66:
1885:
1895:
183:
The practice spread at least as far west as rural
Missouri, where "a particularly dextrous fellow could pluck his opponent's eyeballs from their sockets with one good thrust of the thumbs." This disfigurement may have been subsequently construed as a visible sign of dishonor. Though the practice was
188:
As the new style of fighting evolved, its geographical distribution changed. Leadership quickly passed from the southern seaboard to upcountry counties and the western frontier ... the settlers of western
Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, as well as upland Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, became
172:
of rough-and-tumble fighting, much like the knockout punch in modern boxing. The best gougers, of course, were adept at other fighting skills. Some allegedly filed their teeth to bite off an enemy's appendages more efficiently. Still, liberating an eyeball quickly became a fighter's surest route to
231:
to "put out an eye, slit the nose, bite or cut off a nose, or lip", among other offenses. The
Assembly went on to amend the act in 1772 to make it clear that this included "gouging, plucking or putting out an eye." Court cases and legal rulings in Tennessee, South Carolina, and Arkansas provide
138:), and victors were treated as local heroes. Gouging was essentially a type of duel to defend one's honor that was most common among the poor, and was especially common in southern states in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
226:
in 1752 begins by remarking that "many mischievous and ill disposed persons have of late, in a malicious and barbarous manner, maimed, wounded, and defaced, many of his majesty's subjects", then very specifically makes it a
154:
Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, men sought original labels for their brutal style of fighting. "Rough-and-tumble" or simply "gouging" gradually replaced "boxing" as the name for these contests.
168:
The emphasis on maximum disfigurement, on severing bodily parts, made this fighting style unique. Amid the general mayhem, however, gouging out an opponent's eye became the
134:
had made frontier disputes more lethal. Though it was never an organized sport, participants would sometimes schedule their fights (as one could schedule a
207:
Foreign travelers might exaggerate and backwoods storytellers embellish, but the most neglected fact about eye-gouging matches is their actuality.
504:
318:
Gorn, Elliott J. (February 1985). "'Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and
Scratch': The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry".
1919:
624:
1575:
539:
1570:
1424:
1257:
416:
1560:
1543:
1538:
1389:
582:
118:
but also included other brutally disfiguring techniques, including biting, and typically took place in order to settle disputes.
86:
1127:
1523:
1533:
1518:
1924:
766:
1934:
1597:
1528:
126:
Though gouging was common by the 1730s in southern colonies, the practice was waning by the 1840s, by which time the
497:
1602:
223:
1625:
841:
544:
90:
1898:
1617:
1470:
1049:
697:
639:
592:
529:
1460:
1551:
959:
629:
612:
607:
534:
490:
1247:
282:
114:, primarily in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was often characterized by the objective of
1429:
1267:
1199:
744:
739:
634:
597:
577:
569:
524:
1888:
1852:
1760:
1547:
1313:
1179:
1169:
964:
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919:
884:
649:
619:
587:
256:
1884:
364:
Greenberg, Kenneth S. (February 1990). "The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel in the
Antebellum South".
1929:
1659:
1589:
1336:
1184:
602:
381:
335:
1409:
1450:
944:
756:
749:
412:
408:
343:
164:
Ears, noses, lips, fingers and genitals could be disfigured in these fights, but Gorn notes:
373:
327:
1565:
1104:
1064:
986:
974:
939:
682:
677:
251:
147:
146:
When a dispute arose, fighters could either agree to fight "fair", meaning according to
17:
1819:
1510:
1454:
1394:
1351:
1321:
1054:
949:
789:
729:
717:
672:
667:
1913:
1774:
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1194:
1156:
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111:
65:
1755:
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1214:
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909:
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836:
779:
513:
169:
53:
1704:
1371:
1331:
1309:
1274:
1084:
784:
707:
127:
115:
28:
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1361:
1289:
1219:
1189:
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924:
904:
734:
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1857:
1847:
1807:
1802:
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1692:
1687:
1630:
1612:
1414:
1326:
1294:
1252:
1242:
1204:
1079:
1044:
1034:
934:
893:
871:
724:
662:
283:"You'll put your eye out: Can the human eyeball be knocked out of the head?"
