedia of horticulture. Vol 2. p. 1361. Macmillan, New York.
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capsule abscission, which first occurs about the last of December and continues through the winter.
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Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Atlantic White-Cedar (Type 97), along with pond pine (
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3. Foreman, L. F. 1946. Kraft pulping of southern hardwoods. Paper Mill News 69(4):74.
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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breaking length of 11,525 m (37,812 ft), a tensile strength of 10.2
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characteristic conical shape and the crown will break up.
888:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
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404:Days with daily max. above 32 °C (90 °F)
415:Days with daily min. below 0 °C (32 °F)
880:Gresham, Charles A.; Lipscomb, Donald J. (1990).
806:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T62077548A62077558.en
910:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
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861:http://www.floridata.com/ref/g/gord_las.cfm
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
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908:United States Department of Agriculture
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496:surface for 6 to 9 months of the year.
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1168:f7483605-8a7f-4713-8aee-affc019e2284
663:beginning to bloom, June, N. Florida
1375:IUCN Red List least concern species
792:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
711:Sapling and pole stages to maturity
543:) in the overstory and fetterbush (
675:Seed production and dissemination-
14:
1326:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:126110-2
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871: This article incorporates
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508:Loblolly-bay is found in five
382:Normal daily minimum; January
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652:Reproduction and early growth
904:United States Forest Service
640:), sweetgum, and water oak.
393:Normal daily maximum; July
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583:), redbay, longleaf pine (
466:and to a lesser degree on
1385:Trees of Northern America
610:), redbay, and sweetbay (
561:spp.) in the understory.
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138:Scientific classification
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896:Silvics of North America
877:United States Government
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730:Reaction to competition-
701:Vegetative reproduction-
399:32 °C (90 °F)
396:31 °C (88 °F)
388:11 °C (52 °F)
385:10 °C (50 °F)
377:11 °C (52 °F)
366:21 °C (70 °F)
363:16 °C (61 °F)
668:Flowering and fruiting-
592:Liriodendron tulipifera
574:Liquidambar styraciflua
504:Associated forest cover
374:3 °C (37 °F)
873:public domain material
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589:), and yellow-poplar (
781:Rivers, M.C. (2015).
686:Seedling development-
659:
426:Mean frost-free days
371:Annual daily average
1258:Hypericum lasianthus
446:Soils and topography
958:Gordonia lasianthus
928:Gordonia lasianthus
884:Gordonia lasianthus
785:Gordonia lasianthus
661:Gordonia lasianthus
613:Magnolia virginiana
607:Cyrilla racemiflora
577:), American holly (
555:), and greenbrier (
298:Gordonia lasianthus
269:Gordonia lasianthus
108:Conservation status
99:Gordonia lasianthus
83:Gordonia lasianthus
760:/15 mm (38.1
665:
604:), swamp cyrilla (
520:Taxodium distichum
251:G. lasianthus
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1176:Open Tree of Life
920:Taxon identifiers
716:Growth and yield-
630:), black tupelo (
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352:Northern extreme
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1194:kew-2830846
1140:NatureServe
1075:iNaturalist
952:Wikispecies
812:19 November
627:Acer rubrum
552:Ilex glabra
530:Pinus taeda
515:pondcypress
456:Inceptisols
181:Angiosperms
1369:Categories
1189:Plant List
1093:30019813-2
580:Ilex opaca
275:(L.) Ellis
47:footnoting
1273:Q21874898
1041:220005783
891:Hardwoods
638:sylvatica
472:Mollisols
464:Histosols
452:Spodosols
349:Property
307:holly-bay
245:Species:
151:Kingdom:
1334:Tropicos
1313:126110-2
1267:Wikidata
1233:31600169
1228:Tropicos
1145:2.139306
1132:62077548
1106:10198165
943:Q5586051
937:Wikidata
906:(USFS),
541:borbonia
468:Entisols
460:Ultisols
319:Theaceae
311:gordonia
238:Gordonia
227:Theaceae
223:Family:
217:Ericales
207:Asterids
194:Eudicots
128:IUCN 3.1
43:citation
1339:7801193
1287:3710972
1054:5421090
691:epigeal
339:Climate
325:Habitat
233:Genus:
213:Order:
155:Plantae
126: (
101:flower
1300:455090
1202:PLANTS
1181:313385
1165:NZOR:
1158:182306
1028:gorlas
1025:FEIS:
1005:584977
966:AoFP:
558:Smilax
525:nutans
462:, and
1119:21386
1101:IRMNG
1080:81921
1067:17888
1018:GORLA
992:3H2VM
976:APA:
636:var.
539:var.
523:var.
313:, or
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
162:Clade
1321:POWO
1308:IPNI
1295:GRIN
1282:GBIF
1215:POWO
1207:GOLA
1153:NCBI
1127:IUCN
1114:ITIS
1088:IPNI
1062:GRIN
1049:GBIF
1013:EPPO
979:3609
859:12.
814:2021
797:2015
470:and
432:320
429:230
410:120
45:and
1347:WFO
1241:WFO
1036:FNA
1000:EoL
987:CoL
969:943
801:doi
762:lbf
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616:).
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315:bay
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
