Staining - Knowledge (XXG)

1060:, or PAP staining, was developed to replace fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in hopes of decreasing staining times and cost without compromising quality. This stain is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from a variety of tissue types in various organs. PAP staining has endured several modifications in order to become a “suitable alternative” for FNAC. This transition stemmed from the appreciation of wet fixed smears by scientists preserving the structures of the nuclei opposed to the opaque appearance of air dried Romanowsky smears. This led to the creation of a hybrid stain of wet fixed and air dried known as the ultrafast papanicolaou stain. This modification includes the use of nasal saline to rehydrate cells to increase cell transparency and is paired with the use of alcoholic formalin to enhance colors of the nuclei. The papanicolaou stain is now used in place of cytological staining in all organ types due to its increase in morphological quality, decreased staining time, and decreased cost. It is frequently used to stain 955:. Prior to the development of more efficient methods, this stain was performed using the Wirtz method with heat fixation and counterstain. Through the use of malachite green and a diluted ratio of carbol fuchsin, fixing bacteria in osmic acid was a great way to ensure no blending of dyes. However, newly revised staining methods have significantly decreased the time it takes to create these stains. This revision included substitution of carbol fuchsin with aqueous Safranin paired with a newly diluted 5% formula of malachite green. This new and improved composition of stains was performed in the same way as before with the use of heat fixation, rinsing, and blotting dry for later examination. Upon examination, all endospore forming bacteria will be stained green accompanied by all other cells appearing red. 1900: 1132:). PAS is commonly used on liver tissue where glycogen deposits are made which is done in efforts to distinguish different types of glycogen storage diseases. PAS is important because it can detect glycogen granules found in tumors of the ovaries and pancreas of the endocrine system, as well as in the bladder and kidneys of the renal system. Basement membranes can also show up in a PAS stain and can be important when diagnosing renal disease. Due to the high volume of carbohydrates within the cell wall of hyphae and yeast forms of fungi, the Periodic acid -Schiff stain can help locate these species inside tissue samples of the human body. 570:(an aqueous suspension of carbon particles). After drying, the microorganisms may be viewed in bright field microscopy as lighter inclusions well-contrasted against the dark environment surrounding them. Negative staining is able to stain the background instead of the organisms because the cell wall of microorganisms typically has a negative charge which repels the negatively charged stain. The dyes used in negative staining are acidic. Note: negative staining is a mild technique that may not destroy the microorganisms, and is therefore unsuitable for studying pathogens. 1402:

helps open the spore's membrane so the dye can enter. The main purpose of this stain is to show germination of bacterial spores. If the process of germination is taking place, then the spore will turn green in color due to malachite green and the surrounding cell will be red from the safranin. This stain can also help determine the orientation of the spore within the bacterial cell; whether it being terminal (at the tip), subterminal (within the cell), or central (completely in the middle of the cell).

1468: 1255: 1443:(AO) is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein. Like fluorescein, it is also useful as a non-specific stain for backlighting conventionally stained cells on the surface of a solid sample of tissue (fluorescence backlighted staining). 27: 1099: 2001:, and other biological tissue materials. It is mostly used in a .5-2% ph form making it neutral and is paired with water to make an aqueous solution. Phosphotungstic acid is filled with electron dense matter that stains the background surrounding the specimen dark and the specimen itself light. This process is not the normal positive technique for staining where the specimen is dark and the background remains light. 1005: 2016:. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy. It is also used for the staining of various polymers for the study of their morphology by TEM. 1419:(CHP) staining allows for an easy, direct way to stain denatured collagens of any type (Type I, II, IV, etc.) regardless if they were damaged or degraded via enzymatic, mechanical, chemical, or thermal means. They work by refolding into the collagen triple helix with the available single strands in the tissue. CHPs can be visualized by a simple 1625:. Acid fuchsin is used as the nuclear and cytoplasmic stain in Mallory's trichrome method. Acid fuchsin stains cytoplasm in some variants of Masson's trichrome. In Van Gieson's picro-fuchsine, acid fuchsin imparts its red colour to collagen fibres. Acid fuchsin is also a traditional stain for mitochondria (Altmann's method). 592:

Differential staining uses multiple stains per slide. Based on the stains being used, organisms with different properties will appear different colors allowing for categorization of multiple specimens. Differential staining can also be used to color different organelles within one organism which can be seen in

1710:. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue colour develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as 923:

organisms appear red or pink due to their counterstain. Due to the presence of higher lipid content, after alcohol-treatment, the porosity of the cell wall increases, hence the CVI complex (crystal violet – iodine) can pass through. Thus, the primary stain is not retained. In addition, in contrast to

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in cartilage and mast cells, and components of lignin and plastids in plant tissues. Safranine should not be confused with saffron, an expensive natural dye that is used in some methods to impart a yellow colour to collagen, to contrast with blue and red colours imparted by other dyes to nuclei and

1580:(also known as eosin Y ws or eosin yellowish); it has a very slightly yellowish cast. The other eosin compound is eosin B (eosin bluish or imperial red); it has a very faint bluish cast. The two dyes are interchangeable, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of preference and tradition. 1401:

The Wirtz-Conklin stain is a special technique designed for staining true endospores with the use of malachite green dye as the primary stain and safranin as the counterstain. Once stained, they do not decolourize. The addition of heat during the staining process is a huge contributing factor. Heat

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Simple Staining is a technique that only uses one type of stain on a slide at a time. Because only one stain is being used, the specimens (for positive stains) or background (for negative stains) will be one color. Therefore, simple stains are typically used for viewing only one organism per slide.

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staining). However, these stains are eventually toxic to the organism, some more so than others. Partly due to their toxic interaction inside a living cell, when supravital stains enter a living cell, they might produce a characteristic pattern of staining different from the staining of an already

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is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells. Propidium iodide is used as a DNA stain in flow cytometry to evaluate cell viability or DNA content in cell cycle analysis, or in microscopy to visualise the nucleus and other DNA-containing organelles. Propidium Iodide cannot

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is used for both negative and positive staining alike, the type of chromophore used in this technique is a positively charged ion instead of a negative one. The negatively charged cell wall of many microorganisms attracts the positively charged chromophore which causes the specimen to absorb the

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Different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue, and these properties are used to advantage to reveal specific parts or areas. Some of the most common biological stains are listed below. Unless otherwise marked, all of these dyes may be used with fixed cells and

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counterstain to (mark all bacteria). Gram status, helps divide specimens of bacteria into two groups, generally representative of their underlying phylogeny. This characteristic, in combination with other techniques makes it a useful tool in clinical microbiology laboratories, where it can be

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and an intense brown color to mast cells. One default of this stain is that it blots out any other structure surrounding it and makes the quality of the contrast low. It has to be paired with other stains in order to be useful. Some complementing stains used alongside Bismark brown are

207:) or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied. The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues. 819:

The smear is first treated with chloroform to remove fats . Smear applied with Alberts stain which contains cationic dyes such as toluidine blue and malachite green. Toluidine blue preferentially stains granules while malachite green stains cytoplasm.

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are used to view live organisms and can be made using water and certain stains. The liquid is added to the slide before the addition of the organism and a coverslip is placed over the specimen in the water and stain to help contain it within the

945:, which make bacteria very difficult to kill. Bacterial spores have proven to be difficult to stain as they are not permeable to aqueous dye reagents. Endospore staining is particularly useful for identifying endospore-forming bacterial 522:), and found to meet or exceed certain standards of purity, dye content and performance in staining techniques ensuring more accurately performed experiments and more reliable results. These standards are published in the commission's journal 215:

staining involves colouring cells or structures that have been removed from their biological context. Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for

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is very volatile and extremely toxic. It is a strong oxidizing agent as the osmium has an oxidation number of +8. It aggressively oxidizes many materials, leaving behind a deposit of non-volatile osmium in a lower oxidation state.

