43:
568:
477:) in the Tarraconence. Nevertheless, the arrival to Spain was peaceful, Athaulf met with no opposition. Not confirmed by source material, it seems that Athaulf and Constantius came to an agreement. The peaceful entry into Barcelona, as well as the arrest of Attalus, seem to reflect this, apparently based on the Visigoths' desire for peaceful coexistence with the Romans and that of the Roman Empire to use the power of the Goths to fight the other tribes that had migrated to the interior of Spain years earlier.
290:
539:, no names of the Roman command have been handed down, this could indicate that Wallia itself held the supreme command. The campaign led them along the coast towards the province of Baetica, which the Silingi had appropriated. The sources do not mention how the journey took, it is suspected that the Visigoths were transported by sea in ships of the Imperial Navy.
535:) and began its campaign against the Silingi. They harboured a special resentment against this people, because the Silingi had benefited from the food shortage among the Visigoths in previous years and had sold their wheat at exorbitant prices. It is unknown how big the army of the Visigoths was, but it will probably have been around 10,000. Except for
266:, the Vandal Hasdingi king in Gallaecia, was lucky, because they were not attacked by the Visigoths. Unfortunately, the reason for this has not been reported and the answer to it has been provided by later historians. According to Thompson, Gunderic was accepted by the emperor as an ally and it was his troops who dealted a heavy blow to the Alans in
510:
in
Lusitania. The Vandals were also divided into two groups; in Silingi and Hasdingi, albeit with this difference that they had been known for much longer (from the 2nd century) as separate tribal associations. The Silings were located in the southern province of Baetica and the Hasdingi in northern
575:
The Goths only stopped fighting when they were ordered to do so by
Constantius. His reasons for this have led to a lot of speculation. Most of these speculations have tried to explain Constantius' action by referring to the state of affairs in Gaul. In addition, many historians are dominated by the
514:
In
Honorius' attack plan to restore Roman authority in the Spanish provinces, the Hasdingi were given a special task to fulfill. He did not charge the reconquest of the province of Cartaginensis on the Visigoths but ordered the Hasdingi to do so. Even before the Visigoths took action, the Hasdingi
489:
and addressed a request to
Emperor Honorius. In exchange for peace, they offered to fight for the empire as allies, and to show their good will they were willing to give hostages. However, on the advice of his chief adviser, the commander-in-chief of the army Constantius, the emperor rejected this
406:
With the
Spanish-Roman landowners, they concluded an arrangement for the distribution of the land based on hospitality, i.e. the Alans and other invaders became the guests of the Roman landowners and received a significant part of the income from their estates. In exchange for this income, guests
377:
The
Spanish-Romans, like their fellow citizens in Gaul, seem to have made no effort to fight with the invaders; they rather joined the fortified cities, villages and castra in the hope that the Alans and the Vandals would move on. The intruders who were nomads in their neighborhood do not seem to
558:
the capital of
Lusitania, they were met by the Alan army with King Attacus at the head. In the battle that took place near the city, the Alan army was defeated and their king was killed in the battle. Just like the other group of Alans and the Silingi had done, the survivors chose to flee to the
546:
by means of a list. A decisive battle between the two armies took place near 'western Calpe' (Carteia) where the
Visigoths inflicted a destructive defeat to the Silingi. All 417 the victors on the Silings who fled north with their families fled north, where they sought refuge from the Hasdingi.
434:, the commander-in-chief of Honorius' army, neutralized these threats and made peace with the Visigoths in 415, did the Romans gather the troops they could miss to be deployed the invaders. However, capacity for this remained limited, as the ongoing wars had halved the Roman army since 395.
378:
have made any attempts to take the fortified places. The inhabitants, although they could only venture into the countryside with some risk, found the fields depted of food. In some areas famine arose, contemporaries report that it was not uncommon for a mother to eat her own children.
462:(379-395). After the conclusion of this marriage, relations with the Romans were again disrupted by Honorius' general Constantius (who would later become Emperor Constantius III), and who had proceeded to block the Mediterranean ports of Gaul. In response to this, Athaulf proclaimed
442:
The
Western Roman Empire had been at war with the Visigoths since 410, albeit there were periods of cooperation. It simply had too few men to defeat the Visigoths, but on the contrary, the Visigothic soldiers were also indispensable in the defense of the empire against its enemies.
373:
In
October 409, the Vandal, Alanian and Suevian tribes arrived in Spain, where they plunder. The Romans could do little to do with this. Most of Constantine's army units were in the province of Tarragona where they were deployed in the war against the rebellious general Gerontius.
576:
belief that the imperial authorities apparently had no objection to the presence of the barbarians as long as the Roman administrative structure was maintained, and the latter had now been met. The Goths had stripped Baetica and Lusitania of their Vandal and Alan inhabitants.