261:
200:
879:
347:
465:
443:
1356:
1284:
1232:
1004:
914:
861:
823:
811:
687:
203:
of these fights, Gorn emphasizes the historical reality of these events:
131:
1832:
1787:
1722:
1672:
1399:
1384:
1379:
1279:
1237:
1139:
1094:
1039:
899:
856:
806:
385:
339:
184:
widespread, it was "best suited to the backwoods", according to Gorn.
1842:
1827:
1797:
1782:
1750:
1727:
1712:
1682:
1667:
1640:
1346:
1122:
1074:
1024:
999:
228:
377:
331:
1475:
1227:
1019:
994:
1837:
1792:
1717:
1677:
929:
889:
831:
774:
702:
246:
135:
1496:
557:
486:
482:
27:
This article is about fighting style. For type of attack, see
1114:
232:
ample evidence of the history of this type of fighting.
150:, or "rough and tumble". According to Elliott Gorn:
1816:
1771:
1701:
1656:
1586:
1507:
1438:
1370:
1308:
1213:
1155:
1113:
985:
870:
822:
765:
648:
568:
97:
82:
74:
59:
49:
41:
400:
173:victory and his most prestigious accomplishment.
110:was a form of fighting in rural portions of the
359:
357:
205:
186:
166:
152:
498:
8:
108:Rough and tumble fighting (Rough-and-tumble)
36:
403:Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri
1504:
1493:
565:
554:
505:
491:
483:
407:. University of Missouri Press. p.
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
201:legend sometimes amplifies the brutality
273:
35:
189:especially known for their pugnacity.
7:
466:"Hening's Statutes at Large (1772)"
444:"Hening's Statutes at Large (1752)"
25:
1425:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program
1893:
1883:
1390:Historical European martial arts
64:
1894:
366:The American Historical Review
320:The American Historical Review
1:
281:Cecil Adams (15 April 2005).
1920:North American martial arts
1951:
26:
1879:
1503:
1492:
564:
553:
520:
37:Rough and tumble fighting
18:Gouging (fighting style)
1622:Former official sports
1050:Northern Praying Mantis
625:Mainland Southeast Asia
464:William Walter Hening.
442:William Walter Hening.
1461:Professional wrestling
1128:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu
399:Steward, Dick (2000).
215:
197:
181:
162:
1557:Demonstration sports
222:An act passed by the
1817:Martial arts at the
1772:Martial arts at the
1702:Martial arts at the
1657:Martial arts at the
1637:Invitational sports
1587:Martial arts at the
1508:Martial arts at the
1430:Pencak Silat Harimau
1268:Pencak Silat Harimau
1200:Submission wrestling
905:Luta Livre esportiva
1925:Hybrid martial arts
1498:International games
1180:Full contact karate
1170:Professional boxing
885:Brazilian jiu-jitsu
257:Bare-knuckle boxing
38:
1935:Violence in sports
1660:Pan American Games
1337:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu
1248:JieitaikakutĹŤjutsu
1185:Mixed martial arts
1907:
1906:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1451:Martial arts film
287:The Straight Dope
224:Virginia Assembly
105:
104:
60:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
1942:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1505:
1494:
566:
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507:
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69:
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21:
1950:
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1941:
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1939:
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1909:
1908:
1903:
1867:
1818:
1812:
1773:
1767:
1703:
1697:
1658:
1652:
1588:
1582:
1511:Summer Olympics
1509:
1499:
1480:
1434:
1366:
1304:
1218:
1209:
1160:
1151:
1109:
1105:Yoshukai Karate
1065:Shaolin kung fu
981:
866:
842:Practice weapon
818:
761:
651:
644:
570:Regional origin
560:
549:
516:
511:
481:
480:
470:
468:
463:
462:
458:
448:
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441:
440:
436:
423:
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398:
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378:10.2307/2162954
363:
362:
355:
332:10.2307/1860747
317:
316:
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280:
279:
275:
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252:Street fighting
238:
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214:
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196:
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161:
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148:Broughton rules
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124:
63:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
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1891:
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1876:
1873:
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1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1820:European Games
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
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1763:
1758:
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1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
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1670:
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1634:
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1628:
1620:
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1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:Pistol dueling
1563:
1555:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
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1497:
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1468:
1463:
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1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Huiyen Lallong
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Shorinji Kempo
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:American Kenpo
1318:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1271:
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1260:
