571:, and the camel-pullers of the two files would help each other when loading cargo on the camels at the beginning of each day's march or unloading it when halted. To do their job properly camel-pullers had to be experts on camels: as Lattimore comments, "because there is no good doctoring known for him when he is sick, they must learn how to keep him well." Taking care of camels' health included the ability to find the best available grazing for them and keeping them away from poisonous plants; knowledge of when one should not allow a camel to drink too much water; how to park camels for the night, allowing them to obtain the best possible shelter from wind-blown snow in winter; how to properly distribute the load to prevent it from hurting the animal; and how to treat minor injuries of the camels, such as blisters or pack-sores.
1135:
When in the province of
Peichihli I witnessed the departure of a train of 2,000 of these camels laden with brick tea to be sold in the Russian markets. These beasts are also employed in transporting coal, and other commodities, from one part of the province to another, and they are highly esteemed by the Mongols, as they can be easily managed, and can accomplish long journeys in arid regions with scant supplies of food and water. As many of my readers are aware, the camel is physically adapted for traversing the sandy plains of Asia, where they are found in the greatest numbers. The stomach is supplied with bladders which enable the animal to carry a store of fresh water, and in like manner the humps are furnished with a store of food in the shape of fatty matter which may be absorbed in case of need."
31:
768:
would be sent back in late winter/early spring, taking along plenty of grain for fodder, and returning to Hohhot before the next grazing season. Vice versa, one could leave Hohhot in the spring, spend the summer grazing season in
Xinjiang, and come back in the late fall of the same year. Either way, it would be possible for the caravan people and their best camels to make a full round trip within a year. However, such perfect scheduling was not always possible, and it was often the case that a caravan sent out from Hohhot in August would end up staying on the other end of the route until and through the next grazing season, coming back to Hohhot about a year and a half after its departure.
629:
a camel load, or a full load—of their own on the caravan's camels; when successfully sold at the destination, it would bring a handy profit. Even more importantly, if a camel-puller could afford to buy a camel or a few of his own, he was allowed to include them into his file, and to collect the carriage-money for the cargo (assigned by the caravan owner) that they would carry. Once the camel-puller got rich enough to own close to a full file of 18 camels, he could join the caravan not as an employee but as a kind of a partner—now instead of earning wages he would be paying money (around 20
79:
728:, were able to make longer marches (and, thus, cover longer distances faster) than the typical Han Chinese or Hui caravans, because the Mongols were able to always use "fresh" camels (picked from their large herd for just a single journey), every man was provided with a camel to ride, and loads were much lighter than in the "standard" caravans (rarely exceeding 270 pounds (122.5 kg). These caravans would typically travel by day, from sunrise to sunset. Such a camel train is described in the accounts of the journey made by
110:
488:
700:", the merchant guild sent the bodies to the east by a special caravan. Due to the special nature of the load, higher freight rate was charged for such "dead passengers". Camels have been historically used to traffic illicit drugs among their legal trade goods. With camel meat being illegal in some places, Camels themselves are smuggled. In India, ritual sacrifice and common slaughter has fueled camel smuggling.
817:
590:
361:. While camels were suited to the job of transport in the American Southwest, the experiment failed. Their stubbornness and aggressiveness made them unpopular among soldiers, and they frightened horses. Many of the camels were sold to private owners, others escaped into the desert. These feral camels continued to be sighted through the early 20th century, with the last reported sighting in 1941 near
50:
96:
617:(先生, literally, "Sir", "Mister") (typically, an older man with a long experience as a camel-puller, now playing the role of a general manager), one or two cooks, and the caravan master, whose authority over the caravan and its people was as absolute as that of a captain on a ship. If the owner of the caravan did not travel with the caravan himself, he would send along a
813:, they would reach back to the first camel of the file they were leading, pluck a handful of hair from the neck, and roll it in their palms into the beginning of a length of yarn; a weight was attached to this, and given a twist to start it spinning, and the man went on feeding wool into the thread until he had spun enough yarn to continue his knitting".
65:
515:(1942) describe how a young camel can be carried in a wooden cradle on its mother's back. After the first week it is capable of walking beside her with periods of rest in the cradle; as it grows older it becomes capable of carrying a load of lighter articles needed by the caravan but at four years old can carry a full load.
