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1074:(GNC) to replace the NTC. There were 2,501 candidates for the 200 seats – 136 for political parties and 64 for independent candidates. About 300 candidates' views were considered unacceptable and removed from candidates list, suspected of sympathizing with the defeated forces of the Jamahiriya. Accreditation centers have also been organized in European cities with larger Libyan communities like Berlin and Paris, in order to allow Libyan nationals, there to cast their vote.
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On 30 March 2014, the
General National Congress voted to replace itself with a new House of Representatives. The new legislature would allocate 30 seats for women, would have 200 seats overall (with individuals able to run as members of political parties) and allow Libyans of foreign nationalities to
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This attempt at unification was unsuccessful, as three competing governments still remained by the end of 2016, disputes between which continuing until the formation of the GNU in 2015. Still, even with the establishment of this governmental structure, widespread human rights abuses exist throughout
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border. The House of
Representatives enjoys widespread international recognition as Libya's official government. However, the Tripoli-based Supreme Court declared it illegal and voided the results of the election in November 2014. The court ruling was hailed by the GNC and its backers, but it was
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On 8 March, the NTC issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "sole representative all over Libya". The council formed an interim governing body on 23 March. As of 20 October 2011, 100 countries declared full support to the council by severing all relations with
Gaddafi's rule and
978:
In early
December 2015 both parliaments, the GNC and the House of Representatives, agreed a declaration of principles calling for the formation of a joint ten-person committee to name an interim prime minister and two deputies, leading to new elections within two years.
1722:: Director Military Intelligence. Military Intelligence involvement in suppression of demonstrations. Past history includes suspicion of involvement in Abu Selim prison massacre. Convicted in absentia for bombing of UTA flight. Brother-in-law of Muammar Gaddafi.
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in her 1999 publication. Still, Gaddafi's regime did follow many of the military/personalist tropes that Geddes outlined: failing after its leader's death, relying on unstable personal networks to rule, and facing military opposition during the reign.
987:
Political parties were banned in Libya from 1972 until the removal of
Gaddafi's government, and all elections were nonpartisan under law. However, during the revolution, the National Transitional Council (NTC), a body formed on 27 February 2011 by
1572:
Gaddafi's authoritarian rule, a transition from the former monarchical structure, aligns with
Samuels' finding that most military coups spark change from one form of non-democratic government to another. Gaddafi acted as a
1697:: Cousin of Muammar Gaddafi. In the 1980s, Sayyid was involved in the dissident assassination campaign and allegedly responsible for several deaths in Europe. He is also thought to have been involved in arms procurement.
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the country to this day; this is due to the lack of a central government to regulate the ten years of conflict that ensued after
Gaddafi's reign. However, the country has made some "democratic" progress:
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lawmakers. Supporters of the New
General National Congress swiftly seized control of Tripoli, Libya's constitutional capital, forcing the newly elected parliament into virtual exile in Tobruk, near the
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1067:'s influence would be determined by elected lawmakers. Ghoga later confirmed that Libya will continue to adhere to all international agreements to which it was signatory prior to the uprising.
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said his father would agree to internationally monitored general elections, and would step down if he lost them, but his offer was refused by the rebels and ignored by the UN Security
Council.
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1679:: Director, Gaddafi Foundation. Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. Inflammatory public statements encouraging violence against demonstrators.
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1691:: Secretary for Utilities. Senior member of government. Involvement with Revolutionary Committees. Past history of involvement in suppression of dissent and violence.
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1673:: Commander Special Forces. Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations.
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fared poorly in the low-turnout elections, and members of the
Islamist-led GNC reconvened in August 2014, refusing to recognize the new parliament dominated by
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score was trending upwards from 2011 to 2013 on the PolityIV authority trends scale, increasing from a -7 to a 1, shifting its categorization from “
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leader during his 42-year reign, nearly tripling the average ruling length of 15.1 years for this regime type, as found by political scientist
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to act as the "political face of the revolution", made the introduction of multiparty democracy a cornerstone of its agenda. In June 2011,
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1685:: Head of Muammar Gaddafi's personal security. Responsibility for government security. History of directing violence against dissidents.
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1703:: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations.
