734:
592:
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outer membrane. In contrast, a gram-positive cell becomes dehydrated from an ethanol treatment. The large CV–I complexes become trapped within the gram-positive cell due to the multilayered nature of its peptidoglycan. The decolorization step is critical and must be timed correctly; the crystal violet stain is removed from both gram-positive and negative cells if the decolorizing agent is left on too long (a matter of seconds).
329:
215:
50:
765:. These LPS molecules, consisting of the O-antigen or O-polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, and lipid A, serve multiple functions including contributing to the cell's negative charge and protecting against certain chemicals. LPS's role is critical in host-pathogen interactions, with the O-antigen eliciting an immune response and lipid A acting as an endotoxin.
31:
651:
resistance to various stressors, including heat and salt. Despite the density of the peptidoglycan layer, it remains relatively porous, allowing most substances to permeate. For larger nutrients, Gram-positive bacteria utilize exoenzymes, secreted extracellularly to break down macromolecules outside the cell.
577:
After decolorization, the gram-positive cell remains purple and the gram-negative cell loses its purple color. Counterstain, which is usually positively charged safranin or basic fuchsine, is applied last to give decolorized gram-negative bacteria a pink or red color. Both gram-positive bacteria and
768:
Additionally, the outer membrane acts as a selective barrier, regulated by porins, transmembrane proteins forming pores that allow specific molecules to pass. The space between the cell membrane and the outer membrane, known as the periplasm, contains periplasmic enzymes for nutrient processing. A
198:
in 1884. Gram devised his technique not for the purpose of distinguishing one type of bacterium from another but to make bacteria more visible in stained sections of lung tissue. Gram noticed that some bacterial cells possessed noticeable resistance to decolorization. Based on these observations,
573:
When a decolorizer such as alcohol or acetone is added, it interacts with the lipids of the cell membrane. A gram-negative cell loses its outer lipopolysaccharide membrane, and the inner peptidoglycan layer is left exposed. The CV–I complexes are washed from the gram-negative cell along with the
650:
The cell wall's strength is enhanced by teichoic acids, glycopolymeric substances embedded within the peptidoglycan. Teichoic acids play multiple roles, such as generating the cell's net negative charge, contributing to cell wall rigidity and shape maintenance, and aiding in cell division and
199:
Gram developed the initial gram staining procedure, initially making use of
Ehrlich's aniline-gentian violet, Lugol's iodine, absolute alcohol for decolorization, and Bismarck brown for counterstain. He published his method in 1884, and included in his short report the observation that the
348:(50–90% of cell envelope), and as a result are stained purple by crystal violet, whereas gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer (10% of cell envelope), so do not retain the purple stain and are counter-stained pink by safranin. There are four basic steps of the Gram stain:
165:
Gram staining is almost always the first step in the identification of a bacterial group. While Gram staining is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings, not all bacteria can be definitively classified by this technique. This gives rise to
812:, a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during growth coincides with an increase in the number of cells that stain gram-negative. In addition, in all bacteria stained using the Gram stain, the age of the culture may influence the results of the stain.
710:
Some bacteria have cell walls which are particularly adept at retaining stains. These will appear positive by Gram stain even though they are not closely related to other gram-positive bacteria. These are called
2983:
769:
significant structural component linking the peptidoglycan layer and the outer membrane is Braun's lipoprotein, which provides additional stability and strength to the bacterial cell wall.
815:
Gram-indeterminate bacteria do not respond predictably to Gram staining and, therefore, cannot be determined as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Examples include many species of
274:
Some organisms are gram-variable (meaning they may stain either negative or positive); some are not stained with either dye used in the Gram technique and are not seen.
1840:
2976:
972:
2122:
Lee EH, Winter HL, van Dijl JM, Metzemaekers JD, Arends JP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of
Mycoplasma hominis meningitis in adults".
1663:"Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for electron microscopy, which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain"
1644:
578:
gram-negative bacteria pick up the counterstain. The counterstain, however, is unseen on gram-positive bacteria because of the darker crystal violet stain.
2835:
2245:
896:
2969:
2362:
566:
and forms large complexes of crystal violet and iodine (CV–I) within the inner and outer layers of the cell. Iodine is often referred to as a
3462:
2912:
2037:
1726:
1382:
1319:
1238:
206:
did not retain the stain. Gram did not initially make the distinction between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using his procedure.