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in cervical and vaginal tissues during "Pap smear" follow up examinations in preparation for biopsy. The acetic acid causes the abnormal cells to blanch white, while the normal tissues stain a mahogany brown from the iodine.

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While ex vivo, many cells continue to live and metabolize until they are "fixed". Some staining methods are based on this property. Those stains excluded by the living cells but taken up by the already dead cells are called

1553:. DAPI binds with A=T rich repeats of chromosomes. DAPI is also not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells. DAPI-stained cells are especially appropriate for cell counting. 1149:

is (as the name implies) a three-colour staining protocol. The recipe has evolved from Masson's original technique for different specific applications, but all are well-suited to distinguish cells from surrounding

1576:. Eosin may also be used as a counterstain in some variants of Gram staining, and in many other protocols. There are actually two very closely related compounds commonly referred to as eosin. Most often used is 1857:

cross the membrane of live cells, making it useful to differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and healthy cells. PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining

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usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis. In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide. For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a

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Smear is treated for hydrolysis to release purines from DNA, purines to cause shift form furanose to aldehyde. Aldehyde groups are available to react with schiff's reagent to form addition compounds.

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Smear treated with C.P.C. which dissociates to form positively charged cetyl pyridinium and negatively charged chloride ions. Positively charged ions are adsorbed on negatively charged cell wall

1667:. Often used in fluorescence microscopy for DNA staining, Hoechst stains appear yellow when dissolved in aqueous solutions and emit blue light under UV excitation. There are two major types of 3091:

is an independent non-profit company that has been testing dyes since the early 1920s and issuing Certificates of approval for batches of dyes that meet internationally recognized standards.

3596: 1043:, colouring them bright red. In a skillfully made H&E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) acquire different shades of pink. 583:

stain giving it the color of the stain being used. Positive staining is more commonly used than negative staining in microbiology. The different types of positive staining are listed below.

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Lipids are stained with fat soluble dyes like Sudan black. On application of Sudan black-B dyes move into lipids and are retained there while cytoplasm is counter stained with safranin.

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globules inside cells, staining them red. Nile red can be used with living cells. It fluoresces strongly when partitioned into lipids, but practically not at all in aqueous solution.

1211:). This stain develops varying colors for all cell structures (“Romanowsky-Giemsa effect) and thus was used in staining neutrophil polymorphs and cell nuclei. Common variants include 529:

Some vendors sell stains "certified" by themselves rather than by the Biological Stain Commission. Such products may or may not be suitable for diagnostic and other applications.

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Sellors JW, Sankaranarayanan R (eds.). "Chapter 4: An introduction to colposcopy: indications for colposcopy, instrumentation, principles and documentation of results".

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Polysaccharide is oxidized with periodate to form polyaldehyde which reacts with Schiff's reagents to red color, while cytoplasm is counter stained with malachite green

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and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Although it will not stain healthy cells, it can be used to identify cells that are in the final stages of

1610:(AO) in viable cell counting. This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence. 1636:(hematoxylin in North America) is a nuclear stain. Used with a mordant, haematoxylin stains nuclei blue-violet or brown. It is most often used with eosin in the 3589: 228:

Crystal violet stains both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. Treatment with alcohol removes the crystal violet colour from gram negative organisms only.

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most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and a secondary cell membrane made primarily of lipopolysaccharide.

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Prieto D, Aparicio G, Morande PE, Zolessi FR (September 2014). "A fast, low cost, and highly efficient fluorescent DNA labeling method using methyl green".

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fixed cell (e.g. "reticulocyte" look versus diffuse "polychromasia"). To achieve desired effects, the stains are used in very dilute solutions ranging from

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To demonstrate the presence of DNA in cell. But for detection of the DNA, RNA should be selectively destroyed by acid hydrolysis without affecting DNA

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Penney DP, Powers JM, Frank M, Willis C, Churukian C (2002). "Analysis and testing of biological stains--the Biological Stain Commission Procedures".