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1636:: Head of the Liaison Office of the Revolutionary Committees. Revolutionary Committees involved in violence against demonstrators.
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run for office. While elections were held and lawmakers took office, the former General National Congress rejected the results and
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1667:: National Security Adviser. Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. *Killed 20 October 2011 in Sirte*
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on 4 March 2011 issued a security alert concerning the "possible movement of dangerous individuals and assets" based on
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1629:: Responsibility for ordering repression of demonstrations, human rights abuses. *Killed 20 October 2011 in Sirte*
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1649:: Defense Minister. Overall responsibility for actions of armed forces. *Killed 20 October 2011 in Sirte*
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1601:: a theory that postulates countries will be influenced by their neighbors when adopting regime types.
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On 8 August 2012 the NTC officially dissolved and transferred power to the General National Congress.
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1642:: Director, External Security Organization. Government loyalist. Head of external intelligence agency.
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declared Libya to be "liberated" on 23 October 2011, announcing an official end to the war. Chairman
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that ultimately ended Gaddafi's reign was partially inspired by both Tunisia and Egypt's attempted
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The National Transitional Council has pledged to honor Libya's international commitments until the
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signed a political agreement on 18 December 2015. Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member
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910:. The General National Congress was composed of 200 members of which 80 were elected through a
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Mr Magarief, the parliamentary speaker who acts as head of state until elections next year.
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recognizing the National Transitional Council as the "rightful representative of Libya".
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Geddes, Barbara (1999). "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?".
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Geddes, Barbara (1999). "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?".
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2724:"Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy"
2699:"Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring"
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1537:'s governance of Libya became increasingly centric on the teachings of his
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Samuels, David (2021). Comparative Politics (2nd ed.). Pearson. p. 130.
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Samuels, David (2021). Comparative Politics (2nd ed.). Pearson. p. 123.
2192:"Al-Qaeda 'Islamic Police' on Patrol in Libyan City Contested With ISIS"
1655:: Daughter of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
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rejected as invalid by the House of Representatives and its loyalists.
2887:"Libya Revolt of 2011 | History, War, Timeline, & Map | Britannica"
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was formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years. The
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Libyan Political Agreement (2015) & Political Atmosphere post-2015
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2570:"Ferocious battles in Libya as national council meets for first time"
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2500:"Congress votes to replace itself with new House of Representatives"
2066:"Libyan capital under Islamist control after Tripoli airport seized"
1661:: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
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which would write Libya's permanent constitution, for approval by a
2948:"NTC Demands Niger Returns Saadi, Officials from Al Qathafi Regime"
1715:: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
1709:: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
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with an elected national assembly and a democratically legitimized
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1863:"Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2666:"Libyan Election Party List Results: Seats Per Party by District"
2360:"NTC to Transfer Power to Newly-Elected Libyan Assembly August 8"
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1039:), and which contains provisions for a phase of transition to a
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940:, though not explicitly described as such in the Declaration.
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by popular vote on 7 July 2012, and from 8 August replaced the
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High National Election Commission: Press Release 16. June 2012
2600:"Libya declares 'liberation,' path to elections, constitution"
1183:
List of parties without seats in the General National Congress
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171:
69:
28:
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The executive branch was appointed by the GNC and led by the
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Libyan National Democratic Party for Justice and Development
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List of parties with seats in the General National Congress
3044:"Gaddafi's feared son Khamis 'confirmed dead', claims NTC"
2095:"Libya faces chaos as top court rejects elected assembly"
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has been in an uncertain state since the collapse of the
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3022:"Saif al-Arab: A playboy known for his hard-living ways"
2461:"Libya leader Magarief vows to disband illegal militias"
729:
and tribal elements controlling parts of the country.
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Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council
3099:"Gaddafi Plays Quietly, But He's Still in the Game,"
3071:"Clues to Gaddafi's death concealed from public view"
2522:"Rival Libyan lawmakers sign proposal for peace deal"
2418:"Libya elections: Do any of the parties have a plan?"