804:
Some bacteria, after staining with the Gram stain, yield a gram-variable pattern: a mix of pink and purple cells are seen. In cultures of
3276:
391:
is sometimes substituted for safranin since it more intensely stains anaerobic bacteria, but it is less commonly used as a counterstain.
304:, and are especially important when infection would make an important difference in the patient's treatment and prognosis; examples are
2221:
2070:
1516:
1283:
1009:
360:
kills some bacteria but is mostly used to affix the bacteria to the slide so that they do not rinse out during the staining procedure.
2178:
1605:
992:
1532:
1228:
3430:
2536:
1876:
2638:
1562:
3338:
3112:
1848:
2391:
2322:
2730:
915:
articles and publications. When articles are submitted to journals, each journal may or may not apply house style to the
871:(Gram) is therefore capitalized but not the common noun (stain) as is usual for scientific terms. The initial letters of
3333:
3296:
3281:
2867:
923:
versions contain whichever style the author happened to use. Even style regimens that use lowercase for the adjectives
851:, which means they do not stain by Gram's method and are resistant to the antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.
733:
2897:
2771:
3328:
1482:
837:, the latter two of which are the causative agents of leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively. Bacteria of the genus
3530:
3221:
833:
138:. Gram-negative cells have a thinner peptidoglycan layer that allows the crystal violet to wash out on addition of
30:
3377:
1927:
1633:
3318:
2917:
3535:
3367:
3134:
3026:
3001:
2780:
944:
3166:
2705:
949:
716:
3291:
3286:
3266:
3246:
3216:
1721:. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304.
301:
2370:
3402:
3301:
3006:
2940:
728:
610:
591:
109:
105:
78:
64:
3410:
3323:
570:, but is a trapping agent that prevents the removal of the CV–I complex and, therefore, colors the cell.
3515:
3359:
2993:
2872:
2747:
781:
738:
158:
solution is always added after addition of crystal violet to strengthen the bonds of the stain with the
55:
2809:
2775:
3226:
3052:
2790:
2529:
2304:
827:
3093:
757:
on the cell surface of most gram-negative bacteria, contributing up to 80% of the outer membrane of
3525:
3484:
3425:
3415:
3343:
3129:
2565:
1210:
864:
305:
283:
191:
187:
120:
2286:
3494:
3141:
2907:
2344:
2192:
2096:
2084:
1903:
1392:
1249:
1023:
912:
750:
654:
529:
ion interacts with negatively charged components of bacterial cells and stains the cells purple.
1716:
3271:
3520:
3479:
3311:
3088:
2924:
2759:
2633:
2628:
2461:
2217:
2211:
2184:
2174:
2139:
2076:
2066:
2033:
2010:
1956:
1895:
1803:
1785:
1722:
1692:
1611:
1601:
1512:
1449:
1378:
1352:
1315:
1279:
1234:
1192:
1174:
1132:
1083:
1015:
1005:
793:
745:
Gram-negative bacteria generally possess a thin layer of peptidoglycan between two membranes (
640:
518:) ions. These ions penetrate the cell wall of both gram-positive and gram-negative cells. The
155:
1715:
Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (26 July 2005) . Garrity, George M. (ed.).
3489:
3387:
2887:
2785:
2488:
2451:
2443:
2432:"Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi"
2166:
2131:
2058:
2000:
1992:
1946:
1936:
1885:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1682:
1674:
1439:
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1344:
1182:
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1114:
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1065:
997:
658:
317:
260:
220:
203:
113:
69:
3261:
3161:
3151:
3031:
2767:
2522:
2108:
1872:"One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide"
1748:
1404:
1213:(1884). "Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten".
773:
2170:
1540:
3241:
3062:
3057:
2795:
2723:
2714:
2688:
2456:
2431:
1951:
1922:
1798:
1765:
1444:
1420:"First notification of positive blood cultures: High accuracy of the Gram stain report"
1419:
785:
678:
632:
493:
479:
423:
388:
353:
328:
313:
135:
126:
Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their
117:
2961:
2237:
2005:
1980:
1687:
1662:
1187:
1154:
1127:
1102:
1078:
1045:
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3455:
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3186:
3098:
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2825:
2709:
2700:
2684:
2608:
1907:
1308:
848:
817:
789:
777:
712:
707:
that lack cell walls and so cannot be Gram-stained, but are derived from such forms.