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is equally volatile and even more aggressive than osmium tetraoxide and able to stain even materials that resist the osmium stain, e.g. polyethylene.

526:. Many dyes are inconsistent in composition from one supplier to another. The use of BSC-certified stains eliminates a source of unexpected results. 4153: 1297: 203:

or intravital staining) is the process of dyeing living tissues. By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting colours, their form (

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Corey L (March 1986). "Laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. Principles guiding the development of rapid diagnostic tests".

164:. Light microscopes are used for viewing stained samples at high magnification, typically using bright-field or epi-fluorescence illumination. 1899: 4075: 3525: 3042: 3000: 2981: 2768: 2527: 2359: 2309: 2246: 1781:

is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable. Also used to stain blood films in cytology.

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is used commonly with bright-field, as well as fluorescence microscopes to dye the chromatin of cells so that they are more easily viewed.

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Staining is not limited to only biological materials, since it can also be used to study the structure of other materials; for example, the

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Primary stain: Crystal violet applied to film then treated with iodine (mordant), alcohol (decolourizer) and counter stained with safranin

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or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell

3889: 321:, which may itself consist of several steps, aims to preserve the shape of the cells or tissue involved as much as possible. Sometimes 2785: 1242:(white blood cells) can be readily distinguished. All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites such as 748:

Capsules can be observed as clear zones surrounding cells of capsulated bacteria and are used to demonstrate the presence of capsules.

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substitution on the terminal hydroxyl group (i.e. an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage

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is used to kill, adhere, and alter the specimen so it accepts stains. Most chemical fixatives (chemicals causing fixation) generate

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and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. A

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The incorrect spelling "safranin" is in common use. The -ine ending is appropriate for safranine O because this dye is an amine.

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The preparatory steps involved depend on the type of analysis planned. Some or all of the following procedures may be required.

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Bezrukov AV (2017-01-02). "Romanowsky staining, the Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority".

1602:. Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in 523: 1679:. The two compounds are functionally similar, but with a little difference in structure. Hoechst 33258 contains a terminal 782:

Mordant acts to thicken flagella before staining and increases visibility microscopically when stained with Leifson stain

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group and is thus more soluble in aqueous solution, however this characteristics reduces its ability to penetrate the

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Unlike negative staining, positive staining uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background. While

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Wells J (1988). "A Technique for Staining the Superficial Cells of Plucked Hair Follicles and Other Solid Tissues".

2602: 1845:. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. 3834: 1039:

stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red. Eosin is strongly absorbed by

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in Gram's staining, iodine enhances the entrance of the dye through the pores present in the cell wall/membrane.

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Primary stain Malachite green heat fixed to penetrate spores; vegetative cells are counterstained with Safranin

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is stain that makes cells or structures more visible, when not completely visible with the principal stain.

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Separate non-decolorized acid fast bacteria that are not decolorized from colorized non-acid fast bacteria

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are chemical agents which have power of making dyes to stain materials which otherwise are unstainable

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Conn's Biological Stains: A Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine

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to increase their mechanical strength and stability and to make them easier to cut into thin slices.

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samples. They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of

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is considered a polychrome staining effect and is based on a combination of eosin plus (chemically

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is used to determine gram status to classifying bacteria broadly based on the composition of their

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a) Basic mordant: React with acidic dyes e.g. alum, ferrous sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride etc.

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Film stained with hot Z.N.C.F. decolourised (acid-alcohol) and counter stain with methylene blue

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nonspecifically stains proteins a strong blue colour. It is often used in gel electrophoresis.