2304:"Libya – Majlis Al-Nuwaab (House of Representatives)"
2259:"Libya anniversary: 'The situation is just terrible'"
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National Democratic Assembly for Justice and Progress
2544:"Rebels dismiss election offer, NATO pounds Tripoli"
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After originally rising to power through a military
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International Criminal Court investigation in Libya
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History of foreign relations of Libya under Gaddafi
906:that had governed the country since the end of the
872:A number of commentators have described Libya as a
100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
890:The General National Congress (also translated as
2950:. Tripoli Post. 16 September 2011. Archived from
1946:"Libya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
1921:"Libya: Freedom in the World 2017 Country Report"
1856:
1854:
943:The main responsibility of the GNC was to form a
2171:. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2014
2169:"Baghdadi vs. Zawahri: Battle for Global Jihad"
2121:"Libyan parliament defies supreme court ruling"
2022:"Poor election turnout sign of Libya's despair"
1620:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970
2974:"Former Libyan PM arrested, jailed in Tunisia"
2214:"Libya's government holed up in a 1970s hotel"
967:to the new parliament, which now meets in the
876:or suggested it is on the verge of failure.
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2997:"Exclusive: Gaddafi spy chief Dorda arrested"
2393:"Libya's transitional rulers hand over power"
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8:
2335:"National Congress to meet on 8 August: NTC"
1549:, as he called it, was supposedly a form of
1070:On 7 July 2012 an election was held for the
2144:"Libya has become the latest Isil conquest"
1971:"Polity IV Regime Trends: Libya, 1951-2013"
1091:On 7 July 2012, the Legislative body – the
1007:which declared the statehood of Libya as a
744:was formed, only to face new opposition in
330:2011 Constitutional Declaration (Basic Law)
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1144:National Party for Development and Welfare
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3132:Articles related to the politics of Libya
1557:, consisting of 2,700 representatives of
1281:Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya
1169:Libyan List for Freedom & Development
933:, while the president of the GNC was the
784:and an advisory body, to be known as the
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
2089:
2087:
1308:International organization participation
832:formed as a transitional body after the
238:of all important aspects of the article.
2748:"First Islamist party emerges in Libya"
2626:"Sun, 23 Oct 2011, 17:09 GMT+3 – Libya"
2044:"Libya's outgoing parliament elects PM"
1824:
1523:Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
857:Against this backdrop of division, the
297:
275:
2995:MacLean, William (11 September 2011).
2280:Anderson, Jon Lee (23 February 2015).
1905:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1898:
1861:Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015).
1726:The NTC has been in negotiations with
1553:in which power was balanced between a
1226:Freedom and Development Party of Libya
234:Please consider expanding the lead to
3024:. London. The Independent. 2 May 2011
2722:Spencer, Richard (19 November 2011),
2486:"Libya assembly votes for Sharia law"
2441:"Libya Election Panel Battles Ghosts"
1517:Libyan politics under Muammar Gaddafi
1297:Libyan National Democratic Assemblage
1214:Alhaq and Democracy Party of Benghazi
7:
2314:from the original on 28 January 2018
2257:Murray, Rebecca (16 February 2015).
1813:List of diplomatic missions of Libya
1241:Justice and Democracy Party of Libya
1019:, in which the state guarantees the
859:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
98:adding citations to reliable sources
3069:El Gamal, Rania (23 October 2011).
2928:Interpol File No.: 2011/108/OS/CCC
2697:Beaumont, Peter (3 December 2011),
2142:Benotman, Noman (24 October 2014).
1808:General People's Committee of Libya
1163:National Gathering of Wadi al-Shati
1003:On 3 August 2011, the NTC issued a
3387:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
3178:Elections and referendums in Libya
3108:Chief of state and cabinet members
2861:Annual Review of Political Science
2847:Annual Review of Political Science
2775:Federalists launch political party
1087:List of political parties in Libya
734:Government of National Unity (GNU)
25:
2976:. Taipei Times. 24 September 2011
2524:. Yahoo. Reuters. 6 December 2015
2020:Fetouri, Mustafa (30 June 2014).
1832:Pelham, Nicolas (February 2015).
475:Supreme Judicial Council of Libya
44:This article has multiple issues.
4607:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4377:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4183:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3953:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3479:
3171:
2810:
2238:. The Economist. 10 January 2015
1189:Libyan Popular National Movement
1134:Libyan National Democratic Party
983:Changes after the 2011 Civil War
746:Government of National Stability
661:
401:Government of National Stability
301:
285:
212:
176:
74:
33:
3583:Foreign relations under Gaddafi
2873:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115
2439:Margaret Coker (22 June 2012).
