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participants. A fallacy of the second kind is seen as more than simply a violation of the rule of reasonable dialogue. It is also a deceptive tactic of argumentation based on sleight-of-hand. Aristotle explicitly compared contentious reasoning to unfair fighting in athletic contests. But the roots of the pragmatic theory go back even further in history, to the
Sophists. The pragmatic theory finds its roots in the Aristotelian conception of a fallacy as a sophistical refutation but also supports the view that many of the types of arguments traditionally labeled as fallacies are in fact reasonable techniques of argumentation that can be used, in many cases, to support legitimate goals of dialogue. Hence, under the pragmatic approach, each case needs to be analyzed individually to determine whether the argument is fallacious or reasonable.
47:
1465:. According to The New Handbook of Cognitive Therapy Techniques, they include "unsubstantiated assertions that are often delivered with a conviction that makes them sound as though they are proven facts." Informal fallacies, in particular, are frequently found in mass media such as television and newspapers. Understanding fallacies may allow one to recognize them in either one's own or others' writing. Avoiding fallacies may help improve one's ability to produce sound arguments.
2154:(JIF) are well documented, and even JIF pioneer Eugene Garfield notes that, "while citation data create new tools for analyses of research performance, it should be stressed that they supplement rather than replace other quantitative and qualitative indicators." To the extent that arguers jettison the acknowledged limitations of JIF-generated data in evaluative judgments or leave behind Garfield's "supplement rather than replace" caveat, they commit anchoring fallacies.
1810:" is independent of any particular conjunction of meaningful propositions. Logical form alone can guarantee that, given true premises, a true conclusion must follow. However, formal logic makes no such guarantee if any premise is false; the conclusion can be either true or false. Any formal error or logical fallacy similarly invalidates the deductive guarantee. Both the argument and all its premises must be true for a conclusion to be true.
2061:. A slippery slope argument originates from a conversation or debate in which two actors take turns. It usually originates from one actor giving advice on a decision or act. Along the way, the actor must make additional choices on similar matters through which the actor enters the âgrey areaâ of the slippery slope. At this point, the actor potentially loses control over the direction of the arguments, thus leading to a âfatalâ outcome.
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arguer to offer a seeming refutation of what is, however, not the actual standpoint. Such an argument involves two arguers, with one criticizing the other's perspective. The reason for the straw man argument to be fallacious originates from the problem of how to deal with natural discourse. The opponent's argument is not reflected by the arguments that are proposed by the speaker.
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1694:. According to Whately, logical fallacies are arguments where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion follows from the premises. He then divided the logical group into two groups: purely logical and semi-logical. The semi-logical group included all of Aristotle's
1481:. Thus, "fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments, because for most fallacious instances of an argument form, a similar but non-fallacious instance can be found." Evaluating an instance of an argument as fallacious is therefore often a matter of evaluating the context of the argument.
1888:, which rarely applies (the first prong of the fork), or one must relax definitions and add nuance to take the actual intent and context of the argument into account (the other prong of the fork). To argue, for example, that one became nauseated after eating a mushroom because the mushroom was poisonous could be an example of the
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fallacy refers to the refutation of a standpoint in an argument that was never proposed. The fallacy usually occurs in the presentation of an opponent's standpoint as more extreme, distorted, or simplistic than it actually is. Compared to criticizing the opponent's actual standpoint, this allows the
2040:
Sometimes one event really does cause another one that comes laterâfor example, if one registers for a class and their name later appears on the roll, it's true that the first event caused the one that came later. But sometimes two events that seem related in time are not really related as cause and
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Sometimes a speaker or writer uses a fallacy intentionally. In any context, including academic debate, a conversation among friends, political discourse, advertising, or comedic purposes, the arguer may use fallacious reasoning to try to persuade the listener or reader, by means other than offering
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Such an argument is built up according to the following argumentation scheme: initial premise, sequential premise, indeterminacy premise, control premise, loss of control premise, catastrophic outcome premise, and conclusion. Slippery slope arguments may be defeated by asking critical questions or
1879:
and others have argued that formal, deductive fallacies rarely occur in real life and that arguments that would be fallacious in formally deductive terms are not necessarily so when context and prior probabilities are taken into account, thus making the argument defeasible and/or inductive. Boudry
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is an error in how the arguer is talking. Verbal fallacies are those in which a conclusion is obtained by improper or ambiguous use of words. An example of a language dependent fallacy is given as a debate as to who in humanity are learners: the wise or the ignorant. A language-independent fallacy
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bibliographic databases have difficulty distinguishing between citations of scholarly work that are arms-length endorsements, ceremonial citations, or negative citations (indicating the citing author withholds endorsement of the cited work). Hence, measurement-based value claims premised on the
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It can be difficult to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious, as arguments exist along a continuum of soundness and an argument that has several stages or parts might have some sound sections and some fallacious ones. Moreover, whether a specific argument is fallacious often depends on the
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The dialogue framework required to support the pragmatic theory of fallacy is built on the presumption that argumentative dialogue has both an adversarial component and a collaborative component. A dialogue has individual goals for each participant as well as shared goals that apply to all
1546:, respectively. The classification of informal fallacies may be subdivided into categories such as linguistic, relevance through omission, relevance through intrusion, and relevance through presumption. Alternatively, fallacies may be classified by the process by which they occur, such as
1867:
is committed when one draws an inference from data based on the premise that qualities observed for groups necessarily hold for individuals; for example, "if countries with more
Protestants tend to have higher suicide rates, then Protestants must be more likely to commit suicide."
1658:: Here the reason is contradicted by another reason. If both have equal force, then nothing follows. 'Sound is eternal, because it is audible', and 'Sound is non-eternal, because it is produced'. Here 'audible' is counterbalanced by 'produced' and both are of equal force.
1590:) identifies thirteen fallacies. He divided them up into two major types: linguistic fallacies and non-linguistic fallacies, some of which depend on language and others that do not. These fallacies are called verbal fallacies and material fallacies, respectively. A
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According to the pragmatic theory, a fallacy can be either a heuristic error or a ploy used intentionally to unfairly win an argument. There are always two parties to an argument containing a fallacy: the perpetrator and the intended victim.
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are driving a proliferation of new metrics for scholarly authority, and there is lively discussion regarding the relative usefulness of such metrics for measuring the value of knowledge production in the context of an "information tsunami."
1554:(linguistic), and formal fallacies (error in inference). In turn, material fallacies may be placed into the more general category of informal fallacies. Verbal fallacies may be placed in either formal or informal classifications: Compare
1738:, Aph. 33, 38 sqq.) divided fallacies into four Idola (Idols, i.e. False Appearances), which summarize the various kinds of mistakes to which the human intellect is prone. J. S. Mill discussed the subject in book five of his Logic, and
2113:
are subtle mistakes in reasoning leading to invalid mathematical proofs, measurement fallacies are unwarranted inferential leaps involved in the extrapolation of raw data to a measurement-based value claim. The ancient Greek
Sophist
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There are several reasons for a slippery slope to be fallacious: for example, the argument is going too far into the future, it is a too complex argument whose structure is hard to identify, or the argument makes emotional appeals.
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or its conclusion. Both may actually be true or may even be more probable as a result of the argument, but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described.
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of
Academic Analytics. This tool purports to measure overall faculty productivity, yet it does not capture data based on citations in books. This creates a possibility that low productivity measurements using the tool commit
1978:
While never a valid logical deduction, if such an inference can be made on statistical grounds, it may nonetheless be convincing. This is because with enough empirical evidence, the generalization is no longer a hasty one.
1960:
that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too small). Stereotypes about people ("frat boys are drunkards", "grad students are nerdy", "women don't enjoy sports", etc.) are common examples of the principle.
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can be committed when one measures the scholarly productivity of a sub-group of individuals (e.g. "Puerto Rican" faculty) via reference to aggregate data about a larger and different group (e.g., "Hispanic" faculty).
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employed fallacious reasoning in many of their cartoons. Wes Boyer and Samuel
Stoddard have written a humorous essay teaching students how to be persuasive by means of a whole host of informal and formal fallacies.