684:
636:
628:
596:
357:
345:
337:
333:
268:
267:, since these microorganisms yield widely varying responses that do not follow their
252:
248:
225:
159:
131:
42:
38:
2514:
2492:
2196:
2088:
2062:
1996:
1871:
1822:
1027:
1001:
664:, a name now used for the largest group. It includes many well-known genera such as
3236:
3181:
3156:
2902:
2862:
2845:
2620:
1570:
1118:
690:
644:
599:
380:
237:
143:
2840:
1678:
1069:
643:) peptidoglycan and can stain negative, positive or indeterminate; members of the
214:
2412:
2157:
Gautier-Bouchardon AV (July 2018). "Antimicrobial
Resistance in Mycoplasma spp".
1598:
Pharmaceutical
Microbiology: Essentials for Quality Assurance and Quality Control
3474:
3191:
2950:
2892:
2877:
2740:
2583:
2557:
2430:
Brown, Lisa; Wolf, Julie M.; Prados-Rosales, Rafael; Casadevall, Arturo (2015).
2259:
1661:
Davies, J. A.; Anderson, G. K.; Beveridge, T. J.; Clark, H. C. (November 1983).
892:
696:
2330:
2135:
895:(if any) governs the document being written. Lowercase style is used by the US
3450:
2945:
2800:
2735:
2661:
1941:
1170:
839:
702:
639:(green non-sulfur bacteria) are monoderms but possess a thin or absent (class
624:
603:
309:
289:
240:
229:
34:
1923:"Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis"
1789:
1615:
1511:(3rd ed.). Englewood, Colorado: Morton Publishing Company. p. 105.
1178:
3372:
3231:
2656:
2603:
2593:
916:
900:
844:
661:
620:
297:
256:
244:
127:
2465:
2188:
2143:
2080:
1960:
1899:
1807:
1453:
1356:
1196:
1136:
1019:
619:) surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan. This rule is followed by two phyla:
49:
2014:
1696:
1087:
17:
3348:
3256:
3196:
3173:
2718:
2693:
2671:
2598:
2588:
2545:
1435:
920:
672:
666:
475:
384:
151:
147:
101:
97:
2479:
Mueller, Kristen L. (12 June 2015). "Detecting Gram-negative bacteria".
2447:
1103:"The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note"
700:. It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria such as
3467:
3021:
2850:
2830:
2648:
754:
567:
459:
455:
375:
371:
264:
183:
139:
1890:
1348:
715:, and can only be differentiated from other gram-positive bacteria by
3306:
2509:
880:
868:
439:
364:
293:
200:
195:
2053:
Reynolds, J.; Moyes, R. B.; Breakwell, D. P. (2009). "Appendix 3".
3420:
3382:
3251:
2575:
1335:
Beveridge, T. J. (2001). "Use of the Gram stain in microbiology".
732:
590:
327:
213:
48:
29:
2553:
1921:
Avila-CalderĂłn ED, Ruiz-Palma MD, Contreras-RodrĂguez A (2021).
903:. Dictionaries may use lowercase, uppercase, or both. Uppercase
344:
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of
2965:
2518:
300:
is suspected. Gram stains yield results much more quickly than
81:
bacilli, in red), the most common Gram stain reference bacteria
1250:"Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science: Christian Gram 1884"
190:(1853–1938), who developed the technique while working with
1039:
1037:
647:
stain positive but are diderms with a thick peptidoglycan.
615:
Gram-positive bacteria generally have a single membrane (
367:, which binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell
1870:
Megrian D, Taib N, Witwinowski J, Gribaldo S (2020).
1314:(10th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3443:
3401:
3357:
3207:
3122:
3111:
3081:
3040:
3014:
3000:
2933:
2818:
2758:
2670:
2647:
2619:
2574:
2552:
2032:(8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 68.
1418:Søgaard, M.; Nørgaard, M.; Schønheyder, H. (2007).
2055:Differential staining of bacteria: Acid fast stain
1981:"Mechanism of Gram Variability in Select Bacteria"
1307:
1153:Bartholomew, James W.; Mittwer, Tod (March 1952).
1974:
1972:
1970:
1306:Madigan, M. T.; Martinko, J.; Parker, J. (2004).
1044:Beveridge, T. J.; Davies, J. A. (November 1983).
134:in the cell wall that retains the primary stain,
356:) to a heat-fixed smear of a bacterial culture.