2368:. 2 August 2012. Archived from
2333:Michel Cousins (24 July 2012).
2190:Moore, Jack (29 January 2015).
1204:Party of Reform and Development
1081:Political parties and elections
772:and a seventeen-member interim
752:assured the ongoing ceasefire.
750:Libyan Political Dialogue Forum
308:Member State of the Arab League
226:may be too short to adequately
85:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
2576:. 6 March 2011. Archived from
2391:Esam Mohamed (8 August 2012).
1271:Libya Our Home and Tribe Party
1217:Libyan National Congress Party
732:On 10 March 2021, the interim
236:provide an accessible overview
1:
3590:Government of National Accord
2502:. Libya Herald. 30 March 2014
2463:. BBC News. 23 September 2013
2123:. Al Arabiya. 6 November 2014
1695:Sayyid Mohammed Qadhaf Al-dam
1223:National Unity of Libya Party
1172:National Coalition of Parties
904:National Transitional Council
794:New General National Congress
780:would continue to exist as a
774:Government of National Accord
766:New General National Congress
742:Government of National Accord
3595:Government of National Unity
1838:The New York Review of Books
1291:National Democratic Assembly
1259:National Democratic Alliance
610:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
384:Government of National Unity
2216:. BBC News. 16 October 2014
1262:New National Congress Party
1208:Libyan Constitutional Union
1154:Authenticity & Progress
1055:said Libya would become an
1027:as well as civic and human
916:proportional representation
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3050:. London. 4 September 2011
1757:airstrike during the war,
1608:
1563:General People's Committee
1520:
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1229:The Patriotic Reform Party
1151:Authenticity & Renewal
1110:Justice & Construction
1084:
1005:Constitutional Declaration
918:, and 120 were elected as
883:
788:, was formed with members
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2807:Federal Research Division
2308:Inter-Parliamentary Union
1785:, were killed during the
1559:Basic People's Congresses
1555:General People's Congress
1235:The Libyan National Party
1232:National Solidarity Party
1093:General National Congress
1072:General National Congress
924:multiple-member districts
886:General National Congress
880:General National Congress
830:General National Congress
185:This article needs to be
4362:Central African Republic
3938:Central African Republic
3701:National Oil Corporation
3620:House of Representatives
2933:23 December 2012 at the
1659:Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi
1105:National Forces Alliance
965:reconvened in opposition
892:General National Council
822:House of Representatives
816:House of Representatives
778:House of Representatives
762:House of Representatives
497:Administrative divisions
485:Courts of First Instance
449:House of Representatives
3321:Constitutional Assembly
3203:Parliamentary elections
2891:Encyclopædia Britannica
2671:. POMED. Archived from
2446:The Wall Street Journal
2420:. BBC News. 6 July 2012
2236:"The next failed state"
1274:Libyan Liberation Party
1253:Libya Development Party
1211:Libyan Amazigh Congress
1148:Nation & Prosperity
1130:National Centrist Party
1063:, though the extent of
1047:by 2013. Vice Chairman
738:Second Al-Thani Cabinet
335:1977 People's Authority
325:2017 draft constitution
3185:Presidential elections
3113:16 August 2013 at the
2796:Country Profile: Libya
2652:4 October 2015 at the
1834:"Libya Against Itself"
1683:Abdulqader Yusef Dibri
1303:Libyan Unionist Party.
1288:Democratic Youth Party
1256:Libyan Universal Party
1157:Moderate Umma Assembly
719:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
628:Diplomatic missions of
4522:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4382:Republic of the Congo
4098:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3958:Republic of the Congo
3615:High Council of State
3122:, as of 17 March 2010
1749:were arrested, while
1677:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
1591:Libyan revolt of 2011
1329:Libya is a member of
1312:Further information:
1120:Wadi al-Hiya Alliance
1041:presidential republic
994:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
896:legislative authority
824:was formed following
436:High Council of State
4308:Elections in Africa
3696:Great Man-Made River
3600:Presidential Council
3412:Italian Tripolitania
3407:Italian colonization
2310:. 21 February 2017.