1639:, variously estimated to have been composed between the 6th century BCE and the 2nd century CE, lists in its theory of inference five such reasons used in an argument that was further developed by later logicians.
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weaknesses of the audience. Recognizing fallacies can develop reasoning skills to expose the weaker links between premises and conclusions to better discern between what appears to be true and what is true.
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2045:. For example, if one eats a sandwich and then gets food poisoning, that does not necessarily mean the sandwich caused the food poisoning. Something else eaten earlier might have caused the food poisoning.
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can occur, for example, in the case of sheer quantity metrics based on the premise "more is better" or, in the case of developmental assessment in the field of psychology, "higher is better".
1779:. The flaw can be expressed in the standard system of logic. Such an argument is always considered to be wrong. The presence of the formal fallacy does not imply anything about the argument's
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1507:, for instance, an argument is regarded as an interactive protocol between individuals who attempt to resolve their disagreement on the merits of a case. The protocol consists of
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with a concealed, or subtle, error. Mathematical fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes, usually taking the form of false proofs of obvious
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fallacies can occur when unwarranted weight is given to data generated by metrics that the arguers themselves acknowledge are flawed. For example, the limitations of the
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1683:(1787â1863) defines a fallacy broadly as, "any argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at hand, while in reality it is not".
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When someone uses logical fallacies intentionally to mislead in academic, political, or other high-stakes contexts, the breach of trust calls into question
1578:(384â322 BC) was the first to systematize logical errors into a list to make it easier to refute an opponent's thesis and thus win an argument. Aristotle's
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Habick, Timothy, and Linda Cook. (2018) AICPA Test
Development Fairness Guidelines. Association of International Certified Public Accounts, Ewing, NJ.
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Though the form of the argument may be relevant, fallacies of this type are "types of mistakes in reasoning that arise from the mishandling of the
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was one of the first thinkers to propose that humans can generate reliable measurements through his "human-measure" principle and the practice of
1396:, or potentially due to the limitations of language and understanding of language. These delineations include not only the ignorance of the right
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1795:. But "since deductive arguments depend on formal properties and inductive arguments don't, formal fallacies apply only to deductive arguments."
1906:
In contrast to a formal fallacy, an informal fallacy originates from a reasoning error other than a flaw in the logical form of the argument. A
1664:: When another proof (as by perception) definitely contradicts and disproves the middle term (reason). 'Fire is cold because it is a substance'.
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It may be that a slippery slope is not necessarily fallacious if context is taken into account and there is an effort to assess plausibility.
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1945:, however, the conclusions may become warranted and convincing (at which point the arguments are no longer considered fallacious).
1914:, but still remain rationally unpersuasive. Nevertheless, informal fallacies apply to both deductive and non-deductive arguments.
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1933:, also known as inductive fallacies. Here, the most important issue concerns inductive strength or methodology (for example,
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Using an argument's connections to other concepts or people to support or refute it, also called "guilt by association" (
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denotes a general formal fallacy, often meaning one that does not belong to any named subclass of formal fallacies, like
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Fallacies are generally classified strictly by either their structure or their content, such as by classifying them as
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that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the
Western intellectual tradition by the
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Fallacies are used in place of valid reasoning to communicate a point with the intention to persuade. Examples in the
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Baveye, Phillippe C. (2010). "Sticker Shock and
Looming Tsunami: The High Cost of Academic Serials in Perspective".
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Impact
Factors, Journal Quality, and Communication Journals: A Report for the Council of Communication Associations
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Freedman, David A. (2004). "Ecological
Fallacy". In Lewis-Beck, Michael S.; Bryman, Alan; Liao, Tim Futing (eds.).
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3479:; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014).
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Fallacies and judgements of reasonableness, Empirical Research Concerning the Pragma-Dialectical Discussion Rules
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took great pains to identify fallacies in arguments. An influential collection of texts on logic and reason, the
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Kornprobst, Markus (2007). "Comparing Apples and Oranges? Leading and Misleading Uses of Historical Analogies".
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The post hoc fallacy assumes that because B comes after A, A caused B. It gets its name from the Latin phrase "
2011:
is a faulty conclusion that is drawn based on the absence of evidence rather than on the presence of evidence.
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2122:(arguing multiple sides of an issue). This history helps explain why measurement fallacies are informed by
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Fallacies and Judgments of Reasonableness: Empirical Research Concerning the Pragma-Dialectical Discussion
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patterns that obscure the logical connections between statements. Informal fallacies may also exploit the
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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1670:: Instead of proving something it is proving the opposite. 'Sound is eternal because it is produced'.
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fallacies, to the extent that such measurements are supported by the absence of book citation data.
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2543: â Any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem
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Recognizing fallacies in everyday arguments may be difficult since arguments are often embedded in
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2450: â Common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective or counterproductive
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occurs when claims are supported by unsound comparisons between data points. For example, the
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2534: â Reason arguing against a premise, argument, or conclusion; expression of disagreement
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3547:"Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability"
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In humor, errors of reasoning are used for comical purposes. Groucho Marx used fallacies of
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Some of the fallacies described above may be committed in the context of measurement. Where
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A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies, figures, and modes of syllogisms.
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McMurtry, John (December 1990). "The mass media: An analysis of their system of fallacy".
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Fearnside, W. Ward and William B. Holther, Fallacy: The Counterfeit of Argument, 1959.
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3777:. Biases and constraints in communication: Argumentation, persuasion and manipulation.
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3771:"When and how do we deal with straw men? A normative and cognitive pragmatic account"
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is described as making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a
1937:). In the absence of sufficient evidence, drawing conclusions based on induction is
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Assuming the conclusion of an argument, a kind of circular reasoning, also called "
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Aphorisms concerning The Interpretation of Nature and the Kingdom of Man, xxiii ff
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2955:"Evaluating Arguments â Distinguishing between reasonable and fallacious tactics"
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provides a different approach to understanding and classifying fallacies. In the
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1884:. For a given fallacy, one must either characterize it by means of a deductive
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6598:
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6305:
6164:
6154:
6117:
6050:
6025:
5703:
5697:
5624:
5536:
4743:
4656:
4522:
4153:"Myth Busting and Metric Making: Refashioning the Discourse about Development"
3876:
3827:
3488:
3082:
2444: â State of puzzlement or expression of doubt, in philosophy and rhetoric
2226:
2115:
1519:
1515:
1493:
1377:
955:
834:
819:
814:
593:
515:
476:
390:
281:
177:
4806:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 153â154.
4029:
3884:
3835:
3794:
3693:
3629:
3580:
3506:
3390:
3017:
2397: â Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
2385: â Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
2177:
uniform quality of all citations may be questioned on false analogy grounds.
7377:
7357:
7265:
7240:
7143:
7133:
6852:
6543:
6065:
5981:
5956:
5951:
5810:
5594:
5578:
5261:
4565:
2878:
2835:
2789:
2594:
2582: â Error in thinking which involves under-valuing base rate information
2492: â Politician or orator who panders to fears and emotions of the public
2489:
2474: â Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
2333:
2147:
2097:
1996:
1941:
and fallacious. With the backing of sufficient amounts of the right type of
1792:
1575:
1559:
1462:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1361:
1273:
774:
704:
642:
574:
488:
471:
452:
447:
233:
227:
206:
188:
5740:
4444:
4132:
Garfield, Eugene (1993). "What Citations Tell us About Canadian Research".
4037:
3620:
3571:
3546:
3399:
3008:
1787:
Even non-deductive arguments can be said to be fallacious: for example, an
4810:
4785:
4739:
2280:(either-or fallacy) in which the situation is oversimplified, also called
7430:
7410:
7362:
7347:
7285:
7245:
7168:
7158:
7054:
6883:
5688:
4628:
3264:"PHIL 495: Philosophical Writing (Spring 2008), Texas A&M University"
3212:
2525:
2495:
2139:
1608:
1527:
1485:
1357:
586:
564:
482:
288:
274:
136:
119:
102:
85:
75:
65:
57:
38:
3975:
3455:(2017). "The Fallacy Fork: Why It's Time to Get Rid of Fallacy Theory".