805:) and the items they had made were transported to eastern China by camel caravan. Although the hair shed by the camels or picked from them was of course considered the property of the camel owners, caravan workers were entitled to make use of some hair for making knitwear for themselves (mostly socks) or for sale.
586:(1927): «In the loading of a camel its grumblings commence as the first bale is placed on its back, and continue uninterruptedly until the load is equal to its strength, but as soon as it shows signs of being in excess, the grumbling ceases suddenly, and then the driver says: "Enough! put no more on this beast!"»
674:
Typical cargo carried by the caravans were commodities such as wool, cotton fabrics, or tea, as well as miscellaneous manufactured goods for sale in
Xinjiang and Mongolia. Opium was carried as well, typically by smaller, surreptitious, caravans, usually in winter (since in the hot weather opium would
767:
in August, just after the grazing season; upon reaching
Gucheng, weaker camels could stay there until the next summer by grazing whatever vegetation is available in winter, while the stronger ones, after a few weeks of recovery on a grain diet (grain being cheaper in Xinjiang than in eastern China),
708:
According to
Lattimore's diary, caravan travel in Inner Mongolia did not always follow a regular schedule. Caravans traveled or camped at any time of day or night, depending on weather, local conditions, and the need for rest. Since the caravan traveled at the walking speed of the men, the distance
628:
a month in 1926, which would not be enough even for shoes and clothing he wore out while walking with his camels), although they were also fed and provided with tent space at the caravan owner's expense. Those people worked not so much for the wages as for the benefit of carrying some cargo—half of
1134:
John
Thomson: "At certain seasons of the year, camels may be encountered in tens of thousands crossing the desert of Gobi, laden with brick tea, on their way to the Russian frontier. This brick tea, in the absence of metallic currency, forms the circulating medium in Mongolia, Siberia, and Thibet.
776:
On almost every journey quite a few camels in each caravan would be lost. On a particularly exhausting section of the trip, an animal already worn out by many weeks of walking, or accidentally poisoned by eating a poisonous plant, would kneel down and not rise anymore. Since killing a camel was
665:
when going east, those being the cheapest types of camel feed in Hohhot and
Gucheng, respectively). It was estimated that, when leaving its point of origin, for every 100 loads of merchandise the caravan would carry around 30 loads of fodder. When that was not enough (especially in winter) more
294:, via Inner Mongolia) with a camel caravan, demand for caravan trade was only increased by the arrival of foreign steamships into Chinese ports and the construction of the first railways in eastern China, as they improved access to the world market for such products of western China as wool.
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made in a day (a "stage") was usually between 10 and 25 mi (16 and 40 km), depending on road and weather conditions, and distances between water sources. On occasions several days were spent in a camp without going forward, due to bad weather. A one-way trip from
563:), was in charge of one such file. On the march, the camel-puller's job was to lead the first camel of his file by a rope tied to a peg attached to its nose, each of the other camels of the file being led by means of similar rope by the camel in front of it. Two files (
148:
carrying passengers and goods on a regular or semi-regular service between points. Despite rarely travelling faster than human walking speed, for centuries camels' ability to withstand harsh conditions made them ideal for communication and trade in the desert areas of
621:— the person who will take care of the disposal of the freight upon arrival, but had no authority during the journey. The caravan could carry a number of paying passengers as well, who would alternate between riding on top of a camel load and walking.
756:. Because such long trade routes often passed through inhospitable desert regions, journeys would be impossible to complete successfully and profitably without caravanserai to provide necessary supplies and assistance to merchants and travelers.
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caravan men and traders, who happened to die while in
Xinjiang. In the latter case, the bodies had been first "temporarily" buried in Gucheng in light-weight coffins, and when, after three or so years in the grave the flesh had been mostly
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by the caravan people, the hopeless animal—whose death, if it was owned by an individual camel-puller, would be a huge material loss for its owner—was simply left behind to die, "thrown on the Gobi" as the camel men would say.
833:. He provides an English-language translation after every line. The song is extremely repetitive ("Another camel is approaching"), rendering the translation largely redundant, "a whole caravan of camels is approaching".