1751:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
1741:Of these officials,
1713:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
1689:Matuq Mohammed Matuq
1597:, demonstrating the
1166:Moderate Youth Party
945:constituent assembly
836:dissolved. However,
770:Presidential Council
363:Presidential Council
94:improve this article
4597:States with limited
4173:States with limited
3884:Politics of Africa
3449:Libya under Gaddafi
3397:Hospitaller Tripoli
3048:The Daily Telegraph
2804:Library of Congress
2752:Hurriyet Daily News
1887:on 11 February 2017
1783:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
1647:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
1599:neighborhood effect
1561:, and an executive
1277:Libya for All Party
1247:Libyan Center Party
1053:Mustafa Abdul Jalil
1033:freedom of religion
1023:and an independent
990:anti-Gaddafi forces
826:June 2014 elections
394:Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh
109:"Politics of Libya"
18:Government of Libya
3610:Head of government
3101:The New York Times
2628:. Al Jazeera Blogs
1244:Libya Future Party
1125:Union for Homeland
4717:Politics of Libya
4704:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4624:other territories
4397:Equatorial Guinea
4274:
4273:
4200:other territories
3973:Equatorial Guinea
3850:
3849:
3810:
3809:
3724:
3723:
3645:
3644:
3578:Foreign relations
3550:
3549:
3439:Allied occupation
3417:Italian Cyrenaica
3326:
3325:
2916:978-0-13-752727-4
2834:978-0-13-752727-4
2754:. 11 January 2012
2606:. 23 October 2011
2604:Los Angeles Times
2580:on 22 August 2019
2282:"The Unravelling"
2101:. 6 November 2014
2000:systemicpeace.org
1975:systemicpeace.org
1747:Abuzed Omar Dorda
1640:Abuzed Omar Dorda
1567:General Secretary
1533:in 1969, Colonel
1057:Islamic democracy
1049:Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
898:of Libya. It was
834:Libyan Revolution
715:politics of Libya
711:
710:
645:Visa requirements
604:Foreign relations
591:Political parties
523:Recent elections
455:Aguila Saleh Issa
345:1951 Constitution
340:1969 Constitution
278:Politics of Libya
271:
270:
263:
253:
252:
206:
205:
170:
169:
162:
144:
67:
16:(Redirected from
4724:
4685:
4684:(United Kingdom)
4680:Tristan da Cunha
4676:Ascension Island
4668:
4655:
4646:
4622:Dependencies and
4315:Sovereign states
4301:
4294:
4287:
4278:
4261:
4260:(United Kingdom)
4256:Tristan da Cunha
4252:Ascension Island
4244:
4231:
4222:
4198:Dependencies and
3891:Sovereign states
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2954:on 20 March 2012
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2372:on 7 August 2012
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2284:. The New Yorker
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2072:. 24 August 2014
2062:
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2046:. 25 August 2014
2040:
2034:
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2029:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
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1992:
1986:
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1983:
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1956:
1942:
1936:
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1933:
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1911:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1883:. Archived from
1877:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1803:Green Resistance
1779:Mutassim Gaddafi
1763:killed in action
1753:was killed by a
1743:Baghdadi Mahmudi
1736:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
1720:Abdullah Senussi
1707:Muhammad Gaddafi
1671:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
1665:Mutassim Gaddafi
1634:Baghdadi Mahmudi
1551:direct democracy
1194:Democratic Party
908:Libyan Civil War
760:Members of that
723:recent civil war
703:
696:
689:
668:Libya portal
666:
665:
664:
562:Constitutional:
482:Courts of Appeal
442:Khalid al-Mishri
377:Mohamed al-Menfi
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3819:
3806:
3777:Public holidays
3720:
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3641:
3546:
3484:
3475:
3469:2014–2020
3427:Libyan genocide
3392:Spanish Tripoli
3363:
3357:
3327:
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3292:
3271:Local elections
3266:
3198:
3180:
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3133:
3115:Wayback Machine
3103:, 17 March 1991
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2937:, 4 March 2011.
2935:Wayback Machine
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2809:(April 2005).