19:"Logical error" redirects here. For logical errors in data storage, see
7337:
7327:
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6713:
6584:
5976:
5914:
4270:
4076:
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2588:
2573:
2540:
1780:
1489:
839:
764:
759:
709:
569:
559:
532:
295:
182:
129:
90:
7183:
4107:. Washington, D.C.: National Communication Association. Archived from
3062:
7372:
7367:
7352:
7250:
7153:
3339:(Summer 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3296:(Spring 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2992:"Denying Antecedents and Affirming Consequents: The State of the Art"
2441:
2169:
1353:
1248:
1243:
784:
779:
739:
520:
495:
423:
357:
323:
310:
221:
195:
1991:
are a broad class of informal fallacies, generically represented by
4750:
Humbug! The skeptic's field guide to spotting fallacies in thinking
6947:
4188:"Faculty Workload and Productivity: Ethnic and Gender Disparities"
3963:
Meho, Lokman I. (2007). "The Rise and Rise of Citation Analysis".
2609: â Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
2600:
2349:
1765:
809:
364:
350:
6848:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
4726:
2729:
2516: â Incorrect proposition that forms the basis of an argument
2037:", which translates as "after this, therefore because of this".
1461:
Fallacies are types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments
7300:
7255:
6060:
3382:
1833:
is used to mean an argument that is problematic for any reason.
1213:
7187:
7075:
6441:
6262:
6196:
5893:
5851:
4814:
3363:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Longmans, Green, and Co. p.
3187:
van Eemeren, Frans; Garssen, Bart; Meuffels, Bert (2009). "1".
2406: â List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
1791:
argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or
1415:
Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". A
4795:
4634:, (also known as "Schopenhauers 38 stratagems"). gutenberg.org
4230:
Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication
3908:
Protagoras and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric
1469:
content rather than the form of the argument. An example is a
2456: â Visual representation of the structure of an argument
4555:, xv+457 pages plus addenda insert (some printings). Ch. 12.
3064:
Argumentation Theory : a Pragma-Dialectical Perspective
3041:(6th ed.), Belmont, California: Wadsworth, p. 52,
2758:. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing. p. x.
4510:
Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought
4496:
Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression
4428:"Why Fallacies Appear to Be Better Arguments than They Are"
1929:
A special subclass of the informal fallacies is the set of
1724:
Other famous methods of classifying fallacies are those of
1430:
originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper
4014:
Jensen, Michael (June 15, 2007). Riley, Michael G. (ed.).
2043:
temporal correlation does not necessarily entail causation
1768:
for "it does not follow") is a flaw in the structure of a
1646:: It is the unproved reason that results in this fallacy.
1434:. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally
4458:
The death of argument: fallacies in agent based reasoning
4344:, Methuen London, 1970. reprinted by Vale Press in 1998.
1594:
is an error in what the arguer is talking about, while a
4528:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark
4476:
Errors of Reasoning: Naturalizing the Logic of Inference
3717:"Critically Thinking About the Slippery Slope "Fallacy""
2057:
type of argument, it must meet the requirements of that
1760:
A formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or
4375:
Frans van Eemeren; Bart Garssen; Bert Meuffels (2009).
2584:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2557:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2536:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2399:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2350:
the authority and intellectual integrity of that person
1384:, unintentionally because of human limitations such as
4781:
Explain fallacies, what they are and how to avoid them
4056:
4054:
3524:(12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. p. 125.
2430:
Pragma-dialectics § Rules for critical discussion
1964:
Hasty generalization often follows a pattern such as:
1530:, newspaper editorials, and opinion-based news shows.
6245:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
4630:
Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten â The Art Of Controversy
4398:
Informal logic: A handbook for critical argumentation
3127:
How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic
2754:
Bustamente, Thomas; Dahlman, Christian, eds. (2015).
2694:. Applied Logic Series. Vol. 32. pp. 3â23.
1400:
but also the ignorance of relevant properties of the
7114:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
2576: â Statement that apparently contradicts itself
7386:
7221:
7042:
7030:
6915:
6861:
6835:
6823:
6737:
6684:
6672:
6641:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6562:
6536:
6524:
6464:
6452:
6354:
5687:
5675:
5534:
5525:
5434:
5409:
5384:
5308:
5260:
5196:
5171:
5143:
5108:
5058:
5012:
5003:
4941:
4907:
4863:
4854:
4134:
Canadian Journal of Library and Information Science
2756:
Argument types and fallacies in legal argumentation
2522: â Statement contradicted by facts and reality
1585:
1566:, which is premise- and inference-based ambiguity.
6217:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
3932:
3858:
3809:
3736:Millennium â Journal of International Studies
3191:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
2591: â Teacher in ancient Greece (5th century BC)
2504: â Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
2212:Diverting the argument to unrelated issues with a
1825:is the use of poor reasoning. Therefore, the term
1473:instance of the formally invalid argument form of
6769:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
6321:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2555: â Theorem for proving more complex theorems
2480: â Exaggerated or irrational thought pattern
6664:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
3910:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2861:The new handbook of cognitive therapy techniques
2208:Examples of this include the speaker or writer:
2205:relevant evidence, that the conclusion is true.
1921:of the propositions constituting the argument".
4642:A System of Logic â Raciocinative and Inductive
3857:Talisse, Robert; Aikin, Scott F. (2006-09-01).
3811:"Straw Men, Iron Men, and Argumentative Virtue"
3422:Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods
3314:Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhushana.
2564: â Phrase criticising misuse of statistics
2528: â Distortion of the perception of reality
2324:Claiming that a lack of proof counts as proof (
2138:The increasing availability and circulation of
1910:containing an informal fallacy may be formally
1412:depends on the context in which they are made.
4951:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
4358:Fallacies: classical and contemporary readings
3808:Aikin, Scott F.; Casey, John P. (2016-10-01).
3769:LewiĆski, Marcin; Oswald, Steve (2013-12-01).
2788:. Northern Kentucky University. Archived from
1829:is preferred. In informal discourse, however,
1617:"Therefore, Coriscus is different from a man."
7199:
6977:Election denial movement in the United States
5863:
4956:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
4826:
4775:Stephen Downes Guide to the Logical Fallacies
3670:"What's Wrong with Slippery Slope Arguments?"
3424:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 293â295.
3290:"Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy"
3039:: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments
2597: â Term in logic and deductive reasoning
1325:
8:
2603: â Being in accord with fact or reality
2486: â Analysis of facts to form a judgment
2462: â Academic field of logic and rhetoric
1999:but fails to address the issue in question.
1426:that renders the argument invalid, while an
1372:Fallacies may be committed intentionally to
3939:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co.
3333:"Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India"
2990:Godden, David; Zenker, Frank (2015-03-05).
2657:
2655:
2336:, for instance, to make ironic statements;
2021:List of fallacies § Informal fallacies
1686:Whately divided fallacies into two groups:
966:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
7206:
7192:
7184:
7072:
6681:
6649:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
6449:
6438:
6351:
6259:
6193:
5890:
5870:
5856:
5848:
5684:
5531:
5406:
5009:
4860:
4833:
4819:
4811:
4421:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
2690:(2004). "Who Cares About the Fallacies?".
1652:: This is the fallacy of irregular reason.
1332:
1318:
25:
4753: â textbook on fallacies. scribd.com
4646:Book 5, Chapter 7, Fallacies of Confusion
4498:, New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005,
4443:
4233:(2nd ed.). Christian Liberty Press.
3974:
3715:Dwyer, Christopher (September 13, 2019).
3619:
3570:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3398:
3007:
2723:
2721:
2719:
1854:List of fallacies § Formal fallacies
1817:is in a sense self-contradictory because
7002:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
4356:Hans V. Hansen; Robert C. Pinto (1995).
4016:"The New Metrics of Scholarly Authority"
3483:(Revised ed.). New York: Springer.
2863:(Rev. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2666:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74.
2498: â Material supporting an assertion
2293:Making false or misleading comparisons (
1056:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
6801:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
4769:Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate
4098:National Communication Journal (2013).