386:
In 411, Gerontius, taking his entire armed forces, left Spain to fight Constantine. The newcomers filled this power vacuum and decided to take possession of the land and divide it among themselves. The Alans were the most important group and owned the provinces
595:
for Hispania and it again had its own field army. Nevertheless, the peace was short-lived, the Vandal king Gunderic already considered his military strength strong enough within two years after the war to expand his territory at the expense of the Suebi. In
344:
Constantine managed to reach an agreement with the Alans and Vandals, which allowed him to establish his authority, while the Alans and Vandals in turn could secure their own interests. He also managed to persuade a part of the Alans led by King
333:. With a mixture of fighting and diplomacy, the British usurper stabilized the situation and established his control over Gaul and Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal). In addition, he had little to fear of the imperial
590:
With this outcome of the war, the Roman Emperor Honorius had managed to recover his provinces disembed in 407 and restore the imperial government in them. For the year 420 there is evidence of the existence of a
841:
Gallic Chronicles of 452, p. 552, II; Hydatius, Chronicles, XLII; Isidore, History of Goths, Vandals and Suevens, hfdst. 71; On this event see Courtois, Les Vandales, p. 52, and Demougeot, L'empire romain, p.
579:
Now that the goal of the war was reached, after the defeat of the Alans in 418, Constantius ordered the Goths to stop the campaign and go to Gaul where they were given a settlement area in the province
584:. This meant that no war was waged against the barbarians who stayed in Gallaecia. The empire continued its alliance agreement with the Hasdingi, while the Suebi were finally also left alone.
523:
and defeated them in a battle that presumably took place near the cities of Toletum and Consabura. The conquered had to place themselves under Gunderics' authority and leave Cartaginensis.
542:
In the south of Baetica the Visigoths went ashore and soon attacked the Silingi. After a series of short battles that usually ended indecided Wallia managed to capture their king
365:
revolted against him in Spain and the Alans regiments were withdrawn from the Pyrenees, allowing the Alans and Vandals to enter the Iberian peninsula without problems.
407:'protected' their hosts from robbers and looters. They also founded their own settlements. These arrangements seem to have brought peace to Spain temporarily.
1037:
494:, he wanted to weaken them. To realize this plan, the Visigoths, with whom he had recently concluded a new peace treaty, were his main trump card.
418:
in 410, they were in the south and were now on their way north. In addition, the army was to protect the Italian prefecture from the usurpators
270:. At that moment Constantius thought it was enough and intervened, he forced the Visigoths to stop their campaign and they had to leave Spain.
470:
Athaulf exchanged South-France for Northern-Spain. Attalus fled, fell into the hands of Constantius and was exiled to the island of Lipari.
1052:
1047:
720:
699:
680:
765:
362:
325:. In their wake, a trail of destruction arose. Shortly thereafter, the rebellious British army under the leadership of
655:
600:
his army left mountainous Gallaecia and moved south, where they captured Baetica and defeated the Roman field army.
167:. This operation consisted of multiple campaigns that took place between 416 and 418 and were directed against the
881:, Chron., 49; Isidore, Hist. Wand., ch. 73. For the division of the land between the Romans and barbarians, see
25:
571:
Restoration of the Western Roman Empire in 418 after the war of the Visigoths against the barbarians in Spain.
490:
request, with the exception of the Hasdingi. Honorius chose to subjugate the barbarians in Spain, by applying
1042:
642:
419:
326:
267:
236:
184:
647:
567:
485:
After dividing Spain among themselves, the Alans and Vandals of the Romans hoped to receive the status of
392:
322:
284:
632:
42:
637:
314:
232:
101:
614:
587:
When the "enemies" were subdued, Guntharic dominated all the remaining Vandals and Alans in Spain.
415:
400:
388:
240:
180:
156:
761:
716:
695:
676:
555:
532:
474:
410:
Honorius' imperial army was at a distance in ItaIia, where it was bound after the war against
338:
289:
220:
164:
581:
396:
176:
491:
463:
431:
126:
851:
Hydatius, Kron., 46, 47, 48; Isidore, Hist. Wand., 72; Olymp. fr. 30. See also Courtois,
227:, no history of Spain would have been known in the 5th century. Another contemporary is
710:
455:
349:
to fight by his side. From those barbarians, Constantine created a regiment called the
1031:
883:
354:
244:
196:
34:
466:
as emperor in Bordeaux in 414. But Constantius' sea blockade was successful and in
459:
334:
188:
731:
427:
330:
29:
520:
503:
411:
250:
The broad outlines of the events are known. After three years of warfare, the
139:
627:
486:
473:
Ataulf crossed the Pyrenees and installed his court in Barcino (present-day
251:
204:
192:
160:
105:
878:
592:
559:
territory of Hasdingi to join them, and without appointing a new leader.