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2778:, 1 August 2012
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2678:on 16 June 2013
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1996:"PolityProject"
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1881:"Archived copy"
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1627:Muammar Gaddafi
1613:
1607:
1595:democratization
1535:Muammar Gaddafi
1525:
1519:
1320:
1310:
1300:Ansar Al Horria
1220:New Libya Party
1185:
1101:
1095:– was elected.
1089:
1083:
1061:Gaddafi's death
1059:in the wake of
985:
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863:Ansar al-Sharia
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736:, unifying the
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3454:State of Libya
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3093:External links
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2550:. 16 June 2011
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2395:. Boston.com.
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1759:Khamis Gaddafi
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1701:Khamis Gaddafi
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1653:Ayesha Gaddafi
1650:
1645:Major-General
1643:
1637:
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1606:
1605:Wanted figures
1603:
1583:Barbara Geddes
1565:, headed by a
1521:Main article:
1518:
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1324:2012 elections
1309:
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1199:Homeland Party
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1082:
1079:
1037:women's rights
1017:state religion
984:
981:
969:eastern Libyan
931:prime minister
884:Main article:
881:
878:
817:
814:
757:
754:
721:in 2011 and a
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
680:
679:
677:
676:
670:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
642:
635:
634:
623:
622:
621:
620:
618:Najla Mangoush
607:
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
588:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
571:
569:
567:
566:
559:
557:
555:
554:
547:
540:
538:
536:
535:
529:Presidential:
526:
520:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
500:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
446:
445:
444:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
411:Prime Minister
398:
397:
396:
390:Prime Minister
381:
380:
379:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
295:
294:
291:
290:
282:
281:
276:
269:
268:
251:
250:
230:the key points
220:
218:
211:
204:
203:
184:
182:
175:
168:
167:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4729:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
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4545:
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4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
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4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Guinea-Bissau
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Guinea-Bissau
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Libyan Arabic
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Head of state
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Libyan Desert
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:Libyan Crisis
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:The Holocaust
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Italian Libya
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:public domain
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2729:
2728:The Telegraph
2725:
2718:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:. Al Jazeera.
2487:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2148:The Telegraph
2145:
2138:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1950:Freedom House
1947:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1925:Freedom House
1922:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:, as well as
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1738:and others.
1737:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:(suspended),
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:Tawasul Party
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1178:Wisdom Party.