3958:
3956:
3337:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3294:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2779:
2777:
2775:
2651:
2510: â Possessing negative truth value
37:
21:Data integrity § Logical integrity
6928:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
6719:Soviet influence on the peace movement
6316:Misinformation in the IsraelâHamas war
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2640:"Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences"
2570: â Certain type of mistaken proof
2254:Identifying a false cause and effect (
6653:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
4757:List of fallacies with clear examples
3520:Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (2005).
3317:The Nyaya Sutras Of Gautama (English)
3067:. Springer International Publishing.
2928:"The Importance of Logical Fallacies"
2391: â List of faulty argument types
1995:: presenting an argument that may be
1821:refers to valid reasoning, whereas a
1518:today include but are not limited to
1259:Rhetoric of social intervention model
7:
4195:NEA 1997 Almanac of Higher Education
2182:Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index
6923:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
6133:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
4732:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4718:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4700:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3647:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3604:"The Basic Slippery Slope Argument"
3213:"Aristotle's original 13 fallacies"
2734:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2304:Generalizing quickly and sloppily (
2134:Knowledge value measurement fallacy
1974:Therefore, X is true for C, D, etc.
1716:, which are in the material group.
1558:, which is a word- or phrase-based
16:Argument that uses faulty reasoning
6394:Misinformation related to abortion
4543:, 480 pgs. 1996 hardback edition:
3215:. The Non Sequitur. March 13, 2008
2468: â Informal inductive fallacy
1746:(1824) contains valuable remarks.
14:
6611:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
6224:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
4021:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2562:Lies, damned lies, and statistics
2421:All pages with titles containing
2411:All pages with titles containing
2180:As another example, consider the
7164:United States Information Agency
6443:Operations and events by country
5832:
5831:
4673:
4659:
4478:. London: College Publications.
3481:Handbook of Argumentation Theory
2964:. self-published. Archived from
2263:Asserting that everyone agrees (
1419:is a flaw in the structure of a
45:
6764:Information war against Ukraine
6311:International Jewish conspiracy
6279:Congo Free State propaganda war
4763:Interactive Syllogistic Machine
4602:, the doctrine of the idols in
4151:Stein, Zachary (October 2008).
4064:Journal of Scholarly Publishing
2225:Insulting someone's character (
1720:Other systems of classification
1679:English scholar and theologian
6992:Information Operations Roadmap
6902:Psychological Warfare Division
6472:Chinese information operations
6421:Water fluoridation controversy
5329:Correlation implies causation
4261:Boyer, Web; Stoddard, Samuel.
3686:10.1080/00455091.1982.10715799
3674:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
3602:Walton, Douglas (2015-09-02).
2015:Examples of informal fallacies
1509:normative rules of interaction
1:
7477:Barriers to critical thinking
7099:Active Measures Working Group
6757:during the Russo-Georgian War
6724:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
4419:A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy
4307:A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy
3335:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3292:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3130:. A&C Black. p. 46.
2634:Straight and Crooked Thinking
1229:List of feminist rhetoricians
6982:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
6659:Fake news in the Philippines
6031:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
4412:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
3860:"Two Forms of the Straw Man"
3787:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.001
3748:10.1177/03058298070360010301
2356:Assessment: pragmatic theory
1219:Glossary of rhetorical terms
7109:Counter Misinformation Team
7104:Counter disinformation unit
6554:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
6041:Forgery as covert operation
4512:, Harper Torchbooks, 1970.
4312:University of Alabama Press
3668:Govier, Trudy (June 1982).
3061:Frans van, Eemeren (2018).
2700:10.1007/978-1-4020-2712-3_1
1586:
1445:, an intentionally invalid
1066:Language as Symbolic Action
7508:
7119:The Disinformation Project
6549:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
5905:Algorithmic radicalization
5753:I'm entitled to my opinion
4570:On Sophistical Refutations
4402:Cambridge University Press
4157:Integral Leadership Review
3288:Phillips, Stephen (2019).
3235:"Aristotle's 13 fallacies"
3101:www.termpaperwarehouse.com
3037:Attacking Faulty Reasoning
2859:McMullin, Rian E. (2000).
2662:Gensler, Harry J. (2010).
2627:Attacking Faulty Reasoning
2549: â Psychological term
2359:
2088:uses unsound comparisons.
2035:post hoc, ergo propter hoc
2018:
1899:
1851:
1775:that renders the argument
1753:
1390:cognitive or social biases
1356:in the construction of an
18:
7333:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
7082:
7071:
7036:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
7012:Tobacco industry playbook
6943:CIA Kennedy assassination
6448:
6437:
6269:
6258:
6203:
6192:
6076:Manipulation (psychology)
5900:
5889:
5827:
5736:
5609:
4604:Novum Organum Scientiarum
4576:. library.adelaide.edu.au
3993:10.1088/2058-7058/20/1/33
3906:Schiappa, Edward (1991).
3877:10.1007/s10503-006-9017-8
3828:10.1007/s11245-015-9308-5
3545:Neyman, J. (1937-08-30).
3489:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5
3331:Ganeri, Jonardon (2019).
3161:. Encyclopedia Britannica
3097:"Fallacies in Propaganda"
2615: â Social phenomenon
2286:Selectively using facts (
2257:post hoc ergo propter hoc
2080:Informally known as the "
2065:giving counterarguments.
1890:post hoc ergo propter hoc
1534:Systems of classification
1505:pragma-dialectical theory
976:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
7124:East StratCom Task Force
6938:9/11 conspiracy theories
5935:List of cognitive biases
5779:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
4879:Affirming the consequent
4426:Walton, Douglas (2010).
4417:Walton, Douglas (1995).
4408:Douglas, Walton (1987).
4186:Allen, Henry L. (1997).
3645:Slippery Slope Arguments
3643:Walton, Douglas (1992).
2811:"Mathematical Fallacies"
2383:List of cognitive biases
2053:For an argument to be a
1842:affirming the consequent
1674:
1479:affirming the consequent
1438:, but still fallacious.
7050:Public opinion brigades
7007:Niger uranium forgeries
6997:Litter boxes in schools
6367:COVID-19 misinformation
6289:Free energy suppression
6198:Books and documentaries
5972:Euphemistic misspeaking
5799:Two wrongs make a right
5130:Denying the correlative
4803:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4225:"Soundness of Argument"
4223:Shewan, Edward (2003).
2836:"Definition of fallacy"
2502:Fallacies of definition
2245:Making jumps in logic (
1587:De Sophisticis Elenchis
1581:Sophistical Refutations
1471:probabilistically valid
1366:De Sophisticis Elenchis
916:De Sophisticis Elenchis
6796:2016 Brexit referendum
6145:Scientific fabrication
6056:Historical negationism
5784:Psychologist's fallacy
5721:Argument to moderation
5711:Argument from anecdote
5661:Chronological snobbery
5285:Quoting out of context
5252:Overwhelming exception
5135:Suppressed correlative
5035:Quoting out of context
4910:quantificational logic
4884:Denying the antecedent
4625:The Art of Controversy
4594:Summulae de dialectica
4445:10.22329/il.v30i2.2868
4263:"How to Be Persuasive"
3621:10.22329/il.v35i3.4286
3572:10.1098/rsta.1937.0005
3009:10.22329/il.v35i1.4173
2547:Jumping to conclusions
2111:mathematical fallacies
1989:fallacies of relevance
1931:faulty generalizations
1574:The Greek philosopher
1564:fallacy of composition
1475:denying the antecedent
1036:De doctrina Christiana
1026:Dialogus de oratoribus
946:Rhetorica ad Herennium
172:Captatio benevolentiae
7388:Theories of deduction
7092:Fact-checking website
6897:Operation Mass Appeal
6879:Clockwork Orange plot
6389:Mental illness denial
6284:Climate change denial
6101:Psychological warfare
6071:Internet manipulation
6036:Firehose of falsehood
5962:Disinformation attack
5747:The Four Great Errors
5727:Argumentum ad populum
5716:Argument from silence
5420:Argumentum ad baculum
5198:Faulty generalization
4889:Argument from fallacy
4586:(c. 1323) Part III.4.
