191:
477:
730:
242:. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service. Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under
313:
or contracting out, with a privately owned corporation delivering the entire service on behalf of the government. This may be considered a mixture of private sector operations with public ownership of assets, although in some forms the private sector's control and/or risk is so great that the service
321:
Public employee unions represent workers. Since contract negotiations for these workers are dependent on the size of government budgets, this is the one segment of the labor movement that can actually contribute directly to the people with ultimate responsibility for its livelihood. While their
334:
includes areas that support both the public's members and the public sector itself. Streets and highways are used both by those who work for the public sector and also by the citizenry. The former, who are public employees, are also part of the citizenry.
291:; which differ from direct administration in that they have greater management autonomy and operate according to commercial criteria, and production decisions are not generally taken by a government (although goals may be set for them by the government).
464:
proponents have pushed back on this point of view, citing the ultimate necessity of a public sector for provision of certain services, such as national defense, public works and utilities, and pollution controls.
322:
giving pattern matches that of other unions, public sector unions also concentrate contributions on members of
Congress from both parties who sit on committees that deal with federal budgets and agencies.
500:
603:
261:
that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic, or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing
681:
Barlow, J. Roehrich, J.K. and Wright, S. (2010). "De facto privatisation or a renewed role for the EU? Paying for Europe's healthcare infrastructure in a recession."
1011:
985:
922:
177:
294:
The public sector in many countries is organized at three levels: Federal or
National, Regional (State or Provincial), and Local (Municipal or County).
902:
937:
762:
445:
wrote: "Any reduction of the public sector, any shift of activities from the public to the private sphere, is a net moral and economic gain."
652:
265:. In the United Kingdom, the term "wider public sector" is often used, referring to public sector organizations outside central government.
964:
449:
505:
995:
586:
947:
87:
990:
664:
Ellickson, R. C. (2017). "A Hayekian Case
Against Anarcho-Capitalism: Of Street Grids, Lighthouses, and Aid to the Destitute".
64:
530:
957:
952:
170:
70:
190:
93:
58:
441:
economists have criticized the idea of public sector provision of goods and services as inherently inefficient. In 1961,
907:
1047:
755:
420:; FPT) is made up of employees of town halls and regional councils: 25% of the workforce. The hospital civil service (
110:
315:
31:
1042:
1037:
932:
917:
850:
163:
865:
855:
734:
540:
715:
What is the Public Sector? Definition & Examples. (2016, June & July). Retrieved June 10, 2017, from
399:
942:
897:
875:
860:
405:
115:
1032:
969:
927:
912:
870:
748:
545:
288:
408:, amounting to 20% of all jobs in France. They are subdivided into three types: the State civil service (
824:
235:
314:
may no longer be considered part of the public sector (Barlow et al., 2010). (See the United
Kingdom's
385:
is charged with making independent recommendations on rates of pay for groups of public sector staff.
882:
246:
which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis.
710:
892:
453:
456:
have also argued that the system by which the public sector is funded, namely taxation, is itself
414:, FPE) includes teachers and soldiers, and employs 44% of the workforce. The local civil service (
49:
790:
648:
495:
457:
434:
362:
211:
120:
525:
482:
461:
301:(of the scale many businesses do, e.g. for IT services) is considered a public sector model.
254:
243:
231:
151:
587:
Accelerating the SME economic engine: through transparent, simple and strategic procurement
510:
442:
438:
382:
358:
258:
219:
136:
42:
834:
643:
Murray N. Rothbard (1998). "The Moral Status of
Relations to the State", chapter 24 of
569:
520:
250:
227:
223:
207:
141:
1026:
829:
814:
771:
535:
515:
490:
262:
810:
716:
350:
606:[Civil servants: figures for the public and private sectors] (in French).