543:
516:
358:
302:
293:
Reconstruction of the 407–409 sack of Gaul, based on Peter Heather (2005)
263:
255:
216:
200:
143:
670:
399:, while the Vandal Hasdingi and the Suebi divided the smallest province
609:
551:
507:
451:
423:
306:
298:
259:
228:
168:
135:
114:
502:
In Spain, the Alans were divided into two main groups: a group led by
536:
318:
130:
215:
The history of this war is briefly handed down, the main source is
566:
310:
297:
On December 31, 405/406, a coalition of barbaric peoples (Alanen,(
288:
172:
110:
76:
531:
In the middle of the year 416, the Visigothic army left Barcino (
506:
was located in Cartaginensis and a group under the leadership of
346:
254:
knocked down Romes' enemies in Spain and almost destroyed them.
243:(560-636) are useful sources. Also prominent historians such as
554:. The Visigoths advanced north and entered their territory. At
247:
and B.P. Bachrach have written the necessary about the period.
597:
467:
447:
65:
61:
984:
982:
832:
Orosius, Hist., VII, 40, 7-10, and Sozomen, IX, xiii, 7.
758:
Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire
654:(only a summary of this work from the 10th century by
195:
units fought on the side of the Romans. According to
550:The next target of the Visigoths were the Alans of
175:to restore Roman power in the Spanish provinces of
337:that had been largely withdrawn because of the
18:
8:
732:"Honorio y la restauración de las Hispanias"
258:, the king of the Silingen was captured and
1018:
949:
736:Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia
262:, the Alan king in Lusitania, was killed.
15:
988:
973:
961:
928:
823:Sozomen, IX, xiii, 4, and Olymp., jr. 16
811:
799:
916:
904:
781:
498:The position of the Hasdingi in the war
369:The arrival of the barbarians in Spain
353:. which he gave as task to guard the
191:was not involved in the battles, only
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
760:. The University of Wisconsin Press.
715:(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.
7:
414:to contain the Visigoths. After the
207:played a dubious role in this war.
891:," p. 975-1011. See also Courtois,
751:. Amsterdam-Brussels: H-Meulenhof.
672:A History of the Alans in the West
14:
675:. University of Minnesota Press.
454:, King of the Visigoths, married
41:
1038:Wars involving the Roman Empire
438:The alliance with the Visigoths
361:. In 409 Constantine's general
749:The Goths, Princes and Vassals
395:, the Vandal Silingi received
321:, which event is known as the
1:
669:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973).
519:went up against the Alans of
515:under the leadership of king
709:Kulikowski, Michael (1998).
48:Map of the Spanish provinces
873:fr. 30. See also Courtois,
694:. Oxford University Press.
692:La caída del Imperio romano
656:Photios I of Constantinople
1069:
458:, the daughter of Emperor
313:) broke through the Roman
282:
187:. As far as is known, the
317:on the Rhine and invaded
120:
95:
53:
40:
23:
1053:Wars involving the Goths
1048:410s in the Roman Empire
730:Livermore, H.B. (1996).
235:(430-486), the nameless
231:(375-420). Furthermore,
26:Fall of the Roman Empire
756:Thompson, E.A. (1982).
690:Heather, Peter (2005).
643:Chronica Gallica of 452
527:The Visigoths' campaign
526:
237:Gallic Chronicle of 452
940:Hydatius, Chron., XVII
864:Hydatius, chron., XVII
747:Schreiber, H. (1979).
712:The End of Roman Spain
648:Olympiodorus of Thebes
572:
294:
121:Commanders and leaders
1000:Hydatius, kron., XXIV
570:
382:The division of Spain
292:
285:Crossing of the Rhine
279:The barbaric invasion
219:(400-469), bishop of
619:Greek history writer
233:Sidonius Apollinaris
163:commissioned by the
102:Western Roman Empire
931:, pp. 153–154.
907:, pp. 306–307.
153:Gothic War in Spain
35:Roman–Germanic Wars
19:Gothic war in Spain
573:
403:among themselves.
295:
241:Isidore of Seville
157:military operation
339:War of Radagaisus
165:West Roman Empire
149:
148:
91:
90:
1060:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
986:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
886:
871:
865:
862:
856:
849:
843:
839:
833:
830:
824:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
771:
752:
743:
726:
705:
686:
481:The war in Spain
189:Roman field army
55:
54:
45:
16:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:Kulikowski 1998
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
987:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
950:Kulikowski 1998
948:
944:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
882:
872:
868:
863:
859:
850:
846:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
810:
806:
798:
783:
778:
768:
755:
746:
729:
723:
708:
702:
689:
683:
668:
665:
623:"Historia Nova"
606:
604:Primary sources
565:
529:
500:
492:divide and rule
483:
464:Priscus Attalus
440:
432:Constantius III
420:Constantine III
384:
371:
355:mountain passes
327:Constantine III
287:
281:
276:
213:
142:
138:
129:
127:Constantius III
113:
104:
79:
46:
32:
28:
12:
11:
5:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:410s conflicts
1040:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1021:, p. 115.