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According to
Lattimore (1928/9, p. 207), while pregnant female camels could travel as part of the caravan with a full load, any baby camel born in the desert would have to be abandoned, since, if the camel cow were to
459:, but with the creation of an international border, those routes came into decline. Less important caravan routes served various other areas of northern China, such as most centers in today's
922:. London, Methuen and Co; & various later editions. Caravan logistics and organization is discussed in Chap. VIII, "Camel-Men All"; route maps are found inside the back cover.
666:
fodder could be bought (very expensively) from dealers who would come to the caravan route's popular stopping places from the populated areas of Gansu or
Ningxia to the south.
357:
The history of camel trains in the United States consists mainly of an experiment by the United States Army. On April 29, 1856, thirty-three camels and five drivers arrived at
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their animals dropped during the summer grazing (and shedding season); in northern China, the camel hair trade started around the 1880s. Later, caravan men learned the art of
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It was necessary for camels to spend at least two months between long journeys to recuperate, and the best time for that recuperation was in June–July, when camels shed their
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flour, with some animal fat. A sheep would be bought from the Mongols and slaughtered every now and then, and tea was the usual daily drink; as fresh vegetables were scarce,
157:. Camel trains were also used sparingly elsewhere around the globe. Since the early 20th century they have been largely replaced by motorized vehicles or air traffic.
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A caravan could consist of 150 or so camels (8 or more files), with a camel-puller for each file. Besides the camel-pullers the caravan would also include a
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were spread along the route of a long caravan journey. These roadside inns specialized in catering to travelers along established trade routes, such as the
30:
1170:. London: Jonathan Cape (Peter Fleming's account of his 1935 bid to travel the ancient trade route from China to India known as the 'Silk Road'.)
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338:, a shortened version of "Afghan Express", and its logo is camel and rider, in honor of the "Afghan cameleers" who pioneered the route.
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per round-trip in 1926) to the owner of (the rest of) the caravan for the benefit of joining the caravan, sharing in the food, etc.
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717:(1,550 to 1,650 mi or 2,490 to 2,660 km by Lattimore's reckoning) could take anything from three to eight months.
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447:) Mongolia. Before Outer Mongolia's effective independence of China (circa 1920) the same firms also ran caravans into
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was a danger. Besides the paid cargo and the food and gear for the men, the camels would also carry a fair amount of
403:'s account of caravan life in northern China in the 1920s gives a good idea of what camel transport is like. In his
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Since camels moult in the summer, camel owners received additional income from collecting several pounds of
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in the east of the continent. In antiquity, the Arabian Peninsula was an important route for the trade with
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829:"In the Desert" ("Верблюды", literally 'Camels') is a "traditional Russian" song, performed by
523:, suitable for the climate on the area, although very occasionally one could see single-humped
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Caravans originating from both ends of the Hohhot-Gucheng route were composed of two-humped
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Camel trains have also long been used in portions of trans-Asian trade, including the
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riding next to him. In the deserts of Mongolia, one would not see a dignitary in a
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While organization of camel caravans varied over time and the territory traversed,
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The Last Secrets of the Silk Road: Four Girls Follow Marco Polo Across 5,000 Miles
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and the grazing is best. Therefore, the best practice was for a caravan to leave
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in 1926 observed camel-pullers "knitting on the march; if they ran out of
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desert. The French reported that the 1906 caravan numbered 20,000 camels.
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travelling along, nor would a baby camel accompany its mother. However,
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be too easily detected by the smell). More exotic loads could include
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In the English-speaking world the term "camel train" often applies to
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A modern sculptor's depiction of (the head of) a caravan approaching
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1227:(translated from the French "Caravanes de Tartarie", du Chêne, 1977)
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line was extended to Alice Springs in 1929; that train is called
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Camel train transporting a house, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia,
69:"Caravan Approaching a City in the Vast Desert of Sahara", from:
53:
Ancient Roman mosaic depicting a merchant leading a camel train.
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Smithsonian: "Whatever Happened to the Wild Camels of the West?"