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
938:head of state
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
879:
877:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:State Council
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
684:
682:
681:
675:
672:
671:
669:
659:
658:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
629:
626:
625:
619:
615:
612:
611:
609:
608:
605:
600:
599:
592:
589:
582:
579:
577:
573:
572:
570:
565:
561:
560:
558:
553:
552:
548:
546:
542:
541:
539:
534:
533:
528:
527:
525:
524:
522:
521:
518:
513:
512:
505:
502:
501:
498:
493:
492:
484:
481:
479:Supreme Court
478:
476:
473:
472:
466:
465:
456:
452:
451:
450:
447:
443:
439:
438:
437:
434:
433:
427:
426:
416:
412:
409:
408:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
388:
387:
386:(in Tripoli)
385:
382:
378:
374:
371:
370:
368:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
316:
315:
311:
309:
304:
296:
293:
292:
288:
284:
283:
279:
274:
265:
262:
247:
237:
231:
229:
224:
219:
215:
210:
209:
200:
188:
183:
174:
173:
164:
161:
153:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111: –
110:
106:
105:Find sources:
99:
95:
89:
88:
83:This article
81:
77:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4672:Saint Helena
4643:
4547:South Africa
4537:Sierra Leone
4342:Burkina Faso
4248:Saint Helena
4219:
4123:South Africa
4113:Sierra Leone
4037:
3918:Burkina Faso
3742:Demographics
3706:Oil reserves
3668:Central Bank
3630:Human rights
3568:Constitution
3555:
3537:Subdivisions
3309:
3260:
3192:
3120:CIA Factbook
3118:
3100:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:
3064:
3054:18 September
3052:. Retrieved
3047:
3038:
3028:18 September
3026:. Retrieved
3016:
3006:18 September
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
2990:
2980:25 September
2978:. Retrieved
2968:
2958:18 September
2956:. Retrieved
2952:the original
2942:
2923:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:
2881:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2824:
2791:
2780:, retrieved
2774:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2731:, retrieved
2727:
2717:
2706:, retrieved
2703:The Guardian
2702:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2673:the original
2660:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2573:
2564:
2554:18 September
2552:. Retrieved
2547:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2494:
2480:
2472:
2465:. Retrieved
2455:
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:the original
2365:Tripoli Post
2363:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2339:Libya Herald
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2261:. Al Jazeera
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:The Guardian
2069:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2024:. Al-Monitor
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1875:
1867:The Guardian
1866:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1740:
1725:
1614:
1588:
1571:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1328:
1321:
1160:Libik Watani
1090:
1076:
1069:
1045:constitution
1029:basic rights
1002:
998:
986:
977:
961:
955:is based on
953:law of Libya
942:
934:
928:
920:independents
891:
889:
874:failed state
871:
856:
819:
798:
759:
731:
725:and various
714:
712:
550:
531:
415:Osama Hammad
319:Constitution
298:
277:
257:
241:
225:
223:lead section
194:
186:
156:
147:
137:
130:
123:
116:
104:
92:Please help
87:verification
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
4599:recognition
4552:South Sudan
4442:Ivory Coast
4175:recognition
4128:South Sudan
4018:Ivory Coast
3663:Agriculture
3297:Referendums
2867:: 115–144.
2424:6 September
2288:18 February
2265:18 February
2242:18 February
2220:18 February
2198:18 February
2175:18 February
2153:18 February
2127:18 February
2105:18 February
2076:18 February
2050:18 February
2028:18 February
1891:10 February
1843:18 February
1579:personalist
1530:coup d'Ă©tat
1294:Wefaq Party
1137:The Message
1065:Islamic law
1031:(including
1021:rule of law
828:, when the
782:legislature
650:Visa policy
574:Municipal:
430:Legislature
244:August 2024
197:August 2024
150:August 2024
4654:(Portugal)
4612:Somaliland
4532:Seychelles
4497:Mozambique
4482:Mauritania
4467:Madagascar
4422:The Gambia
4357:Cape Verde
4230:(Portugal)