259:. Gram staining can also be used to diagnose a
1766:"Genome Diversity of Spore-forming Firmicutes"
1710:
1708:
1706:
1509:Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application
1377:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 409–12.
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
2977:
2530:
2407:
2405:
2124:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
1233:(2nd ed.). ASM Press. pp. 215–218.
967:
965:
800:Gram-variable and gram-indeterminate bacteria
8:
1278:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 232f.
255:) based on the physical properties of their
182:The method is named after its inventor, the
130:. Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of
1847:. Georgia Highlands College. Archived from
496:(CV) dissociates in aqueous solutions into
3119:
3011:
2984:
2970:
2962:
2537:
2523:
2515:
2260:"Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary"
2246:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1569:. Austin Community College. Archived from
1368:
1366:
897:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2455:
2329:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2004:
1950:
1940:
1889:
1797:
1764:Galperin, Michael Y. (27 December 2013).
1686:
1469:Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
1443:
1186:
1126:
1077:
2273:
2242:Emerging Infectious Diseases Style Guide
2216:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
2213:New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide
2030:Microbiology: Principles and Exploration
394:
263:. Gram staining is not used to classify
1782:10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012
961:
123:, who developed the technique in 1884.
27:Investigative procedure in microbiology
2836:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain
2104:
2094:
1533:"Stain theory – What a mordant is not"
1400:
1390:
1274:Ryan, K. J.; Ray, C. G., eds. (2004).
973:"Gram Stain: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
788:(exceptions being some members of the
657:, the gram-positive forms made up the
194:in the morgue of the city hospital in
142:. They are stained pink or red by the
1742:
1740:
1738:
1627:
1625:
1591:
1589:
1587:
899:and other style regimens such as the
7:
2392:"gram-pos·i·tive or Gram-pos·i·tive"
2171:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0030-2018
2057:. Vol. Appendix 3. pp. H.
1230:Milestones in Microbiology 1546–1940
1148:
1146:
792:and the insect-endosymbionts of the
224:from a vaginal swab. The small oval
112:. It may also be used to diagnose a
3277:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
2210:Waddingham, Anne (28 August 2014).
990:Colco, R. (2005). "Gram Staining".
2913:Grocott's methenamine silver stain
1979:Beveridge, Terry J. (March 1990).
1373:Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004).
25:
3403:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
3210:biochemical and immunologic tests
2546:Microbial and histological stains
993:Current Protocols in Microbiology
776:are gram-negative, including the
116:. The name comes from the Danish
3431:Minimum inhibitory concentration
3123:Manual testing: basic techniques
2396:The American Heritage Dictionary
1823:"Practical Medical Microbiology"
1731:. British Library no. GBA561951.
1650:from the original on 2017-03-24.
1424:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
931:still typically use capital for
243:technique used to differentiate
2493:10.1126/science.348.6240.1218-o
2293:, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2063:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03hs15
1997:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990
1596:Tim, Sandle (21 October 2015).
1337:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
1310:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
1002:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03cs00
996:. Appendix 3 (1): Appendix 3C.
863:is derived from the surname of
247:species into two large groups (
104:species into two large groups:
3339:Novobiocin susceptibility test
3329:Bacitracin susceptibility test
1747:Bruslind, Linda (2019-08-01).
1483:"Medical Chemical Corporation"
1119:10.1128/MMBR.24.3.261-265.1960
635:. In contrast, members of the
1:
3222:Amino acid decarboxylase test
2510:Gram staining technique video
1679:10.1128/JB.156.2.837-845.1983
1070:10.1128/JB.156.2.846-858.1983
911:usage is also common in many
288:Gram stains are performed on
3334:Optochin susceptibility test
3297:Sulfide indole motility test
3282:Phenylalanine deaminase test
1634:"Gram's Serendipitous Stain"
1471:. Prentice Hall. p. 65.
1467:Black, Jacquelyn G. (1993).
1375:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1276:Sherris Medical Microbiology
2436:Nature Reviews Microbiology
753:(LPS) is the most abundant
717:special staining procedures
3552:
2639:Periodic acid–Schiff stain
2136:10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.09.003
1753:. Oregon State University.
1632:Hardy, Jay; Maria, Santa.
834:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
726:
608:
370:Rapid decolorization with
352:Applying a primary stain (
281:
3378:Polymerase chain reaction
2272:Use search terms such as
2262:(32nd ed.). Elsevier
2028:Black, Jacquelyn (2012).