810:
724:(the westernmost Inner Mongolia) and manned by Han Chinese from
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435:), plying the routes connecting those two regions through the
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A caravan would be normally composed of a number of files (
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in the center of the continent. The service ended when the
316:, notably the service that once connected a railhead at
123:"Camel caravan" redirects here. Not to be confused with
34:
A contemporary camel caravan for salt transportation in
851:; it concerns the adventures of two boys who cross the
531:("Turki", in Lattimore's parlance) caravan people from
475:-based caravan firms had a history dating to the early
179:
By far the greatest use of camel trains occurs between
27:
Caravan, series of camels carrying passengers and goods
199:, as well as by culturally-affiliated groups like the
624:
Camel-pullers' salary was quite low (around 2 silver
211:. These camel trains conduct trade in and around the
1167:
News from Tartary: a journey from Peking to Kashmir
1077:
Irwin (2010), Camel. Reaction Books, London. p. 57.
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BBC: "Dying trade of the Sahara camel train" (2006)
984:the young one, she would become too thin for work.
641:The caravan people's food was mostly based around
820:"The Pekingese Camel"; photograph by John Thomson
1028:; 6th ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton; p. 21
1041:. London: Hodder & Stoughton; pp. 161–164
8:
1184:. Boston : Little, Brown, and Company
407:he describes mostly camel caravans run by
1199:Forbidden Journey: from Peking to Kashmir
720:Smaller caravans owned by Mongols of the
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997:. London: Hodder & Stoughton; p. 162
841:In geheimer Mission durch die Wüste Gobi
219:. Trains travel as far south as central
1192:Oasis interdites: de Pékin au Cachemire
891:
574:The loading of camels was described by
379:Camels were used from 1862 to 1863 in
71:Stanley and the White Heroes in Africa
1215:Michaud, Roland & Sabrina (1978)
935:. Great Southern Rail. Archived from
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736:in the Gobi Desert in the mid-1930s.
443:(or, before Mongolia's independence,
104:, by Émile and Adolphe Rouargue, 1855
7:
1037:Cable, M. & French, F. (1942)
1026:Through Jade Gate and Central Asia
1024:Cable, M. & French, F. (1937)
993:Cable, M. & French, F. (1942)
584:Through Jade Gate and Central Asia
25:
657:for themselves (typically, dried
1059:Lattimore (1928/9), pp. 156–157.
801:(in exile in Xinjiang after the
772:Loss of camels; camel hair trade
161:Africa, Asia and the Middle East
1201:. London: Heinemann (trans. of
1098:Lattimore (1928–29), pp. 50–51.
1068:Lattimore (1928/9), pp. 230–231
1015:Lattimore (1928/9), pp. 108–115
845:Big Tiger and Compass Mountain
1:
691:, or even dead bodies of the
254:region of eastern China with
1219:. London: Thames and Hudson
1182:The Desert Road to Turkestan
1175:The Desert Road to Turkestan
920:The Desert Road to Turkestan
1177:. London: Methuen & Co.
1116:Lattimore (1928/9), p. 104.
1107:Lattimore (1928/9), p. 168.
1006:Lattimore (1928/9), p. 151.
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1146:At the Drop of Another Hat
1125:Lattimore (1928/9), p. 52.
1086:Lattimore (1928/9), p. 100
596:salt caravan practiced by
415:firms from eastern China (
395:Camel caravan organization
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227:in the west, and northern
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1050:Lattimore (1928/9), p. 74
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527:brought to this route by
330:Central Australia Railway
274:. The routes went across
129:, a former radio program.