4574:De Sophistici Elenchi
3775:Journal of Pragmatics
3522:Introduction to Logic
3477:Eemeren, Frans H. van
2932:thelogicofscience.com
2692:The Death of Argument
2395:List of memory biases
2266:argumentum ad populum
2228:argumentum ad hominem
2187:argument from silence
2152:journal impact factor
2009:argument from silence
2003:Argument from silence
1935:statistical inference
1925:Faulty generalization
1204:Communication studies
1046:De vulgari eloquentia
906:Rhetoric to Alexander
6231:Who's Who in the CIA
5765:Invincible ignorance
5571:Reductio ad Stalinum
5557:Reductio ad Hitlerum
5513:Wisdom of repugnance
5280:Moving the goalposts
5145:Illicit transference
5070:Begging the question
4991:Undistributed middle
4899:Mathematical fallacy
4874:Affirming a disjunct
4517:Thinking from A to Z
4492:Vincent F. Hendricks
4474:Woods, John (2013).
4360:. Penn State Press.
4197:: 39. Archived from
3360:The Science of Logic
2786:"Informal Fallacies"
2784:Garns, Rudy (1997).
2580:Prosecutor's fallacy
2568:Mathematical fallacy
2478:Cognitive distortion
2460:Argumentation theory
2362:Argumentation scheme
2306:hasty generalization
2236:begging the question
2193:Ecological fallacies
2159:naturalistic fallacy
2128:argumentation theory
2059:argumentation scheme
1954:Hasty generalization
1949:Hasty generalization
1886:argumentation scheme
1614:"Socrates is a man."
1501:Argumentation theory
1443:mathematical fallacy
1441:A special case is a
1404:. For instance, the
1352:or otherwise faulty
7487:Philosophical logic
7215:Philosophical logic
6933:Conspiracy theories
6874:Double-Cross System
6843:Conspiracy theories
6704:Operation INFEKTION
6492:Internet Water Army
6346:Strategy of tension
6211:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
6096:Post-truth politics
5498:Parade of horribles
5474:In-group favoritism
5300:Syntactic ambiguity
4943:Syllogistic fallacy
4866:propositional logic
4621:Arthur Schopenhauer
4167:on October 30, 2013
4163:(5). Archived from
3985:2007physics...1012M
3931:Protagoras (1972).
3563:1937RSPTA.236..333N
3357:Coffey, P. (1912).
2664:The A to Z of Logic
2532:Inference objection
2466:Association fallacy
2326:appeal to ignorance
2319:association fallacy
2200:Intentional fallacy
2105:Measurement fallacy
1713:non causa pro causa
1492:, intellectual, or
1209:Composition studies
1140:Health and medicine
1006:Institutio Oratoria
213:Eloquentia perfecta
7279:Unity of opposites
6829:HIV/AIDS denialism
6806:Trolls from Olgino
6580:Paid news in India
6570:Fake news in India
6384:HIV/AIDS denialism
6238:Merchants of Doubt
6111:Military deception
6086:Media manipulation
5925:Circular reporting
5584:Poisoning the well
5401:Proof by assertion
5376:Texas sharpshooter
5310:Questionable cause
5247:Slothful induction
5206:Anecdotal evidence
5066:Circular reasoning
4961:Exclusive premises
4923:Illicit conversion
4613:2020-02-14 at the
4519:, Routledge 1998.
4410:Informal Fallacies
4302:Walton, Douglas N.
4077:10.1353/scp.0.0074
3969:. January: 32â36.
3935:The Older Sophists
3458:Skeptical Inquirer
3239:www.logiclaw.co.uk
2906:10.1007/BF01810092
2840:www.dictionary.com
2082:apples and oranges
1943:empirical evidence
1908:deductive argument
1865:ecological fallacy
1859:Ecological fallacy
1675:Whately's grouping
1607:is different from
1548:material fallacies
1544:informal fallacies
1447:mathematical proof
1398:reasoning standard
1294:Terministic screen
1076:A General Rhetoric
606:Resignation speech
143:Studia humanitatis
125:Byzantine rhetoric
7459:
7458:
7311:List of fallacies
7296:Explanatory power
7223:Critical thinking
7181:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7017:Operation Shocker
6819:
6818:
6699:K-1000 battleship
6530:Operation Neptune
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6254:
6253:
6188:
6187:
6180:Yellow journalism
6128:counterpropaganda
6009:List of fallacies
5942:Conspiracy theory
5910:Alternative facts
5845:
5844:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5759:Ignoratio elenchi
5671:
5670:
5521:
5520:
5483:Not invented here
5188:Converse accident
5110:Correlative-based
5087:Compound question
5030:False attribution
5025:False equivalence
4999:
4998:
4777:, onegoodmove.org
4681:Psychology portal
4667:Philosophy portal
4580:William of Ockham
4515:Warburton Nigel,
4394:Douglas N. Walton
4240:978-1-930367-28-9
3531:978-0-13-189834-9
3198:978-90-481-2613-2
3137:978-0-8264-9006-3
3074:978-3-319-95380-9
3048:978-0-495-09506-4
2953:DeLancey, Craig.
2765:978-3-319-16147-1
2728:Dowden, Bradley.
2484:Critical thinking
2404:List of paradoxes
2389:List of fallacies
2295:false equivalence
2240:petitio principii
2219:Ignoratio elenchi
2092:Straw man fallacy
1993:missing the point
1983:Relevance fallacy
1744:Book of Fallacies
1707:petitio principii
1701:ignoratio elenchi
1599:is, for example:
1463:logically unsound
1342:
1341:
1269:Rogerian argument
1016:Panegyrici Latini
108:The age of Cicero
7499:
7441:Platonic realism
7208:
7201:
7194:
7185:
7073:
6892:MMR autism fraud
6775:On US elections
6709:Operation Toucan
6682:
6450:
6439:
6404:anti-vaccination
6352:
6299:Holocaust denial
6274:Bermuda Triangle
6260:
6194:
6123:black propaganda
6091:Potemkin village
6016:False accusation
5992:list of websites
5891:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5849:
5835:
5834:
5806:Special pleading
5685:
5546:Appeal to motive
5532:
5508:Stirring symbols
5488:Island mentality
5426:Wishful thinking
5407:
5123:Perfect solution
5100:No true Scotsman
5095:Complex question
5080:Leading question
5059:Question-begging
5045:No true Scotsman
5010:
4933:Quantifier shift
4928:Proof by example
4861:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4736:
4722:
4713:"Informal logic"
4709:Zalta, Edward N.
4704:
4695:Zalta, Edward N.
4683:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4638:John Stuart Mill
4617:. fly.hiwaay.net
4560:Historical texts
4533:Ballantine Books
4471:
4449:
4447:
4422:
4413:
4390:
4371:
4326:
4325:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4273:on July 27, 2018
4269:. Archived from
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4192:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:on April 4, 2016
4113:
4106:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3978:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3721:Psychology Today
3712:
3706:
3705:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3574:
3557:(767): 333â380.
3542:
3536:
3535:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3266:. Archived from
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3241:. Archived from
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3032:Damer, T. Edward
3028:
3022:
3021:
3011:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2781:
2770:
2769:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2714:
2713:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2585:
2558:
2537:
2426:
2416:
2400:
2041:event. That is,
1971:X is true for B.
1968:X is true for A.
1902:Informal fallacy
1896:Informal fallacy
1880:coined the term
1637:Aksapada Gautama
1635:, attributed to
1627:Indian logicians
1592:material fallacy
1589:
1552:verbal fallacies
1540:formal fallacies
1428:informal fallacy
1334:
1327:
1320:
1234:List of speeches
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
685:Neo-Aristotelian
252:Figure of speech
113:Second Sophistic
49:
26:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7426:Logical atomism
7382:
7275:Socratic method
7226:
7217:
7212:
7182:
7173:
7078:
7059:
7038:
7026:
6911:
6907:Zinoviev letter
6857:
6831:
6815:
6739:Post-Soviet era
6733:
6694:Active Measures
6677:
6668:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6558:
6532:
6520:
6460:
6458:Jihadunspun.com
6444:
6425:
6350:
6326:New World Order
6294:Genocide denial
6265:
6250:
6199:
6184:
6106:Memetic warfare
5896:
5885:
5876:
5846:
5841:
5815:
5789:Rationalization
5732:
5679:
5667:
5605:
5527:Genetic fallacy
5517:
5430:
5405:
5380:
5304:
5295:Sorites paradox
5275:False precision
5256:
5237:Double counting
5192:
5167:
5139:
5104:
5091:Loaded question
5075:Loaded language
5054:
4995:
4937:
4903:
4850:
4839:
4797:"Fallacy"
4790:
4725:
4707:
4688:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4648:. la.utexas.edu
4615:Wayback Machine
4562:
4508:D. H. Fischer,
4468:
4452:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4387:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4334:
4332:Further reading
4329:
4322:
4314:. p. 324.