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To detect the presence of lipids in cell wall, cell membrane or fat globules (PHB in cytoplasm)

3884: 2926: 1485:, while Carmine alum is a nuclear stain. Carmine stains require the use of a mordant, usually 1467: 1254: 4138: 4128: 4092: 3924: 3701: 3537: 3372: 3246: 3241: 3038: 3019: 2996: 2977: 2901: 2832: 2764: 2686: 2643: 2584: 2533: 2523: 2463: 2420: 2412: 2355: 2305: 2279: 2242: 2120: 2108: 1884: 1838: 1725: 1329: 1239: 1216: 1212: 1151: 549: 542: 333:

and other substances within the sample, increasing their rigidity. Common fixatives include

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as counterstain is used to colour the gram negative organisms that got decolorised by alcohol.

144:) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and 106: 3100: 1208: 4102: 4000: 3500: 3398: 2893: 2822: 2814: 2791: 2739: 2678: 2635: 2574: 2564: 2515: 2455: 2402: 2271: 2116: 2080: 2009: 1951: 1853: 1588: 1451: 1378: 1189: 1183: 1081: 489: 250: 246: 62: 35: 1336:

reduce silver solution to metallic silver after being exposed to the stain that contains a

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Hematoxylin and Toluidine blue which provide better contrast within the histology sample.

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that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining.

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The granules show the typical monochromatism nature, this is used to demonstrate granules

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is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to

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Schaeffer AB, Fulton MD (February 1933). "A Simplified Method of Staining Endospores".

2192: 2189:- a type of in vivo stain that creates contrast in the x-ray part of the light spectrum 2128: 2124: 2104: 2052: 2048: 1998: 1986: 1778: 1573: 1523: 1337: 1321: 1293: 1220: 1200: 1040: 987: 983: 896: 559: 200: 149: 110: 78: 70: 3574: 2682: 2325: 4133: 4122: 4068: 4005: 3799: 3711: 3685: 3680: 3660: 3495: 3470: 3438: 3322: 3313: 3297: 3221: 2100: 2084: 1819: 1752: 1711: 1668: 1652: 1622: 1569: 1511:

stains the acidic components of the neuronal cytoplasm a violet colour, specifically

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Bacterial suspension smeared along with Congo red and the Maneval's stain is applied

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Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners' manual

2186: 2150: 2076: 2072: 1879:(or Safranine O) is a red cationic dye. It binds to nuclei (DNA) and other tissue 1767: 1729: 1715: 1633: 1341: 1269: 1224: 1171: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1102: 1065: 1032: 350: 334: 262: 221: 157: 141: 125: 102: 31: 3453: 2884:

Kiernan JA (2001). "Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes".

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is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy.

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b) Acidic mordant : React with basic dyes e.g. picric acid, tannic acid etc.

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Technique used to enhance visual contrast of specimens observed under a microscope

2519: 292:(Howey, 2000). Note that many stains may be used in both living and fixed cells. 4087: 3804: 3563: 3505: 3490: 3353: 3196: 3170: 2459: 2174: 1959: 1927: 1916: 1789: 1688: 1546: 1542: 1390: 1358: 1353: 1262: 1235: 1106: 1013: 1004: 579: 554:

A simple staining method for bacteria that is usually successful, even when the

346: 242: 238: 3073: 2897: 562:. This can be achieved by smearing the sample onto the slide and then applying 537: 4063: 3759: 3558: 3413: 3348: 3292: 3274: 2818: 2725:"Modified bismarck brown staining for demonstration of soft tissue mast cells" 1947: 1880: 1823: 1793: 1512: 913: 478: 148:

can serve similar purposes. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in

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Used with common vinegar (acetic acid), Lugol's solution is used to identify

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Bacteria: Purple capsule, bacterial cell, stands out against dark background

3985: 3844: 3269: 3216: 3206: 2156: 1931: 1876: 1865: 1804: 1756: 1703: 1641: 1595: 1565: 1527: 1454:(also Bismarck brown Y or Manchester brown) imparts a yellow colour to acid 1386: 1374: 1366: 1167: 1061: 1028: 942: 892: 679:

Characterizes bacteria in one of two groups, Gram positive or Gram negative

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Table represents Indirect Staining Techniques and mordants applied in each:

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red. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes.