1942:10.3389/fmicb.2021.557902
1928:Frontiers in Microbiology
1827:University of Al-Qadisiya
1507:Leboffe, Michael (2014).
1171:10.1128/br.16.1.1-29.1952
406:
403:
400:
3368:Analytical profile index
2781:Light Green SF yellowish
2772:Masson's trichrome stain
2731:Auramine–rhodamine stain
2363:"Gram negative/positive"
1246:Translation is also at:
1225:English translation in:
1215:Fortschritte der Medizin
945:Bacterial cell structure
883:, can be either capital
623:(except for the classes
336:(left) and pink-stained
1985:Journal of Bacteriology
1667:Journal of Bacteriology
1159:Bacteriological Reviews
1107:Bacteriological Reviews
1058:Journal of Bacteriology
1046:"Cellular responses of
667:Lactobacillus, Bacillus
3302:Triple sugar iron test
2898:Schaeffer–Fulton stain
2868:Gömöri trichrome stain
2367:BusinessDictionary.com
1877:Molecular Microbiology
806:Bacillus, Butyrivibrio
742:
729:Gram-negative bacteria
723:Gram-negative bacteria
611:Gram-positive bacteria
606:
587:Gram-positive bacteria
396:Summary of Gram stain
341:
233:
110:gram-negative bacteria
106:gram-positive bacteria
82:
67:cocci, in purple) and
53:A Gram stain of mixed
46:
3360:point-of-care testing
3041:Cultures by body site
2994:clinical microbiology
2873:Luxol fast blue stain
2748:Auramine phenol stain
2309:CollinsDictionary.com
2159:Microbiology Spectrum
1841:"The Acid Fast Stain"
1776:(2): TBS-0015-2012-.
1770:Microbiology Spectrum
1227:Brock, T. D. (1999).
1101:Austrian, R. (1960).
782:green sulfur bacteria
739:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
736:
594:
331:
217:
56:Staphylococcus aureus
52:
33:
3319:Voges–Proskauer test
3227:Bile solubility test
3082:Cultures by organism
3015:Isolation techniques
2918:Warthin–Starry stain
2791:Phosphomolybdic acid
1750:General Microbiology
1600:. Elsevier Science.
1436:10.1128/JCM.02523-06
1211:Gram, Hans Christian
891:, depending on what
881:eponymous adjectives
828:Mycobacterium leprae
3426:McFarland standards
3416:Disk diffusion test
3411:Beta-lactamase test
3344:Lancefield grouping
3324:X and V factor test
3292:Salt tolerance test
3167:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
3130:Colonial morphology
2934:Tissue stainability
2706:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2566:Perls Prussian blue
2448:10.1038/nrmicro3480
2398:. Houghton Mifflin.
1718:Introductory Essays
1641:Hardy's Diagnostics
950:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
865:Hans Christian Gram
823:Mycobacterium bovis
397:
306:cerebrospinal fluid
284:Pathogenic bacteria
269:phylogenetic groups
236:Gram staining is a
188:Hans Christian Gram
121:Hans Christian Gram
3495:Inoculation needle
2908:Bielschowsky stain
2810:Van Gieson's stain
2776:Lillie's trichrome
1845:www2.Highlands.edu
1403:has generic name (
1054:to the Gram stain"
913:scientific journal
751:Lipopolysaccharide
743:
713:acid-fast bacteria
607:
395:
342:
324:Staining mechanism
234:
172:gram-indeterminate
96:), is a method of
83:
47:
3531:Danish inventions
3503:
3502:
3480:Biosafety cabinet
3439:
3438:
3287:Reverse CAMP test
3107:
3106:
3089:Bacterial culture
2959:
2958:
2760:Connective tissue
2238:"Preferred Usage"
2039:978-0-470-54109-8
1891:10.1111/mmi.14469
1728:978-0-387-24143-2
1384:978-0-8385-8529-0
1349:10.1080/714028139
1321:978-0-13-066271-2
1240:978-1-55581-142-6
1048:Bacillus subtilis
855:Orthographic note
794:Enterobacteriales
641:Dehalococcoidetes
555:) interacts with
491:
490:
100:used to classify
16:(Redirected from
3543:
3490:Inoculation loop
3388:Rapid strep test
3120:
3012:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2786:Biebrich scarlet
2539:
2532:
2525:
2516:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2369:. Archived from
2359:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2333:on June 5, 2020.