1255:
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1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
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1177:
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1125:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Russian boxing
1052:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
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1007:
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839:
834:
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
815:
814:
809:
802:Ranged weapons
799:
798:
797:
792:
790:Stick-fighting
787:
785:Knife fighting
777:
771:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
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742:
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617:
616:
615:
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585:
580:
574:
572:
562:
561:
559:Classification
558:
551:
550:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:List of styles
521:
518:
517:
512:
510:
509:
502:
495:
487:
479:
478:
456:
434:
417:
391:
353:
299:
272:
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266:
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264:
259:
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244:
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234:
219:
216:
209:
191:
175:
156:
143:
140:
123:
120:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:North American
84:
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76:
72:
71:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
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1836:
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1831:
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1825:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1775:African Games
1770:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
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1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
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1569:
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1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
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1512:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Fighting game
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:Entertainment
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Krabi–krabong
1408:
1406:
1405:Kalaripayattu
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
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1330:
1328:
1325:
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1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
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1288:
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1278:
1276:
1273:
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1259:
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1254:
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1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Shootfighting
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1162:combat sports
1158:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Tien Shan Pai
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Choi Kwang-Do
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
988:
984:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
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951:
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946:
943:
941:
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928:
926:
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921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
852:Pushing hands
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
825:
821:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
795:Swordsmanship
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:Melee weapons
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
768:
764:
758:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
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723:
719:
716:
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689:
686:
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669:
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664:
661:
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641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
604:
601:
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596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
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571:
567:
563:
556:
552:
546:
545:Hard and soft
543:
541:
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531:
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508:
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418:9780826212849
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245:
243:
242:Mutual combat
240:
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190:
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174:
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112:United States
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98:Olympic sport
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81:
77:
73:
70:United States
67:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
42:Also known as
40:
34:
30:
19:
1756:Pencak silat
1466:Stage combat
1420:Mardani khel
1342:Jeet Kune Do
1300:Silat Melayu
1263:Pencak silat
1215:Self-defense
1157:Full contact
1144:
1132:
1070:Shoot boxing
1010:Chess boxing
910:Malla-yuddha
847:Punching bag
837:Boxing glove
694:Leg strikes
673:Elbow strike
659:Arm strikes
514:Martial arts
469:. Retrieved
459:
447:. Retrieved
437:
429:
422:. Retrieved
402:
394:
372:(1): 57–74.
369:
365:
326:(1): 18–43.
