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complexes have been found throughout Crete and while recent scholarship have contested this original interpretation, the term 'palatial complex' remains the scholarly term for them despite being a misnomer. They also excavated at the site of
Vasiliki which lies one mile further in on the isthmus. In 1971, 1972, and 1976 Jeffrey Soles and Costis Davaras conducted supplementary modest excavations at the site. In 1973 a lost notebook of Hawes was recovered which contained detailed descriptions and findspots of the recoveries. From 1992 until 1994 Vance Watrous conducted a survey of the site and its surrounding area. After cleaning seasons in 2008 and 2009, from 2010 until 2014 Vance Watrous excavated at the site.
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of the town. The South side of the town contains a public court while the North side contains a trench dividing the town from the
Northern cemetery which lay 80 meters North of the trench between the town and the coastal ridge. Scholars D. Matthey Buell and John C. McEnroe also label other sections of the town with the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, H and I. Section E, F and I of the town lay on the North side of town but South of the North Trench. Section A, B, C and D lay on the East side of the town while Section H lays on the Southwest side.
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172:. Its modern name originated from the many stone troughs that are at the site and its original name for the site is unknown. It was first permanently inhabited during the Early Minoan II periods (approximately between 2650-2100 B.C.E) and was occupied until the Late Minoan I period (approximately between 1700-1470 B.C.E.). Gournia is in a 6 mile cluster of with other Minoan archeological sites which includes Pachyammos,
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between the Middle Minoan III and Late Minoan II periods (between 1750 and 1470 B.C.E.). It site covered an area of about 1.68 hectares and included about 64 houses, the palace complex and a 500 square meter town square. It had a cobblestone street system of over one half kilometer in length. This occupation was destroyed in the Late Minoan period IB (1625-1470 B.C.E). Other Minoan sites including
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Among the findings were two small vases, a miniature jug, a mug with no handles from the Middle Minoan IA period (2100-1875 B.C.E.) found in situ; as well as a silver kantharos, two bird's nest bowls, a pair of bronze tweezers, stone vases, seals, jewelry and fragmentary sarcophagi with remains of 8 skulls and other unidentified bones.
325:, round structures where the dead were commonly deposited, in other sites from the South of Crete. Nonetheless, both Tomb I and II would have appeared like normal houses to outsiders without the presence of the shrine due to the use of the same construction techniques and architectural style applied to build the town's structures.
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The main town of
Gorunia is located 150 to 200 meters South of a coastal ridge which is itself located 100 meters South of the Northern Cretan coast. On this coastal ridge sits the Sphoungaras cemetery. The town itself is centered around the palatial complex which is located on the central-West side
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Watrous, L.V., and A. Heimroth, "Household
Industries of Late Minoan IB Gournia and the Socioeconomic Status of the Town", in ΣΤΕΓΑ: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete (Hesperia Suppl. 44), edited by K. Glowacki and N. Vogeikoff-Brogan, Princeton: American School of Classical
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Jansen, M., Hauptmann, A. and Klein, S., "Copper and lead isotope characterization of Late Bronze Age copper ingots in the
Eastern Mediterranean: results from Gelidonya, Gournia, Enkomi and Mathiati", Bronze Age Metallurgy on Mediterranean Islands. In Honor of Robert Maddin and Vassos Karageorgis,
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Some of the artifacts found in this house tomb were stone seals, fruitstands, three bronze tweezers, terracotta vases, cups, jugs, pithoi, and larnakes. Among these were fragmentary bones with only one salvageable skull. The accumulation and pattern of deposition of the human remains suggest that
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The North cemetery was first discovered by Boyd and her team in 1901, she discovered what she described as “intramural burials,” later coining the term “house tombs” to refer to them. Unlike the cemetery in
Sphoungaras, people were buried in built structures here. The remains were deposited in no
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burial, where the bodies were placed inside a large storage container. This method was introduced and became the norm around 1900-1800 BC. These burials were first excavated by
Harriet Boyd and later revisited by Richard Seager in 1910 and by Soles and Davaras in 1970. Some of the artifacts found
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The house tomb is a square building measuring approximately 4 meters on all its sides. It is located on the east slope of the North cemetery. It was first excavated by Boyd and revisited in 1971 by a different team of archaeologists, yielding numerous artifacts presumed to be funerary offerings.