2319:
2313:
2312:
2311:. HarperCollins.
2301:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1991:(3): 1609–1620.
1976:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1821:Hashem, Hams H.
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1733:
1732:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1593:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1539:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1430:(4): 1113–1117.
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1244:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1190:
1155:"THE GRAM STAIN"
1150:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1052:Escherichia coli
1041:
1032:
1031:
987:
981:
980:
969:
705:and Thermoplasma
565:
564:
563:
554:
553:
552:
542:
541:
540:
528:
527:
526:
517:
516:
515:
506:
505:
504:
398:
363:The addition of
318:septic arthritis
261:fungal infection
221:Candida albicans
192:Carl Friedländer
114:fungal infection
70:Escherichia coli
21:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3536:1884 in biology
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3435:
3397:
3353:
3262:Methyl red test
3209:
3208:Manual testing:
3203:
3162:India ink stain
3152:Acid-fast stain
3115:
3103:
3077:
3053:Genital culture
3036:
3032:Selective media
3004:
2996:
2990:
2960:
2955:
2929:
2814:
2768:trichrome stain
2754:
2666:
2643:
2615:
2570:
2548:
2543:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2442:(10): 620–630.
2429:
2428:
2424:
2413:"Gram-positive"
2411:
2410:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2345:"Gram-positive"
2343:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2305:"Gram-positive"
2303:
2302:
2298:
2291:Merriam-Webster
2287:"gram–positive"
2285:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2181:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2130:(7–8): 289–92.
2121:
2120:
2116:
2103:
2093:
2073:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1851:on 10 June 2017
1839:
1838:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1543:on 9 March 2016
1537:StainsFile.info
1531:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1012:
989:
988:
984:
977:medlineplus.gov
971:
970:
963:
958:
941:
857:
802:
774:bacterial phyla
731:
725:
613:
589:
584:
562:
560:
559:
558:
556:
551:
548:
547:
546:
544:
539:
537:
536:
535:
533:
525:
523:
522:
521:
519:
514:
512:
511:
510:
508:
503:
501:
500:
499:
497:
381:Counterstaining
332:Purple-stained
326:
286:
280:
238:bacteriological
212:
180:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3549:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:Automated and
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Coagulase test
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3113:Identification
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3094:Fungal culture
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Throat culture
3060:
3058:Sputum culture
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2992:Techniques in
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2925:Wright's stain
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Fast Green FCF
2793:
2788:
2783:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2724:Methylene blue
2721:
2715:Carbol fuchsin
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:Gentian violet
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:External links
2502:
2499:
2498:
2487:(6240): 1218.
2471:
2422:
2417:Dictionary.com
2401:
2383:
2354:
2336:
2314:
2296:
2278:
2251:
2229:
2223:978-0199570027
2222:
2202:
2179:
2165:(4): 425–446.
2149:
2114:
2105:|journal=
2072:978-0471729259
2071:
2045:
2038:
2020:
1966:
1913:
1884:(3): 659–671.
1862:
1832:
1813:
1756:
1734:
1727:
1702:
1673:(2): 837–845.
1653:
1621:
1606:
1583:
1554:
1524:
1518:978-1617312809
1517:
1499:
1474:
1459:
1410:
1383:
1362:
1343:(3): 111–118.
1327:
1320:
1291:
1285:978-0838585290
1284:
1266:
1239:
1202:
1142:
1113:(3): 261–265.
1093:
1033:
1011:978-0471729259
1010:
982:
960:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:
940:
937:
856:
853:
849:cell membranes
801:
798:
786:Pseudomonadota
737:Gram negative
727:Main article:
724:
721:
679:Staphylococcus
633:Actinomycetota
609:Main article:
602:surrounded by
595:Gram-stain of
588:
585:
583:
580:
561:
549:
538:
524:
513:
507:and chloride (
502:
494:Crystal violet
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:carbol fuchsin
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
437:
433:
432:
429:
426:
424:crystal violet
421:
417:
416:
415:Gram-negative
413:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:Application of
393:
392:
389:Carbol fuchsin
378:
368:
361:
354:crystal violet
325:
322:
314:synovial fluid
279:
276:
226:chlamydospores
218:Gram stain of
211:
208:
179:
176:
156:Lugol's iodine
136:crystal violet
118:bacteriologist
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3548:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:Anaerobic jar
3461:
3457:
3456:Growth medium
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3393:Monospot test
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3099:Viral culture
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3073:Wound culture
3071:
3069:
3068:Urine culture
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Blood culture
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Movat's stain
2886:
2884:
2883:Moeller stain
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Janus Green B
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:H&E stain
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Cresyl violet
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:Kinyoun stain
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:Methyl violet
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2621:Carbohydrates
2618:
2610:
2609:Sudan Black B
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2373:on 2016-10-20
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2274:gram-negative
2261:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:9781555819798
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:9780081000229
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1573:on 2017-05-26
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1401:|author=
1394:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1281:
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1251:
1248:Brock, T. D.