4188:Somaliland
4108:Seychelles
4073:Mozambique
4058:Mauritania
4043:Madagascar
3998:The Gambia
3933:Cape Verde
3762:Literature
3685:(currency)
3522:Ecoregions
3255:2014 (Jun)
3250:2014 (Feb)
3080:23 October
2758:25 January
2733:31 January
2708:31 January
2632:23 October
2610:23 October
2528:7 December
2194:. Newsweek
1819:References
1765:after the
1609:See also:
1546:jamahiriya
1540:Green Book
1238:Umma Party
949:referendum
914:system of
912:party list
894:) was the
846:federalist
842:secularist
453:Chairman:
440:Chairman:
120:newspapers
49:improve it
4487:Mauritius
4063:Mauritius
3747:Education
3716:Transport
3678:Companies
3573:Elections
3517:Districts
3490:Geography
2467:6 January
1511:UNHABITAT
1025:judiciary
1009:democracy
867:Cyrenaica
838:Islamists
806:autocracy
790:nominated
727:jihadists
517:Elections
504:Districts
469:Judiciary
357:Executive
228:summarize
55:talk page
4711:Category
4678: /
4674: /
4667:(France)
4661: /
4639: /
4635: /
4587:Zimbabwe
4562:Tanzania
4412:Ethiopia
4407:Eswatini
4387:Djibouti
4352:Cameroon
4337:Botswana
4254: /
4250: /
4243:(France)
4237: /
4215: /
4211: /
4163:Zimbabwe
4138:Tanzania
3988:Ethiopia
3983:Eswatini
3963:Djibouti
3928:Cameroon
3913:Botswana
3837:Category
3795:Olympics
3790:Football
3782:Religion
3625:Military
3556:Politics
3542:Wildlife
3111:Archived
2931:Archived
2782:2 August
2650:Archived
2574:NewsCore
2402:8 August
2376:4 August
2312:Archived
1901:cite web
1797:See also
1718:Colonel
1616:Interpol
1575:military
1427:Interpol
1423:Intelsat
1419:Inmarsat
971:city of
935:de facto
851:Egyptian
810:anocracy
764:and the
748:, until
740:and the
640:Passport
632:in Libya
614:Minister
417:(acting)
373:Chairman
4663:RĂ©union
4659:Mayotte
4650:Madeira
4645:(Spain)
4641:Melilla
4572:Tunisia
4542:Somalia
4527:Senegal
4512:Nigeria
4502:Namibia
4492:Morocco
4457:Liberia
4452:Lesotho
4402:Eritrea
4372:Comoros
4347:Burundi
4322:Algeria
4239:RĂ©union
4235:Mayotte
4226:Madeira
4221:(Spain)
4217:Melilla
4148:Tunisia
4118:Somalia
4103:Senegal
4088:Nigeria
4078:Namibia
4068:Morocco
4033:Liberia
4028:Lesotho
3978:Eritrea
3948:Comoros
3923:Burundi
3898:Algeria
3821:Outline
3786:Sports
3730:Culture
3711:Tourism
3651:Economy
3512:Climate
3502:Borders
3444:Kingdom
3402:Ottoman
3377:Ancient
3369:History
3288:2019–21
3075:Reuters
3001:Reuters
2896:4 March
2584:6 March
2548:Reuters
2506:1 April
2344:26 July
2099:Reuters
2005:4 March
1980:4 March
1955:4 March
1930:4 March
1775:Muammar
1771:Tripoli
1728:Algeria
1015:as its
951:. The
900:elected
802:Libya's
792:by the
581:2019–21
367:Tripoli
187:updated
134:scholar
4682:
4665:
4652:
4582:Zambia
4577:Uganda
4517:Rwanda
4472:Malawi
4432:Guinea
4327:Angola
4258:
4241:
4228:
4158:Zambia
4153:Uganda
4093:Rwanda
4048:Malawi
4008:Guinea
3903:Angola
3842:Portal
3752:Health
3691:Energy
3683:Dinar
3507:Cities
3362:
2914:
2832:
2682:29 May
2318:19 May
1773:, and
1471:UNESCO
1467:UNCTAD
973:Tobruk
957:sharia
808:” to “
405:Tobruk
136:
129:
122:
115:
107:
4637:Ceuta
4557:Sudan
4507:Niger
4462:Libya
4447:Kenya
4427:Ghana
4417:Gabon
4392:Egypt
4332:Benin
4213:Ceuta
4133:Sudan
4083:Niger
4038:Libya
4023:Kenya
4003:Ghana
3993:Gabon
3968:Egypt
3908:Benin
3828:Index
3802:Women
3772:Music
3767:Media
3382:Roman
3360:Libya
2676:(PDF)
2669:(PDF)
1791:Sirte
1732:Niger
1507:UNWTO
1479:UNIDO
1475:UNHRC
1447:OAPEC
1403:IFRCS
1339:AFESD
1331:ABEDA
1013:Islam
1011:with
141:JSTOR
127:books
4567:Togo
4477:Mali
4367:Chad
4143:Togo
4053:Mali
3943:Chad
3635:LGBT
3464:2011
3310:next
3304:1971
3283:2014
3278:2012
3261:next
3245:2012
3240:1968
3235:1967
3230:1965
3225:1964
3220:1960
3215:1956
3210:1952
3193:next
3082:2011
3056:2011
3030:2011
3008:2011
2982:2011
2960:2011
2912:ISBN
2898:2023
2830:ISBN
2784:2012
2760:2012
2735:2012
2710:2012
2684:2013
2634:2011
2612:2011
2586:2011
2556:2011
2530:2015
2508:2014
2469:2013
2426:2012
2404:2012
2378:2012
2346:2012
2320:2019
2290:2015
2267:2015
2244:2015
2222:2015
2200:2015
2177:2015
2155:2015
2129:2015
2107:2015
2078:2015
2052:2015
2030:2015
2007:2023
1982:2023
1957:2023
1932:2023
1907:link
1893:2017
1845:2015
1787:fall
1777:and
1767:fall
1761:was
1755:NATO
1745:and
1730:and
1632:Dr.
1589:The
1509:and
1499:WIPO
1491:WFTU
1455:OPEC
1395:IFAD
1383:ICAO
1379:IBRD
1375:IAEA
1371:G-77
1359:CAEU
1335:AfDB
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