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During the Middle Minoan IB period (1925-1875 B.C.E.) substantial construction began which was later destroyed in the Middle Minoan II period (1875-1700 B.C.E.). Rebuilding occurred in the Middle Minoan III period, which included the palace complex. The site reached it's largest extent sometime
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Occupation at the site began early in the Early Minoan I/II periods (3100-2200 B.C.E.) and by Early Minoan II (2650-2200 B.C.E.) it had become a sizable town. In the Early Minoan II/III periods, burials began in rock shelters on the
Sphoungaras ridge (with direct inhumations at Deposits A and B
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first excavated the Minoan village for three field seasons in 1901, 1903 and 1904. Boyd and her team were able to expose nearly the entire town, uncovering sixty houses, the cemetery, a road system connecting everything and a central building which she called "the palace". Similar "palatial"
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The
Sphoungaras cemetery's natural rock shelters, openings in the rock, provided the Minoans for a suitable space to bury their dead without the need for physical labor to create or build tombs. The cemetery was in continuous use for the continuous settlement of the site by the Minoans.
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Gallimore, S., and K.T. Glowacki, "Stratigraphic
Excavations within the Gournia Palace 2011-2014", Abstract, Archaeological Institute of America 119th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, vol. 41, Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, pp. 345,
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Smith, R. Angus K., "Foundation Feasts in the Minoan Palace at Gournia, Crete", Kleronomia: Legacy and Inheritance. Studies on the Aegean Bronze Age in Honor of Jeffrey S. Soles, hrsg. v. Joanne M. A. Murphy, Jerolyn E. Morrison (Prehistory Monographs 61), pp. 137-148,
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nearby) and on the north ridge (rock shelters V and VI and one built tomb, House Tomb III, which continued in use until the Middle Minoan IA period). In the Middle Minoan IA period (2100-1925 B.C.E.) five additional House Tombs were built (I, II, IV, VII, and VIII).
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Watrous, L.V. D. Haggis, K. Nowicki, N. Vogeikoff-Brogan, and M. Schultz, "An Archaeological Survey of the Gournia Landscape: A Regional History of the Mirabello Bay, Crete, in Antiquity", Prehistory Monographs 37, Philadelphia, PA: INSTAP Academic Press, 2012
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Together with Tomb I, the second house tomb are the best preserved funerary structures in Gournia. Unlike Tomb I, this house tomb is rectangular and consists of two rooms; it is the only tomb that has an altar. Altars are commonly found outside of
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Watrous, L. Vance, "A Peak Sanctuary for Gournia", Kleronomia: Legacy and Inheritance.Studies on the Aegean Bronze Age in Honor of Jeffrey S. Soles, hrsg. v. Joanne M. A. Murphy, Jerolyn E. Morrison (Prehistory Monographs 61), pp. 211-216,
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Vavouranakis, Georgios, "Burials and the landscapes of Gournia, Crete, in the Bronze Age", Robertson, EC, Siebert, JD, Fernandez, DC & Zender, MU (edd.), Space and Spatial Analysis, pp. 233-242, 2006
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J.G. Younger, "Seals and Sealings from the Boyd-Hall Excavations at Gournia, Crete", Archaeological Institute of America, 115th Annual Meeting, 5-9 January 2014, Chicago IL, Abstracts, pp. 141-142, 2014
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Hall, E.H., "Early Painted Pottery from Gournia, Crete", in Transactions of the Department of Archaeology, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania I.3, Philadelphia, pp. 191–206, 1905
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to the west followed the same sequence of building and destruction. While the causes of this destruction at Gournia are unknown, at Hagia Tradia they are known to be the result of major seismic events.
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Buell, D. Matthew, and John C. McEnroe, "Community building/building community at Gournia", Minoan Architecture and Urbanism: New Perspectives on an Ancient Built Environment, pp. 204-227, 2017
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V. Fotou, "New light on Gournia. Unknown Documents of the Excavation at Gournia and Other Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra by Harriet Ann Boyd", Aegaeum 9, Liege & Austin, 1993
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Younger, John G., "The Gournia Megaron", RA-PI-NE-U. Studies on the Mycenaean world offered to Robert Laffineur for his 70th Birthday, hrsg. v. Jan Driessen, pp. 391-398, 2016
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Watrous, L.V., "The Harbor Complex at Gournia of the Minoan Town at Gournia. Includes Online Image Gallery", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 116, pp. 521–542, 2012
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Watrous, L. Vance, et al., "Excavations at gournia, 2010–2012", Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 84.3, pp. 397-465, 2015
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Boyd Hawes, H., B.E. Wiliams, R.B. Seager, and E.H. Hall, "Gournia, Vasiliki, and Other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, Crete", Philadelphi, 1908
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Monaco, Carmelo, and Luigi Tortorici, "Effects of Earthquakes on the Minoan 'Royal Villa' at Haghia Triada (Crete)", Creta antica 4, pp. 403-417, 2003
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Cadogan, G., "Gournia", in The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete, J.W. Myers, E.E. Myers, and G. Cadogan, eds., Berkley, Los Angeles, pp. 104–111, 1992
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Richard Seager, "The Cemetery of Pachyammos. Crete", University museum, Anthropological publications, University of Pennsylvania, 1916
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Late Minoan IB (1925-1875 B.C.E.) Rhyton found at Gournia. The ovoid Rhyton is abstract and geometrically styled.