1011:
1009:Hydatius, XXIV
1002:
993:
991:, p. 497.
989:Livermore 1996
978:
976:, p. 495.
974:Livermore 1996
966:
964:, p. 496.
962:Livermore 1996
954:
952:, p. 110.
942:
933:
921:
919:, p. 317.
909:
897:
866:
857:
844:
834:
825:
816:
814:, p. 137.
804:
780:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
766:
753:
744:
738:(in Spanish).
727:
721:
706:
700:
687:
681:
664:
661:
660:
659:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
612:
605:
602:
564:
563:End of the war
561:
528:
525:
499:
496:
482:
479:
456:Galla Placidia
439:
436:
383:
380:
370:
367:
323:Rhine Crossing
315:border defense
283:Main article:
280:
277:
275:
272:
268:Carthaginensis
223:. Without his
212:
209:
147:
146:
133:
123:
122:
118:
117:
108:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
73:
69:
68:
59:
51:
50:
38:
37:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
946:
943:
937:
934:
930:
929:Thompson 1982
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
885:
880:
877:, pp. 52-53.
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
854:
848:
845:
838:
835:
829:
826:
820:
817:
813:
812:Thompson 1982
808:
805:
801:
800:Bachrach 1973
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
782:
775:
769:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
742:(3): 443–502.
741:
737:
733:
728:
724:
722:9780612339071
718:
714:
713:
707:
703:
701:9788484326922
697:
693:
688:
684:
682:0-8166-0678-1
678:
674:
673:
667:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
599:
594:
588:
585:
583:
577:
569:
562:
560:
557:
553:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
512:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
488:
480:
478:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
437:
435:
433:
430:. Only after
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:Tarraconenses
390:
381:
379:
375:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
286:
278:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
245:E.A. Thompson
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
141:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
124:
119:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
99:
94:
87:Roman victory
86:
83:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
44:
39:
36:
31:
27:
22:
17:
1014:
1005:
996:
969:
957:
945:
936:
924:
917:Heather 2005
912:
905:Heather 2005
900:
893:Les Vandales
892:
888:
875:Les Vandales
874:
869:
860:
853:Les Vandales
852:
847:
837:
828:
819:
807:
802:, p. 56
757:
748:
739:
735:
711:
691:
671:
663:Bibliography
651:
622:
618:
589:
586:
578:
574:
549:
541:
530:
513:
501:
484:
472:
445:
441:
416:fall of Rome
409:
405:
385:
376:
372:
350:
343:
329:crossed the
296:
249:
224:
214:
185:Cartaginense
152:
150:
96:Belligerents
47:
24:Part of the
889:Hospitalite
855:, p. 52-53.
638:Marcellinus
511:Gallaecia.
428:Heraclianus
30:Gothic Wars
1032:Categories
895:, p. 52-53
776:References
767:029908700X
521:Respendial
504:Respendial
460:Theodosius
412:Radagaisus
335:field army
274:Background
225:Chronicles
140:Respendial
652:Histories
628:Sozomenus
582:Aquitania
533:Barcelona
487:foederati
475:Barcelona
389:Lusitania
363:Gerontius
351:Honorians
252:Visigoths
205:Gallaecia
193:foederati
181:Lusitania
161:Visigoths
106:Visigoths
879:Hydatius
842:394-395.
593:governor
544:Fredebal
517:Gunderic
401:Gallecia
359:Pyrenees
303:Hasdingi
264:Gunderic
256:Fredebal
217:Hydatius
201:Hasdingi
197:Thompson
171:and the
144:Fredebal
72:Location
633:Prosper
615:Zosimus
610:Orosius
552:Attaces
508:Attaces
452:Athaulf
424:Jovinus
397:Baetica
357:in the
331:Channel
307:Silingi
299:Vandals
260:Attaces
229:Orosius
211:Sources
169:Vandals
159:of the
136:Attaces
115:Silingi
884:F. Lot
764:
719:
698:
679:
556:Mérida
537:Wallia
319:Gallia
309:) and
239:, and
221:Chaves
177:Betica
155:was a
131:Wallia
84:Result
311:Suebi
173:Alans
111:Alans
77:Spain
762:ISBN
717:ISBN
696:ISBN
677:ISBN
426:and
391:and
347:Goar
305:and
199:the
183:and
151:The
58:Date
33:and
887:, "
740:193
598:421
468:415
448:414
446:In
203:in
66:418
62:416
1034::
981:^
784:^
734:.
650:,
621:,
617:,
450:,
422:,
341:.
301::
179:,
770:.
725:.
704:.
685:.
658:)
64:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