17:
805:
795:
378:
374:
338:
310:
298:
214:. Public sectors include the public goods and governmental services such as the
800:
607:
472:
281:; the delivering organization generally has no specific requirement to meet
249:
Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either part of the
632:
The Logic of Action Two, Application and
Criticism from the Austrian School
729:
476:
819:
599:
282:
278:
273:
The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including:
239:
215:
285:
success criteria, and production decisions are determined by government.
887:
30:"Public organization" redirects here. For the type of Thai agency, see
604:"Fonctionnaires : les chiffres entre le secteur public et privé"
354:
346:
342:
426:, FPH) consists of doctors and nurses and is 21% of the workforce.
189:
740:
744:
630:
Rothbard, Murray (1961). "The
Fallacy of the 'Public Sector'".
377:
by employers and their staff or staff representatives such as
501:
List of countries by government spending as percentage of GDP
647:. Humanities Press 1982, New York University Press 1998.
381:. In some cases, for example in the United Kingdom, a
32:
State agencies of
Thailand § Public organizations
238:
and those working for the government itself, such as
717:
What is the Public Sector? Definition & Examples
978:
843:
778:
704:The Public Sector: Concepts, Models and Approaches
711:PFM blog: A primer on Public-Private Partnerships
194:Employment in the UK Public Sector, December 2013
697:Organizational Development in the Public Sector
365:networks are among the public infrastructure.
206:, is the part of the economy composed of both
756:
171:
8:
1012:Civil service reform in developing countries
421:
415:
409:
373:Rates of pay for public sector staff may be
763:
749:
741:
626:
624:
178:
164:
38:
589:, paragraph 4.26, accessed 7 October 2022
536:Public sector business cases for projects
709:A Primer on Public-Private Partnerships
683:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
257:. The private sector is composed of the
562:
128:
102:
79:
48:
41:
277:Direct administration funded through
7:
690:Decision Making in the Public Sector
404:As of 2017, France had 5.6 million
986:National civil service commissions
506:List of countries by public sector
25:
398:Further information (in French):
305:A borderline form is as follows:
728:
475:
423:Fonction publique hospitalière
417:Fonction publique territoriale
1:
1064:
692:(1984), Marcel Dekker Inc.
531:Public–private partnership
397:
316:Private Finance Initiative
29:
27:Public part of the economy
1004:
996:Civil service by country
576:, WebFinance, Inc. 2016.
541:Special-purpose district
460:. However, even notable
411:Fonction publique d'État
400:Public sector in France
289:State-owned enterprises
991:Government occupations
546:State-owned enterprise
422:
416:
410:
195:
90:(information services)
825:Public administration
645:The Ethics of Liberty
602:(September 4, 2017).
193:
844:By country/territory
737:at Wikimedia Commons
699:(2002), Westview Pr.
695:David G. Carnevale,
129:Sectors by ownership
706:(1995), Sage Pubns.