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Soles, Jeffrey S., "The Early Gournia Town", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 149–67, 1979
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Betancourt, P., T.S. Wheeler, R. Maddin, & J.D. Muhly, "Metallurgy at Gournia", MASCAJ 1, pp. 7-8, 1978
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Silverman, Jean, "A Lost Notebook from the Excavations at Gournia, Crete", Expedition 17.1, pp. 11, 1974
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Soles, Jeffrey S., "The Gournia Palace", American Journal of Archaeology 95.1, pp. 17-78, 1991
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hrsg. v. A. Giumlia-Mair, F. Lo Schiavo (Monographies Instrumentum 56), pp. 552-577, 2018
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The Prepalatial cemeteries at Mochlos and Gournia and the house tombs of Bronze Age Crete
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The settlement was later reoccupied in the Late Minoan III period (1420-1075 B.C.E.)/
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these were moved to the side once fully skeletonized to make space for more bodies.
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The Minoans of Crete - JARRETT A. LOBELL - Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
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was the preferred mode of body disposal from early Bronze Age until the
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period by Mycenaeans which included the construction of a megaron.
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Minoan Crete website page for Gournia Minoan harbour installations
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Octopus Stirrup Jar found at Gournia, now in the Heraklion museum.
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Harriet Boyd Hawes, Jeffrey Soles, Costis Davaras, Vance Watrous
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Many of the archaeological finds from Gournia are held at the
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Davaras, C., "Γουρνιά", ArchDelt, B, 28, pp. 588–589, 1973
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1901, 1903, 1904, 1971-1972, 1976, 1992-1994, 2010–2014
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Minoan Crete website page for Gournia North cemetery
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1346:Minoan seals
1250:Kamares ware
1165:Mount Juktas
1145:Psychro Cave
1007:
988:Hagia Triada
909:Minoan seals
719:
696:. Retrieved
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670:. 2022-05-05
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1240:Stirrup jar
1135:Arkalochori
1128:Sanctuaries
1094:Nea Roumata
1038:Monastiraki
998:Palaikastro
981:Settlements
217:Penn Museum
184:Archaeology
76: /
52:Coordinates
1392:Categories
1175:Traostalos
1119:Yerokambos
1048:Vathypetro
894:Minoan art
698:2024-06-11
674:2024-06-11
449:References
433:Minoan art
284:Inhumation
112:Site notes
64:25°47′20″E
61:35°06′20″N
1403:Ierapetra
1150:Atsipades
1099:Odigitria
1074:Apesokari
1053:Zominthos
558:467361357
1355:See also
1326:Linear B
1321:Linear A
1255:Kouloura
1180:Vrysinas
1170:Petsofas
1084:Kamilari
1043:Vasiliki
1013:Troullos
957:Phaistos
412:See also
303:manner.
174:Vasiliki
102:Cultures
41:Location
1314:Writing
1140:Kamares
1109:Phylaki
1104:Phourni
1089:Koumasa
1028:Amnisos
1018:Trypiti
1008:Gournia
1003:Kydonia
972:Galatas
952:Knossos
945:Palaces
333:Gallery
316:Tomb II
263:Mycenae
232:History
162:Lasithi
160:in the
151:Γουρνιά
143:Gournia
97:History
45:Lasithi
23:{{{1}}}
17:Gournia
1114:Stylos
1069:Armeni
1033:Petras
1023:Lakkos
993:Kommos
967:Zakros
887:Topics
802:
689:"Home"
644:
612:
556:
546:
323:tholoi
307:Tomb I
288:pithos
251:Zakros
223:Layout
178:Pseira
170:Greece
155:Minoan
106:Minoan
1155:Karfi
1062:Tombs
962:Malia
938:Sites
293:seals
166:Crete
147:Greek
1160:Modi
800:ISBN
791:2022
781:2022
657:2017
642:ISBN
610:ISBN
554:OCLC
544:ISBN
89:Type
136:Yes
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