1268:Animal-powered transport
1237:. London: Profile Books
405:Desert Road to Turkestan
369:British Columbia, Canada
73:, by H. B. Scammel, 1890
1180:Lattimore, Owen (1929)
1173:Lattimore, Owen (1928)
849:Big Tiger and Christian
431:(then called Gucheng),
282:Mongolia. According to
1210:Cruises & Caravans
1208:Maillart, Ella (1942)
1197:Maillart, Ella (1937)
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304:Australian feral camel
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1144:Flanders and Swann, "
843:(part one in English
825:Cultural associations
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661:when going west, and
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471:. Some of the oldest
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865:Caravan (travellers)
839:wrote a book called
308:Ernest Eugene Kramer
114:Camel convoy in the
1217:Caravans to Tartary
969:Cabiroo.com: Camels
933:"The Ghan; history"
171:Trans-Saharan trade
1231:Tolstoy, Alexandra
939:on 2 February 2012
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797:from the defeated
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116:Jordan Rift Valley
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1243:978-1-86197-379-5
918:Lattimore, Owen
803:Russian Civil War
389:Cariboo Gold Rush
155:Arabian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
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1203:Oasis interdites
1194:. Paris: Grasset
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401:Owen Lattimore
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375:Cariboo camels
373:Main article:
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363:Douglas, Texas
353:US Camel Corps
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734:Ella Maillart
731:
730:Peter Fleming
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698:consumed away
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576:Mildred Cable
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505:Mildred Cable
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347:United States
346:
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342:North America
341:
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326:Alice Springs
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223:and northern
222:
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213:Sahara Desert
210:
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126:Camel Caravan
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37:
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19:
18:Camel caravan
1258:Trade routes
1234:
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941:. Retrieved
937:the original
927:
919:
894:
870:Caravanserai
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:Donald Swann
828:
784:
775:
758:
746:caravanserai
744:Inns called
743:
719:
707:
673:
640:
623:
614:
612:
583:
573:
568:
564:
561:la luotuo-de
560:
548:
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477:Qing Dynasty
404:
398:
378:
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333:
311:
241:
178:
151:North Africa
142:camel string
141:
137:
133:
131:
124:
84:
70:
943:18 February
853:Gobi Desert
567:) formed a
525:dromedaries
501:sedan chair
439:by way of
437:Gobi Desert
409:Han Chinese
387:during the
185:West Africa
134:camel train
40:Afar Region
1252:Categories
886:References
795:crocheting
754:Royal Road
687:prized in
619:supercargo
453:Uliassutai
318:Oodnadatta
302:See also:
197:Hassaniyya
165:See also:
118:, May 2010
36:Lake Karum
807:Lattimore
750:Silk Road
740:Logistics
615:xiansheng
497:xiansheng
314:Australia
298:Australia
258:centers (
256:Mongolian
244:Silk Road
237:Abyssinia
175:Silk Road
1273:Knitting
1148:" (1964)
859:See also
791:knitting
752:and the
425:Xinjiang
335:The Ghan
272:Xinjiang
264:Uliastai
225:Cameroon
153:and the
44:Ethiopia
1233:(2003)
1190:(1936)
1164:(1936)
726:Zhenfan
722:Alashan
715:Gucheng
685:antlers
553:Chinese
537:Chinese
493:Beijing
469:Qinghai
465:Ningxia
457:Kyakhta
292:Gucheng
248:Beijing
221:Nigeria
209:Songhay
187:by the
167:Bedouin
138:caravan
88:
1263:Camels
1241:
1223:
765:Hohhot
711:Hohhot
693:Shanxi
683:, elk
681:Khotan
663:barley
655:fodder
651:scurvy
647:millet
602:Sahara
598:Tuareg
594:Azalai
555::
539::
529:Uighur
483:Camels
473:Hohhot
433:Barkol
421:Baotou
417:Hohhot
385:Canada
288:Hohhot
270:) and
252:Shanxi
201:Toubou
189:Tuareg
173:, and
146:camels
102:howdah
982:nurse
779:karma
704:Speed
679:from
670:Cargo
631:taels
626:taels
461:Gansu
445:Outer
441:Inner
429:Qitai
423:) or
280:Outer
276:Inner
268:Kobdo
233:India
229:Kenya
217:Sahel
205:Hausa
193:Shuwa
181:North
140:, or
59:Syria
55:Bosra
1239:ISBN
1221:ISBN
945:2012
811:yarn
793:and
787:hair
761:hair
732:and
677:jade
659:peas
645:and
637:Diet
578:and
565:lian
557:拉骆驼的
545:lian
533:Hami
507:and
449:Urga
411:and
306:and
278:and
260:Urga
235:and
215:and
207:and
195:and
183:and
90:1928
713:to
643:oat
413:Hui
324:to
320:in
290:to
239:.
85:ca.
38:in
1254::
1091:^
905:^
855:.
569:ba
559:,
543:,
479:.
463:,
451:,
419:,
391:.
383:,
365:.
266:,
262:,
203:,
191:,
169:,
136:,
132:A
57:,
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1205:)
947:.
696:"
551:(
541:连
427:(
250:/
20:)
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