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1220:
1217:(in German).
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1064:(2): 846–58.
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930:
929:gram-negative
926:
925:gram-positive
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Gram-negative
906:
905:Gram-positive
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:or lowercase
886:
882:
878:
877:gram-negative
874:
873:gram-positive
870:
866:
862:
861:Gram staining
854:
852:
850:
847:around their
846:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:
824:
820:
819:
818:Mycobacterium
813:
811:
807:
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797:
795:
791:
790:Rickettsiales
787:
783:
779:
778:cyanobacteria
775:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:and pus cells
740:
735:
730:
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699:
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685:Streptococcus
681:
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669:
668:
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642:
638:
637:Chloroflexota
634:
630:
629:Negativicutes
626:
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597:gram-positive
593:
586:
581:
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472:Counter stain
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450:
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430:
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412:Gram-positive
411:
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379:
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373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
358:Heat fixation
355:
351:
350:
349:
347:
346:peptidoglycan
339:
338:gram-negative
335:
334:gram-positive
330:
323:
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311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
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277:
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253:gram-negative
250:
249:gram-positive
246:
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222:
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209:
207:
205:
202:
197:
193:
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177:
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173:
169:
168:gram-variable
163:
161:
160:cell membrane
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:peptidoglycan
129:
124:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Gram's method
91:
90:Gram staining
87:
80:
79:gram-negative
76:
72:
71:
66:
65:gram-positive
62:
58:
57:
51:
44:
43:gram-negative
41:coccus and a
40:
39:gram-positive
36:
32:
19:
3516:Bacteriology
3267:Nitrite test
3237:Citrate test
3178:Rapid tests
3157:Giemsa stain
3146:
3027:Streak plate
2951:Chromophobic
2903:Silver stain
2863:Giemsa stain
2846:Haematoxylin
2679:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2395:
2386:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:the original
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2331:the original
2326:
2323:"Gram stain"
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2264:. Retrieved
2254:
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2232:
2212:
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1988:
1984:
1932:
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1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1844:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1717:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1640:
1597:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1566:
1563:"Gram Stain"
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1536:
1527:
1508:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1487:Med-Chem.com
1486:
1477:
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1462:
1427:
1423:
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1340:
1336:
1330:
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1257:. Retrieved
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879:, which are
876:
872:
860:
858:
838:
832:
826:
822:
821:, including
816:
814:
809:
805:
803:
771:
767:
762:
758:
746:
744:
709:
701:
695:
691:Enterococcus
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
655:Historically
653:
649:
645:Deinococcota
616:
614:
600:streptococci
576:
572:
531:
492:
487:pink or red
343:
287:
273:
235:
232:in diameter.
219:
181:
171:
167:
164:
144:counterstain
125:
93:
89:
85:
84:
77:ATCC 11775,
74:
68:
63:ATCC 25923,
60:
54:
3475:Durham tube
3307:Urease test
3116:and testing
2941:Acidophilic
2893:Neutral red
2878:Methyl blue
2741:Rhodamine B
2634:Mucicarmine
2629:Alcian blue
2584:Sudan stain
2558:hemosiderin
2349:MedicineNet
1254:HOSLink.com
1165:(1): 1–29.
893:style guide
810:Clostridium
784:, and most
697:Clostridium
452:Decolorizer
420:Primary dye
407:Cell color
146:, commonly
3526:Microscopy
3510:Categories
3451:Agar plate
3247:DNAse test
3147:Gram stain
2946:Basophilic
2801:Sirius Red
2736:Auramine O
2680:Gram stain
2662:Thioflavin
2377:2016-10-20
2327:Lexico.com
1935:: 557902.
1577:2017-05-26
1221:: 185–189.
