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32:. Elastomers that are not under tension do not see this effect. The term is also used more generally to refer to the dependence of the temperature of any solid on the mechanical deformation. This effect can be observed in nylon strings of classical guitars, whereby the string contracts as a result of heating. The effect is due to the decrease of
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is a phenomenon of practical importance that must be considered by machine designers. The simplest way of demonstrating this effect is to suspend a weight on a rubber band sufficient to elongate it at least 50%. When the stretched rubber band is warmed up by an infrared lamp, it does not elongate
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seal design, where the seals can be mounted in a peripherally compressed state in hot applications to prolong life. The effect is also relevant to rotary seals which can bind if the seal shrinks due to overheating.
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when heated. In doing so, it exerts a measurable increase in its pull. This surprising property of rubber was first observed by James
Prescott Joule about a hundred years ago and is known as the
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If an elastic band is first stretched and then subjected to heating, it will shrink rather than expand. This effect was first observed by
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131:"The Structure of the Classical Guitar：Classical guitars are great for this - Musical Instrument Guide - Yamaha Corporation"
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because of thermal expansion, as may be expected, but it retracts and lifts the weight."
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Popular
Science magazine, January 1972: "A stretched piece of rubber
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in the 1850s, when it then became known as the Gough–Joule effect.
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Rubber as an
Engineering Material (book), by Khairi Nagdi: "The
306:. The AMPTIAC Quarterly, Volume 8, Number 2. Archived from
326:"O-Ring Design & Materials Guide: Gough-Joule Effect"
301:"Material Ease: Elastomeric Seals 101 - A Brief Tutorial"
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Tears of the Tree: The Story of Rubber -- A Modern Marvel
155:"John Gough and his Observation of Rubber Thermodynamics"
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A solar power science project using the Gow-Joule effect
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157:. Yale University. 1998-10-06. Archived from
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328:. R.L. Hudson & Company. Archived from
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28:to contract when heated if they are under
43:in 1802, and was investigated further by
36:when long chain molecules are stretched.
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101:The non-linear theories of mechanics
290:O-ring Gland design notes, PSP Inc.
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240:. Hanser Verlag. pp. 33–34.
237:Rubber as an Engineering Material
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24:) is originally the tendency of
210:Kouhoupt, Rudy (January 1972).
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367:. You can help Knowledge by
263:Practical Seal Design, P.233
261:Martini, Leonard J. (1984).
75:The effect is important in
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419:Condensed matter physics
361:condensed matter physics
97:Truesdell, Noll (2004).
187:Oxford University Press
50:Examples in Literature:
434:Condensed matter stubs
363:-related article is a
234:Nagdi, Khairi (1992).
179:Loadman, John (2005).
105:. Springer. pp.
429:James Prescott Joule
18:Gough–Joule effect
424:Rubber properties
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247:978-3-446-16282-2
216:. Popular Science
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369:expanding it
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334:. Retrieved
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68:Joule effect
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61:Joule effect
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45:James Joule
414:Elastomers
408:Categories
336:2011-04-07
317:2011-04-07
220:2009-07-20
165:2009-07-19
140:2020-07-29
84:References
41:John Gough
26:elastomers
213:Heat Runs
57:contracts
20:(a.k.a.
265:. CRC.
34:entropy
30:tension
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77:O-ring
359:This
311:(PDF)
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