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southerners to Ghana and Benin. Using intimidation tactics and clever political machinations that disqualified one opposition party and caused another to refuse to participate, Eyadéma won the 1993 presidential elections with more than 96% of the vote. In the years following, opposition parties have lost most of their steam and Eyadéma's control has become almost as firm as before the crisis began.
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of Faure
Gnassingbé as a military coup. The constitution of Togo declared that in the case of the president's death, the speaker of Parliament takes his place, and has 60 days to call new elections. However, on February 6, Parliament retroactively changed the Constitution, declaring that Faure would hold office for the rest of his father's term, with elections deferred until 2008.
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Clashes between protesters and police have led to the death of 16 people since the start of the protests in
September. International rights groups have called on the government to "end the bloody repression" and engage in dialogue with the opposition. Gnassingbé promised talks with the opposition, but has yet to act on that promise. However,
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boxes from various polling stations in the South, as well as other election irregularities, such as telecommunication shutdown. The
European Union has suspended aid in support of the opposition claims, while the African Union and the United States have declared the vote "reasonably fair" and accepted the outcome. The
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was named by Togo's military as the country's leader, raising numerous eyebrows. Army Chief of Staff
General Zakari Nandja announced the succession, saying the speaker of parliament (who should have taken over under the constitution) was out of the country. African Union leaders described the naming
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as interim president until the inauguration of the election winner. On 3 May 2005, Gnassingbé was sworn in as the new president garnering 60% of the vote according to official results. Disquiet has continued however with the opposition declaring the voting rigged, claiming the military stole ballot
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In 2017, protests erupted against Faure
Gnassingbé's continued rule. As the only African country without official presidential term limits, the opposition demands two-term limits for presidents to be applied retroactively in order to prevent Gnassingbe from standing in the 2020 and 2025 elections.
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In 2002, in what critics called a 'constitutional coup', the national assembly voted unanimously to change the constitution and allow Eyadéma to 'sacrifice himself again' and run for a third term during the 2003 presidential elections. The constitutional change eliminated presidential term limits.
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From April 2006 onwards, reconciliation talks between the government and the opposition were held, which were suspended after
Eyadema's death in 2005. In August the government and the opposition signed an accord providing for the participation of opposition parties in a transitional government.
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strikes against the independent press and political assassination attempts became commonplace, while the promised 'transition' to democracy came to a standstill. The opposition continued to call general strikes, leading to further violence by the army and the exodus of hundreds of thousands of
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and Togo were furious, and under their backlash Eyadéma gave in. He was summarily stripped of all powers and made president in name only. An interim prime minister was elected to take over command, but not four months later his residence was shelled with heavy artillery by Eyadéma's army.
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February 2020, Faure Gnassingbé was re-elected to a fourth presidential term. The opposition had a lot of accusations of fraud and irregularities. As of 2020, the Gnassingbé family had ruled Togo since 1967, making it Africa's longest lasting dynasty.
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described as generally free and transparent. For many
Togolese, there was little optimism for the future and a prevailing sense of déjà vu as Eyadéma extended his record as Africa's longest-serving ruler.
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to democratize, a notion he strongly resisted. Pro-democracy activists - mainly southern Mina and Ewé - were met with armed troops, killing scores of protesters in several clashes. The people of
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in April 2005. On 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, soon after accepting nomination to run for the office in April. Parliament designated Deputy
Speaker
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Meanwhile, Gilchrist
Olympio's attempts to beat the man who overthrew his father were scuppered yet again when he was banned from running on a tax-law technicality.
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1160:"Togo political crisis must concern West Africa - Buhari, Ouattara | Africanews"
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are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.
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On 5 February 2005, Eyadéma died of a heart attack. Shortly afterwards, his son
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1236:"Togo opposition vows to continue protests even during talks | Africanews"
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1124:"Africa: ECOWAS Explains Withdrawal of KK's Appointment As Togo Envoy"
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is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.
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754:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
1187:"Togo Opposition Parties Vow to Keep Up Pressure on President"
1110:"Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy"
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723:) has 91 members, elected for a five-year term in single-seat
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The African Union described the takeover as a military
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1261:"Togo President Gnassingbé wins re-election"
573:. International pressure came also from the
1070:"Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency"
434:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1212:"Togo faces calls to end political crisis"
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766:The Togolese judiciary is modeled on the
498:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:) is being considered for deletion. See
826:International organization participation
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533:resigned, and the planning minister,
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432:adding citations to reliable sources
388:, and later by its successor party,
1280:Preuss, Hans-Joachim (2020-02-28).
1034:"AU denounces Togo 'military coup'"
1286:International Politics and Society
1052:"Togo succession 'coup' denounced"
25:
1321:to help reach a consensus. ›
1138:"Accord seeks to end Togo strife"
752:List of political parties in Togo
750:For other political parties, see
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1663:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1433:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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376:is exercised by the government.
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590:president and Chair of the AU,
529:In August 1996, Prime Minister
770:. There is a Court of Appeal (
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843:Commonwealth of Nations
778:) and a Supreme Court (
606:as the prime Minister.
1193:. Agence France-Presse
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733:Union for the Republic
693:Union for the Republic
688:Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
673:Union for the Republic
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380:is vested in both the
265:Diplomatic missions of
99:Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
1820:West Africa Campaign
1578:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1438:Republic of the Congo
557:Gnassingbé presidency
1080:on 11 February 2007.
1020:Notes and references
705:Council of Ministers
643:Main office-holders
428:improve this section
133:Yawa Djigbodi Tségan
106:Council of Ministers
1653:States with limited
1364:Politics of Africa
1098:on 29 October 2012.
794:Togo is divided in
721:Assemblée Nationale
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1805:Battle of Atakpamé
1058:. 6 February 2005.
1040:. 6 February 2005.
711:Legislative branch
697:28 September 2020
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447:"Politics of Togo"
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