666:NYUJL & Liberty
458:coercive and unjust
454:anarcho-capitalists
369:Public sector staff
1048:Libertarian theory
212:public enterprises
202:, also called the
196:
80:Additional sectors
50:Three-sector model
1020:
1019:
791:Government agency
733:Media related to
653:978-0-8147-7506-6
496:Government agency
435:Right-libertarian
363:telecommunication
240:elected officials
188:
187:
88:Quaternary sector
18:Government sector
16:(Redirected from
1055:
1043:Economic sectors
1038:Public economics
958:Northern Ireland
765:
758:
751:
742:
732:
688:Lloyd G. Nigro,
669:
662:
656:
641:
635:
628:
619:
618:
616:
614:
596:
590:
583:
577:
567:
526:Public ownership
485:
483:Economics portal
480:
479:
462:small-government
425:
419:
413:
359:electrical grids
259:economic sectors
255:voluntary sector
244:public ownership
232:public education
180:
173:
166:
152:Voluntary sector
96:(human services)
65:Secondary sector
43:Economic sectors
39:
21:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1000:
974:
839:
774:
769:
725:
702:Jan-Erik Lane,
678:
673:
672:
663:
659:
642:
638:
629:
622:
612:
610:
598:
597:
593:
584:
580:
570:"public sector"
568:
564:
559:
554:
511:Nationalization
481:
474:
471:
443:Murray Rothbard
439:Austrian School
432:
402:
396:
391:
383:pay review body
371:
329:
271:
220:law enforcement
208:public services
184:
137:Business sector
71:Tertiary sector
67:(manufacturing)
61:(raw materials)
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
976:
975:
973:
972:
970:European Union
967:
962:
961:
960:
953:United Kingdom
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
845:
841:
840:
838:
837:
835:Public service
832:
827:
822:
817:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
782:
780:
776:
775:
770:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
739:
738:
724:
723:External links
721:
720:
719:
713:
707:
700:
693:
686:
677:
674:
671:
670:
657:
636:
620:
591:
578:
561:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Private sector
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
486:
470:
467:
431:
428:
406:civil servants
395:
392:
390:
387:
370:
367:
332:Infrastructure
328:
327:Infrastructure
325:
324:
323:
319:
303:
302:
295:
292:
286:
270:
267:
251:private sector
228:public transit
224:infrastructure
186:
185:
183:
182:
175:
168:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
144:
142:Private sector
139:
131:
130:
126:
125:
124:
123:
121:Jean Fourastié
118:
113:
105:
104:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:Quinary sector
91:
82:
81:
77:
76:
75:
74:
68:
62:
59:Primary sector
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1060:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Public sector
1031:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
977:
971:
968:
966:
965:United States
963:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
842:
836:
833:
831:
830:Public policy
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Spoils system
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Public sector
784:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:Civil service
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
743:
736:
735:Public sector
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
679:
675:
667:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
609:
605:
601:
595:
592:
588:
582:
579:
575:
574:Investorwords
571:
566:
563:
556:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:Privatization
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Civil service
489:
488:
484:
478:
473:
468:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
429:
427:
424:
418:
412:
407:
401:
393:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
326:
320:
317:
312:
308:
307:
306:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
275:
274:
268:
266:
264:
263:civil society
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:, along with
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:public sector
192:
181:
176:
174:
169:
167:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
147:Public sector
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1008:
811:Merit system
785:
703:
696:
689:
685:. 103:51–55.
682:
665:
660:
644:
639:
631:
611:. Retrieved
594:
585:Glover, A.,
581:
573:
565:
450:libertarians
447:
433:
403:
379:trade unions
372:
351:water supply
339:Public roads
337:
331:
330:
304:
272:
269:Organization
248:
204:state sector
203:
199:
197:
146:
36:
923:New Zealand
806:Technocracy
796:Bureaucracy
311:outsourcing
299:outsourcing
236:health care
116:Colin Clark
1027:Categories
979:Categories
856:Bangladesh
801:Bureaucrat
668:, 11, 371.
608:Franceinfo
552:References
389:By country
375:negotiated
283:commercial
111:AGB Fisher
73:(services)
1009:See also:
948:Sri Lanka
943:Singapore
876:Hong Kong
851:Australia
557:Citations
448:American
430:Criticism
309:Complete
103:Theorists
933:Pakistan
918:Malaysia
820:Diplomat
779:Concepts
600:FRANCE 2
469:See also
297:Partial
279:taxation
216:military
928:Nigeria
903:Ireland
888:Germany
676:Sources
613:July 7,
347:tunnels
343:bridges
938:Russia
893:Greece
883:France
866:Canada
861:Brazil
651:
394:France
355:sewers
913:Japan
908:Italy
898:India
871:China
649:ISBN
615:2024
452:and
437:and
361:and
210:and
198:The
634:. .
253:or
1029::
813:/
623:^
572:.
357:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
318:.)
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
764:e
757:t
750:v
655:.
617:.
179:e
172:t
165:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.