4300:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4204:on July 7, 2015
4201:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3976:physics/0701012
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3499:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3453:Boudry, Maarten
3451:
3450:
3439:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3375:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3075:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2934:. 14 March 2017
2926:
2925:
2921:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2871:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2710:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2583:
2556:
2535:
2520:False statement
2419:
2409:
2398:
2377:
2364:
2358:
2282:false dichotomy
2202:
2136:
2107:
2094:
2078:
2051:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2005:
1985:
1951:
1927:
1904:
1898:
1874:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:Common examples
1831:logical fallacy
1815:logical fallacy
1758:
1752:
1722:
1681:Richard Whately
1677:
1624:
1572:
1536:
1459:
1410:legal arguments
1338:
1309:
1308:
1254:Public rhetoric
1192:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1130:Native American
1095:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
870:
869:
860:
859:
700:
699:
690:
689:
633:
632:
621:
620:
511:Funeral oration
501:Farewell speech
458:Socratic method
414:
413:
404:
403:
166:
165:
156:
155:
61:
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7505:
7503:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7396:Constructivism
7392:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7228:informal logic
7219:
7218:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6987:Habbush letter
6984:
6979:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6869:Bell Pottinger
6865:
6863:
6862:United Kingdom
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6743:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6525:Czechoslovakia
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6497:PLA Unit 61398
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6454:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6372:by governments
6364:
6358:
6356:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6209:Disinformation
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5930:Cognitive bias
5927:
5922:
5920:Cherry picking
5917:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5887:
5886:
5883:misinformation
5879:Disinformation
5877:
5875:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5628:
5621:
5619:Accomplishment
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5371:Slippery slope
5368:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5290:Slippery slope
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:Cherry picking
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4794:, ed. (1911).
4792:Chisholm, Hugh
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4759:, infidels.org
4754:
4746:
4737:
4723:
4705:
4689:Hansen, Hans.
4685:
4684:
4670:
4654:
4653:External links
4651:
4650:
4649:
4635:
4618:
4597:
4587:
4584:Summa of Logic
4577:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4489:
4486:
4484:978-1848901148
4472:
4467:978-1402026638
4466:
4450:
4438:(2): 159â184.
4432:Informal Logic
4423:
4414:
4405:
4391:
4386:978-9048126132
4385:
4372:
4367:978-0271014173
4366:
4353:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4321:978-0817307981
4320:
4310:. Tuscaloosa:
4293:
4284:
4253:
4239:
4215:
4178:
4143:
4124:
4090:
4071:(2): 191â215.
4050:
4006:
3952:
3946:978-0872205567
3945:
3923:
3917:978-0872497580
3916:
3898:
3871:(3): 345â352.
3849:
3822:(2): 431â440.
3800:
3761:
3726:
3707:
3680:(2): 303â316.
3660:
3654:978-0198239253
3653:
3635:
3614:(3): 273â311.
3608:Informal Logic
3594:
3537:
3530:
3512:
3498:978-9048194728
3497:
3468:
3437:
3431:978-0761923633
3430:
3412:
3374:978-0371778951
3373:
3349:
3323:
3306:
3280:
3255:
3226:
3204:
3197:
3172:
3150:
3136:
3113:
3088:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3023:
2996:Informal Logic
2982:
2945:
2919:
2884:
2870:978-0393703139
2869:
2851:
2827:
2802:
2771:
2764:
2746:
2715:
2709:978-9048167005
2708:
2679:
2673:978-0810875968
2672:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2613:Victim blaming
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2472:Cognitive bias
2469:
2463:
2457:
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2445:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2386:
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2302:
2291:
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2274:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2232:
2223:
2201:
2198:
2174:Web of Science
2135:
2132:
2124:informal logic
2106:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2077:
2074:
2055:slippery slope
2050:
2049:Slippery slope
2047:
2030:
2024:
2019:Main article:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1950:
1947:
1926:
1923:
1900:Main article:
1897:
1894:
1877:Maarten Boudry
1873:
1870:
1860:
1857:
1852:Main article:
1849:
1846:
1827:formal fallacy
1756:Formal fallacy
1754:Main article:
1751:
1750:Formal fallacy
1748:
1740:Jeremy Bentham
1721:
1718:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1596:verbal fallacy
1571:
1568:
1535:
1532:
1524:advertisements
1458:
1455:
1451:contradictions
1417:formal fallacy
1348:is the use of
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
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1276:
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1266:
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1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:Ars dictaminis
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
996:On the Sublime
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
882:
871:
867:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
701:
697:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
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682:
677:
672:
667:
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657:
652:
651:
650:
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634:
628:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
602:
601:
591:
590:
589:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
557:
552:
547:
545:Lightning talk
542:
541:
540:
530:
525:
524:
523:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
492:
491:
486:
474:
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411:
410:
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402:
401:
394:
387:
386:
385:
375:
370:
369:
368:
361:
354:
342:
337:
332:
330:Method of loci
327:
320:
313:
308:
307:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
266:
265:
264:
259:
249:
248:
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237:
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225:
218:
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204:
199:
192:
185:
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175:
167:
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158:
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148:
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134:
133:
132:
127:
117:
116:
115:
110:
100:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
66:Ancient Greece
62:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7504:
7493:
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7297:
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7132:
7130:
7129:FactCheck.org
7127:
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7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
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7102:
7100:
7097:
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7089:
7088:
7087:Fact-checking
7085:
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6916:United States
6914:
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6898:
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6887:
6885:
6882:
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6809:
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6654:
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6608:
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6600:
6596:
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6581:
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6576:
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6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
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6555:
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6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:50 Cent Party
6475:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6436:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:Media culture
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:False dilemma
6019:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5674:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:Invented here
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:False analogy
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5211:Sampling bias
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:Secundum quid
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:False dilemma
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:Illicit minor
4984:
4982:
4981:Illicit major
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:Fallacy Files
4784:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4671:
4668:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4600:Francis Bacon
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:C. L. Hamblin
4336:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4179:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:. The Chron.
4023:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3966:Physics World
3959:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3865:Argumentation
3861:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3270:on 2008-09-05
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3245:on 2018-07-18
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3122:Pirie, Madsen
3117:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2971:on 2013-09-03
2967:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2816:
2815:brilliant.org
2812:
2806:
2803:
2792:on 2017-02-01
2791:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:False premise
2512:
2509:
2508:False (logic)
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:secundum quid
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:false analogy
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:card stacking
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:false dilemma
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:false analogy
2162:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:For example,
2144:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2086:false analogy
2084:" fallacy, a
2083:
2076:False analogy
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2029:(false cause)
2028:
2025:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:Novum Organum
1731:
1727:
1726:Francis Bacon
1719:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:Satpratipaksa
1654:
1651:
1650:Savyabhichara
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:psychological
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Toulmin model
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Talking point
1282:
1280:
1279:Speechwriting
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Argumentation
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:
998:
997:
993:
988:
987:
983:
978:
977:
973:
968:
967:
963:
958:
957:
953:
948:
947:
943:
938:
937:
936:De Inventione
933:
928:
927:
923:
918:
917:
913:
908:
907:
903:
898:
897:
893:
888:
887:
883:
878:
877:
873:
872:
864:
863:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
694:
693:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
625:
624:
617:
616:War-mongering
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:Progymnasmata
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Maiden speech
548:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
529:
526:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
484:
480:
479:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:
463:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:
431:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
408:
407:
400:
399:
395:
393:
392:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
367:
366:
362:
360:
359:
355:
353:
352:
348:
347:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:
321:
319:
318:
314:
312:
309:
305:
304:
300:
298:
297:
293:
291:
290:
286:
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:
272:
271:
270:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
236:
235:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
197:
193:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:
169:
168:
160:
159:
152:
151:Modern period
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
99:
98:Ancient India
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Attic orators
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
7421:Intuitionism
7406:Fictionalism
7305:
6889:
6824:South Africa
6811:Web brigades
6747:Cyberwarfare
6729:Useful idiot
6678:Soviet Union
6623:Fintas Group
6515:Global Times
6513:
6482:cyberwarfare
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6216:
6208:
6175:Whataboutism
6170:Urban legend
6140:Quote mining
6003:
5774:Naturalistic
5757:
5745:
5725:
5696:
5680:of relevance
5623:
5601:Whataboutism
5593:
5569:
5563:Godwin's law
5555:
5535:
5418:
5411:Consequences
5392:Law/Legality
5366:Single cause
5339:
5332:
5172:
5040:Loki's Wager
5020:Equivocation
5013:Equivocation
4842:
4801:
4749:
4730:
4716:
4698:
4629:
4603:
4593:
4590:John Buridan
4583:
4573:
4545:Random House
4526:
4516:
4509:
4495:
4475:
4460:. Springer.