323:
319:
290:. Retrieved
286:
276:
221:
206:
198:
187:
182:
170:sine qua non
167:
163:
153:
145:
125:
107:
106:
93:martial arts
54:Self-defense
33:
1705:Asian Games
1590:World Games
1552:Greco-Roman
1372:Battlefield
1332:Chun Kuk Do
1275:Suffrajitsu
1085:Tang Soo Do
960:Greco-Roman
713:Knee strike
630:Philippines
218:Legislation
212:Gorn (1985)
194:Gorn (1985)
178:Gorn (1985)
159:Gorn (1985)
128:Bowie knife
29:Eye-gouging
1914:Categories
1747:2018 Only
1608:Kickboxing
1362:Qwan Ki Do
1290:To-Shin Do
1220:combatives
1190:Pankration
1175:Kickboxing
1146:Xingyiquan
1134:Baguazhang
1100:Wudangquan
1030:Kickboxing
925:Shuai jiao
735:Joint lock
652:techniques
268:References
122:Popularity
83:Parenthood
1930:Human eye
1863:Wrestling
1858:Taekwondo
1808:Wrestling
1803:Taekwondo
1738:Wrestling
1733:Taekwondo
1693:Wrestling
1688:Taekwondo
1631:Taekwondo
1613:Muay Thai
1548:freestyle
1544:Wrestling
1539:Taekwondo
1415:Krav Maga
1327:Angampora
1295:Wing Chun
1253:Krav Maga
1243:Kajukenbo
1205:Vale Tudo
1080:Taekwondo
1045:Muay Thai
1035:Kun Khmer
965:Mongolian
955:freestyle
935:Wrestling
894:Para judo
872:Grappling
725:Grappling
663:Chokehold
593:Indonesia
262:Vale Tudo
1848:Muaythai
1598:Ju-jitsu
1471:Tricking
1455:Chanbara
1357:Unifight
1310:Eclectic
1285:Taekkyon
1233:Bartitsu
1115:Internal
1005:Capoeira
987:Striking
915:Pehlwani
862:Sparring
824:Training
812:Shooting
757:Stand-up
745:Takedown
698:Footwork
688:Headbutt
650:Unarmed
535:Timeline
430:gouging.
348:11620667
236:See also
210:—
192:—
176:—
157:—
142:Practice
132:revolver
87:European
1899:Outline
1833:Fencing
1788:Fencing
1723:Jujutsu
1673:Fencing
1524:Fencing
1400:Jujutsu
1385:Bokator
1380:Banshay
1314:hybrids
1280:Systema
1238:Hapkido
1140:Tai chi
1095:Vovinam
1040:Lethwei
945:Cornish
900:Jujutsu
857:Randori
807:Archery
767:Weapons
640:Vietnam
613:Okinawa
603:Ireland
598:Italian
540:Records
530:History
471:9 April
449:9 April
424:9 April
386:2162954
340:1860747
292:6 April
199:Though
116:gouging
78:Various
75:Creator
45:Gouging
1889:Portal
1843:Karate
1828:Boxing
1798:Karate
1783:Boxing
1751:Kurash
1728:Karate
1713:Boxing
1683:Karate
1668:Boxing
1641:Aikido
1603:Karate
1576:Savate
1534:Karate
1519:Boxing
1347:Shooto
1123:Aikido
1075:Savate
1025:Karate
1000:Boxing
880:BarrĂłg
708:Flying
683:Ground
678:Clinch
635:Russia
583:Europe
415:
384:
346:
338:
229:felony
1853:Sambo
1761:Sambo
1743:Wushu
1646:Wushu
1626:Sambo
1571:Glima
1476:Wuxia
1258:MCMAP
1228:Arnis
1060:Sanda
1020:Dambe
995:Bando
975:shoot
940:catch
920:Sambo
750:Throw
740:Sweep
718:Stomp
668:Punch
620:Korea
608:Japan
588:India
578:China
382:JSTOR
336:JSTOR
50:Focus
1838:Judo
1793:Judo
1718:Judo
1678:Judo
1618:Sumo
1561:BudĹŤ
1529:Judo
950:folk
930:Sumo
890:Judo
832:Kata
775:Duel
730:Hold
703:Kick
473:2011
451:2011
426:2011
413:ISBN
344:PMID
294:2011
247:Duel
136:duel
130:and
89:and
970:oil
409:137
374:doi
328:doi
1916::
1550:,
1312:/
428:.
411:.
380:.
370:95
368:.
356:^
342:.
334:.
324:90
322:.
302:^
285:.
101:No
1554:)
1546:(
1457:)
1453:(
1217:/
1159:/
896:)
892:(
506:e
499:t
492:v
475:.
453:.
388:.
376::
350:.
330::
296:.
31:.
20:)
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