956:References
933:Gram stain
840:Mycoplasma
763:Salmonella
703:Mycoplasma
662:Firmicutes
631:) and the
625:Mollicutes
467:colorless
310:meningitis
290:body fluid
282:See also:
257:cell walls
241:laboratory
186:scientist
128:cell walls
86:Gram stain
35:Micrograph
18:Gram-stain
3485:Incubator
3444:Equipment
3373:MALDI-TOF
3272:ONPG test
3232:CAMP test
3135:Hemolysis
3002:Isolation
2701:Acid-fast
2657:Congo red
2604:Oil Red O
2594:Sudan III
2107:ignored (
2097:cite book
1908:210882600
1790:2165-0497
1616:923807961
1567:Microbugz
1393:cite book
1179:0005-3678
919:version.
917:postprint
901:AMA style
859:The term
845:cell wall
621:Bacillota
604:pus cells
302:culturing
298:infection
245:bacterial
102:bacterial
61:S. aureus
3521:Staining
3349:RPR test
3257:KOH test
3217:ALA test
3187:Catalase
3174:Wet prep
3142:Staining
2719:Fuchsine
2694:Safranin
2672:Bacteria
2599:Sudan IV
2589:Sudan II
2466:26324094
2197:51616821
2189:30003864
2144:23085510
2089:45685776
2081:19885935
1961:33746909
1900:31975449
1808:26184964
1645:Archived
1454:17301283
1357:11475313
1197:14925025
1137:13685217
1028:32452815
1020:18770544
939:See also
921:Preprint
673:Listeria
617:monoderm
582:Examples
532:Iodide (
476:safranin
385:safranin
228:are 2–4
204:bacillus
174:groups.
152:fuchsine
148:safranin
98:staining
3468:Gas-pak
3182:Oxidase
3022:Asepsis
3007:culture
2851:Eosin Y
2831:Cyanine
2649:Amyloid
2481:Science
2457:4860279
2015:1689718
1952:7969528
1855:10 June
1799:4306282
1697:6195147
1547:9 March
1492:9 March
1445:1865800
1259:27 July
1088:6195148
843:lack a
759:E. coli
755:antigen
568:mordant
460:acetone
456:alcohol
447:purple
436:Trapper
431:purple
404:Reagent
376:acetone
372:ethanol
340:(right)
278:Medical
265:archaea
178:History
140:ethanol
75:E. coli
3192:Indole
2576:Lipids
2464:
2454:
2266:5 June
2220:
2195:
2187:
2177:
2142:
2087:
2079:
2069:
2036:
2013:
2006:208639
2003:
1959:
1949:
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1898:
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1688:217902
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1188:180726
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1177:
1135:
1128:441053
1125:
1086:
1079:217903
1076:
1026:
1018:
1008:
869:eponym
867:; the
808:, and
747:diderm
694:, and
659:phylum
484:purple
464:purple
444:purple
440:iodine
428:purple
365:iodine
294:biopsy
201:typhus
196:Berlin
184:Danish
3421:Etest
3383:VITEK
3312:rapid
3252:IMViC
2819:Other
2193:S2CID
2085:S2CID
1904:S2CID
1648:(PDF)
1637:(PDF)
1024:S2CID
772:Most
383:with
296:when
37:of a
3005:and
2554:Iron
2462:PMID
2268:2020
2218:ISBN
2185:PMID
2175:ISBN
2140:PMID
2109:help
2077:PMID
2067:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2011:PMID
1957:PMID
1896:PMID
1857:2017
1804:PMID
1786:ISSN
1723:ISBN
1693:PMID
1612:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1549:2016
1513:ISBN
1494:2016
1450:PMID
1405:help
1379:ISBN
1353:PMID
1316:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1261:2010
1235:ISBN
1193:PMID
1175:ISSN
1133:PMID
1084:PMID
1050:and
1016:PMID
1006:ISBN
927:and
875:and
831:and
761:and
627:and
316:for
312:and
308:for
251:and
210:Uses
170:and
108:and
45:rod.
3197:PYR
2489:doi
2485:348
2452:PMC
2444:doi
2167:doi
2132:doi
2128:302
2059:doi
2001:PMC
1993:doi
1989:172
1947:PMC
1937:doi
1886:doi
1882:113
1794:PMC
1778:doi
1683:PMC
1675:doi
1671:156
1440:PMC
1432:doi
1345:doi
1183:PMC
1167:doi
1123:PMC
1115:doi
1074:PMC
1066:doi
1062:156
998:doi
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