4457:
4435:
4431:
4418:
4409:
4397:
4379:. Springer.
4376:
4357:
4341:
4306:
4296:
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4271:the original
4266:
4256:
4246:February 22,
4244:. Retrieved
4229:
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4199:the original
4194:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4165:the original
4160:
4156:
4146:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4116:. Retrieved
4109:the original
4100:
4093:
4068:
4062:
4041:. Retrieved
4019:
4009:
3964:
3934:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3868:
3864:
3852:
3819:
3815:
3803:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3720:
3710:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3644:
3638:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3521:
3515:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3421:
3415:
3404:. Retrieved
3359:
3352:
3341:. Retrieved
3336:
3326:
3316:
3309:
3298:. Retrieved
3293:
3283:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:the original
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:the original
3238:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3188:
3163:. Retrieved
3153:
3143:10 September
3141:. Retrieved
3126:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:
3091:
3063:
3056:
3035:
3026:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2961:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2931:
2922:
2900:(4): 49â66.
2897:
2893:
2887:
2860:
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:
2805:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:the original
2755:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2691:
2682:
2663:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2454:Argument map
2448:Anti-pattern
2435:
2434:
2422:
2412:
2369:
2365:
2347:
2331:
2309:
2281:
2271:bandwagoning
2264:
2255:
2248:non sequitur
2247:
2239:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2163:
2156:
2145:
2137:
2120:dissoi logoi
2119:
2108:
2095:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2006:
1986:
1977:
1963:
1952:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1889:
1882:fallacy fork
1881:
1875:
1872:Fallacy fork
1862:
1838:non sequitur
1837:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1800:logical form
1797:
1786:
1762:non sequitur
1761:
1759:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1632:NyÄya SĆ«tras
1630:
1625:
1622:Indian logic
1579:
1573:
1556:equivocation
1537:
1513:
1499:
1483:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1432:logical form
1414:
1386:carelessness
1371:
1364:
1362:Aristotelian
1345:
1343:
1224:Glossophobia
1196:
1115:Constitutive
1074:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
964:
954:
944:
934:
924:
914:
904:
894:
884:
874:
698:Rhetoricians
611:Stump speech
528:Invitational
481:
466:Dissoi logoi
464:
443:Deliberative
435:Controversia
433:
396:
389:
363:
356:
349:
322:
315:
303:Pronuntiatio
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
239:
232:
220:
211:
194:
187:
170:
141:
103:Ancient Rome
7482:Information
7401:Dialetheism
7291:Explanation
7261:Credibility
7022:Yellow rain
6642:Philippines
6502:Spamouflage
6487:Little Pink
6341:Rothschilds
6331:Red mercury
6046:Gaslighting
5997:Lying press
5967:Doublespeak
5794:Red herring
5551:Association
5232:Conjunction
5153:Composition
5050:Reification
4966:Existential
4918:Existential
4691:"Fallacies"
4632:(bilingual)
4523:Sagan, Carl
4277:December 5,
4208:October 29,
4171:October 28,
3781:: 164â177.
3465:(5): 46â51.
2894:Interchange
2739:17 February
2688:Woods, John
2342:Scott Adams
2338:Gary Larson
2276:Creating a
2214:red herring
1939:unwarranted
1570:Greek logic
1550:(content),
1304:Wooden iron
1264:Rhetrickery
1239:Oral skills
1175:Composition
1110:Contrastive
930:(c. 350 BC)
920:(c. 350 BC)
910:(c. 350 BC)
900:(c. 350 BC)
890:(c. 370 BC)
750:Demosthenes
730:Brueggemann
665:Ideological
516:Homileticsâ
429:Declamation
419:Apologetics
269:Five canons
137:Renaissance
120:Middle Ages
7466:Categories
7446:Pragmatism
7436:Nominalism
7343:Propaganda
7318:Hypothesis
7271:Antithesis
7149:PolitiFact
7077:Opposition
6953:Sandy Hook
6752:on Estonia
6686:Soviet era
6599:Team Jorge
6575:Godi-media
6336:Reptilians
6306:Illuminati
6165:Truthiness
6155:Social bot
6118:Propaganda
6051:Half-truth
6026:False flag
5770:Moralistic
5704:Sealioning
5698:Ad nauseam
5625:Ipse dixit
5537:Ad hominem
5361:Regression
5163:Ecological
4976:Four terms
4894:Masked man
4771:, csun.edu
4744:PhilPapers
4553:039453512X
4541:0345409469
4504:8799101378
4454:John Woods
4350:0916475247
4267:Rink Works
4118:2016-02-22
4043:28 October
3406:2016-02-22
3343:2021-05-07
3300:2021-05-07
3274:2013-09-10
3249:2017-12-12
3106:4 February
3083:1048664485
2962:oswego.edu
2938:4 February
2845:2023-02-18
2820:4 February
2796:2013-09-10
2647:References
2423:Fallacious
2360:See also:
2116:Protagoras
1730:J. S. Mill
1520:propaganda
1516:mass media
1486:rhetorical
1374:manipulate
1160:Technology
1150:Procedural
970:(c. 50 BC)
956:De Oratore
820:Quintilian
815:Protagoras
670:Metaphoric
594:Propaganda
477:Epideictic
391:Sotto voce
345:Persuasion
340:Operations
282:Dispositio
178:Chironomia
7472:Fallacies
7416:Formalism
7378:Vagueness
7358:Relevance
7353:Reasoning
7266:Dialectic
7241:Ambiguity
7144:NewsGuard
7139:Logically
7134:Full Fact
7031:Venezuela
6965:Fake news
6853:AK Trolls
6544:Funkspiel
6066:Infodemic
5982:Fake news
5957:Denialism
5952:Deception
5811:Straw man
5689:Arguments
5678:fallacies
5652:Tradition
5642:Etymology
5614:Authority
5595:Tu quoque
5579:Bulverism
5349:Gambler's
5318:Animistic
5262:Ambiguity
5228:Base rate
4971:Necessity
4843:fallacies
4727:"Fallacy"
4596:Book VII.
4566:Aristotle
4342:Fallacies
4085:145424660
4030:0009-5982
3885:1572-8374
3844:145321942
3836:1572-8749
3795:0378-2166
3756:145785208
3742:: 29â49.
3702:170107849
3694:0045-5091
3630:2293-734X
3581:0080-4614
3507:871004444
3391:797892247
3159:"fallacy"
3018:0824-2577
3002:(1): 88.
2914:144780081
2730:"Fallacy"
2595:Soundness
2490:Demagogue
2334:amphiboly
2148:anchoring
2098:straw man
1892:fallacy.
1836:The term
1813:The term
1802:such as "
1793:causality
1789:inductive
1770:deductive
1732:. Bacon (
1576:Aristotle
1562:, to the
1560:ambiguity
1490:emotional
1421:deductive
1406:soundness
1394:ignorance
1382:deception
1354:reasoning
1274:Seduction
1105:Cognitive
1093:Subfields
1020:(100â400)
775:Isocrates
715:Augustine
705:Aristotle
680:Narrative
630:Criticism
575:Philippic
489:Panegyric
472:Elocution
453:Dialectic
373:Situation
234:Facilitas
228:Enthymeme
207:Eloquence
189:Delectare
7492:Rhetoric
7431:Logicism
7411:Finitism
7363:Rhetoric
7348:Prudence
7286:Evidence
7246:Argument
7236:Analysis
7169:USAFacts
7159:StopFake
7055:Force 47
6960:COVID-19
6884:Euromyth
6635:Peñabots
6509:COVID-19
6414:COVID-19
6399:Vaccines
6264:Examples
6150:Smearing
5837:Category
5469:Ridicule
5454:Flattery
5444:Children
5341:Post hoc
5221:McNamara
5183:Accident
5158:Division
5005:Informal
4611:Archived
4456:(2004).
4404:, 1989.
4304:(1995).
4140:(4): 34.
4001:16532275
3893:15523437
3589:19584450
3400:7104938M
3383:12018756
3124:(2006).
3034:(2009),
2879:41580357
2607:Validity
2526:Illusion
2496:Evidence
2436:Concepts
2375:See also
2140:big data
2027:Post hoc
1781:premises
1773:argument
1696:sophisms
1692:material
1668:Viruddha
1609:Socrates
1605:Coriscus
1528:politics
1457:Overview
1424:argument
1378:persuade
1358:argument
1145:Pedagogy
1125:Feminist
896:Rhetoric
886:Phaedrus
880:(380 BC)
830:Richards
800:Perelman
648:Pentadic
643:Dramatic
587:Suasoria
565:Diatribe
506:Forensic
483:Encomium
448:Demagogy
317:Imitatio
289:Elocutio
275:Inventio
245:Informal
164:Concepts
91:Sophists
86:Calliope
76:Atticism
71:Asianism
39:Rhetoric
31:a series
29:Part of
7451:Realism
7338:Premise
7328:Opinion
7323:Inquiry
7306:Fallacy
7043:Vietnam
6714:Seat 12
6585:OpIndia
6537:Germany
6004:Fallacy
5977:Factoid
5915:Big lie
5656:Novelty
5631:Poverty
5493:Loyalty
5459:Novelty
5436:Emotion
5385:Appeals
5354:Inverse
5334:Cum hoc
5323:Furtive
4841:Common
4740:Fallacy
4711:(ed.).
4697:(ed.).
4535:, 1997
4038:1554535
3981:Bibcode
3559:Bibcode
3165:13 June
2975:7 March
2589:Sophist
2574:Paradox
2541:Inquiry
2413:Fallacy
1919:content
1823:fallacy
1777:invalid
1698:except
1688:logical
1662:Badhita
1644:Asiddha
1402:context
1350:invalid
1346:fallacy
1190:Related
1165:Therapy
1155:Science
1120:Digital
1000:(c. 50)
990:(46 BC)
980:(46 BC)
960:(55 BC)
950:(80 BC)
940:(84 BC)
876:Gorgias
845:Toulmin
840:Tacitus
790:McLuhan
765:Gorgias
760:Erasmus
755:Derrida
720:Bakhtin
710:Aspasia
675:Mimesis
638:Cluster
570:Eristic
560:Polemic
555:Oratory
533:Lecture
296:Memoria
240:Fallacy
183:Decorum
130:Trivium
58:History
7373:Theory
7251:Belief
7154:Snopes
6970:online
6890:Lancet
6836:Turkey
6674:Russia
6630:Mexico
6618:Kuwait
6594:Israel
6453:Canada
6409:autism
6355:Health
5987:online
5741:Cliché
5676:Other
5647:Nature
5635:Wealth
5270:Accent
4856:Formal
4551:
4539:
4502:
4482:
4464:
4383:
4364:
4348:
4318:
4237:
4083:
4036:
4028:
3999:
3943:
3914:
3891:
3883:
3842:
3834:
3793:
3754:
3700:
3692:
3651:
3628:
3587:
3579:
3528:
3505:
3495:
3428:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3371:
3219:28 May
3195:
3134:
3081:
3071:
3045:
3016:
2912:
2877:
2867:
2762:
2706:
2670:
2442:Aporia
2379:Lists
2170:Scopus
1958:sample
1710:, and
1249:Pistis
1244:Orator
1170:Visual
1080:(1970)
1070:(1966)
1060:(1521)
1050:(1305)
986:Orator
926:Topics
855:Weaver
785:Lysias
780:Lucian
770:Hobbes
745:de Man
740:Cicero
538:Public
521:Sermon
496:Eulogy
424:Debate
412:Genres
358:Pathos
324:Kairos
311:Hypsos
257:Scheme
222:Eunoia
202:Device
196:Docere
7368:Rigor
6948:QAnon
6606:Korea
6563:India
6465:China
6379:Ebola
5895:Types
5503:Spite
5397:Stone
4693:. In
4202:(PDF)
4191:(PDF)
4112:(PDF)
4105:(PDF)
4081:S2CID
3997:S2CID
3971:arXiv
3889:S2CID
3840:S2CID
3816:Topoi
3752:S2CID
3698:S2CID
3585:S2CID
2969:(PDF)
2958:(PDF)
2910:S2CID
2620:Works
2601:Truth
2553:Lemma
1997:sound
1912:valid
1819:logic
1766:Latin
1436:valid
1040:(426)
1030:(102)
868:Works
835:Smith
825:Ramus
810:Plato
805:Pizan
735:Burke
725:Booth
660:Genre
655:Frame
398:Topos
383:Grand
378:Style
365:Logos
351:Ethos
335:Modes
262:Trope
7301:Fact
7256:Bias
6789:2020
6784:2018
6779:2016
6160:Spin
6061:Hoax
5946:list
5881:and
5589:Tone
5464:Pity
5449:Fear
4847:list
4549:ISBN
4537:ISBN
4500:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4462:ISBN
4381:ISBN
4362:ISBN
4346:ISBN
4316:ISBN
4279:2012
4248:2016
4235:ISBN
4210:2013
4173:2013
4045:2013
4034:OCLC
4026:ISSN
3941:ISBN
3912:ISBN
3881:ISSN
3832:ISSN
3791:ISSN
3690:ISSN
3649:ISBN
3626:ISSN
3577:ISSN
3526:ISBN
3503:OCLC
3493:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3387:OCLC
3379:LCCN
3369:ISBN
3221:2013
3193:ISBN
3167:2017
3145:2015
3132:ISBN
3108:2023
3079:OCLC
3069:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3014:ISSN
2977:2018
2940:2023
2875:OCLC
2865:ISBN
2822:2023
2760:ISBN
2741:2016
2704:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2340:and
2172:and
2126:and
2096:The
1987:The
1806:and
1728:and
1690:and
1392:and
1214:Doxa
1010:(95)
850:Vico
599:Spin
7225:and
4908:In
4864:In
4742:at
4531:".
4525:, "
4440:doi
4073:doi
3989:doi
3873:doi
3824:doi
3783:doi
3744:doi
3682:doi
3616:doi
3567:doi
3555:236
3485:doi
3365:302
3004:doi
2902:doi
2696:doi
2308:) (
2297:or
2238:" (
2007:An
1863:An
1742:'s
1542:or
1477:or
1408:of
1380:by
1376:or
1369:.
1289:TED
1135:New
795:Ong
7468::
7277:,
7273:,
6362:5G
5772:/
5654:/
5633:/
5481:/
5399:/
5230:/
5093:/
5089:/
5068:/
4800:.
4729:.
4715:.
4644:.
4640:,
4627:|
4623:,
4606:,
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4582:,
4572:,
4568:,
4547:,
4494:,
4436:30
4434:.
4430:.
4400:.
4396:,
4340:,
4265:.
4227:.
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4159:.
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4138:18
4136:.
4079:.
4069:41
4067:.
4053:^
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3867:.
3863:.
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3818:.
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3719:.
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3612:35
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3175:^
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3012:.
3000:35
2998:.
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2960:.
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2896:.
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