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for eukaryotic cells). Those that enter and stain living cells are called

3961: 3869: 3809: 3786: 3331: 3306: 3284: 3211: 3201: 3088: 2553:"Modified ultrafast Papanicolaou staining technique: A comparative study" 2060: 1815: 1680: 1618: 1486: 1482: 1370: 1310: 1285: 1159: 1121: 1069: 946: 908: 563: 342: 229: 211: 168: 66: 3121: 1807:(or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. It may be used with living cells. 1640:(haematoxylin and eosin) staining, one of the most common procedures in 1432:

tissues; vital dyes (suitable for use with living organisms) are noted.

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Positive affinity for a specific stain may be designated by the suffix

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are often used. Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of

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Smear stained with Hiss stain following treatment with copper sulphate

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utilizes Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, often including

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Vital Staining for Protozoa and Related Temporary Mounting Techniques

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is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the

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As in light microscopy, stains can be used to enhance contrast in

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were so named because of their ability to absorb a violet stain.

1822:. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a 860:

Detects the accumulation of polysaccharide granules in the cells

3166: 2354:(4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 412. 1538: 1163: 1009: 3578: 3131: 2514:. Essentials in Cytopathology. Vol. 12. pp. 143–189. 1974:. Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used. 3094: 2761:

An efficient method for counting DAPI-stained cells using Fiji

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Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include:

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Most of the dyes commonly used in microscopy are available as

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This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured

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Detects the presence of endospores in six genera of bacteria

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purple. Crystal violet is the stain used in Gram staining.

485:, and allows larger dye molecules into the cell's interior. 3018:(5th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2993:

Histological and Histochemical Methods. Theory and Practice

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when staining with either acid or basic dyes. In contrast,

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light and showing strong blue fluorescence when bound to

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at the microscopic level. Stains may be used to define

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for bacteria. It can also be used to directly stain

1659:-benzimidazole derivative compound that binds to the 986:

that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as

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Stone, Rebecca B.; Steele, John C. H. (2009-07-01).

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Organisms are stained in the color of applied stain

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Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)

1008:Microscopic view of a histologic specimen of human 639:Used to highlight microbes and illustrate cellular 3011: 2494:The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 502:; these slices can then be mounted and inspected. 477:involves treatment of cells with (usually) a mild 1834:Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide) 1621:may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or 1606:. The stain may also be used in conjunction with 3122:Frequently asked questions in staining exercises 2326:"Vendors List - The Biological Stain Commission" 2295: 2293: 2165:: the use of antisera to label specific antigens 1526:, when combined with a suitable mordant, stains 2976:(5th ed.). London: Churchill-Livingstone. 2790:. The World Health Organization. Archived from 1888:cytoplasm in animal (including human) tissues. 973:is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of 941:is used to identify the presence or absence of 2974:Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 2671:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 3590: 3143: 2505: 2503: 1962:tissues do not take up coloured dye readily. 1158:and muscle fibers, blue or green staining of 665:Organism is stained, the background is black 364:Mordants are classified into two categories: 8: 2931:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 912:important in early selection of appropriate 3097:Reference for dyes and staining techniques. 3732: 3624: 3597: 3583: 3575: 3150: 3136: 3128: 2859:Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry 1926:. For example, tissues that stain with an 1116:is a histology special stain used to mark 816:Metachromatic granules (Alberts's method) 2826: 2743: 2578: 2568: 2406: 1309:silver solution to metallic silver after 826:Granules: Bluish black, Cytoplasm: Green 1911:Tissues which take up stains are called 1316:. This method was discovered by Italian 1298:temperature gradient gel electrophoresis 635:e.g. Methylene blue, Safranin°≤×←→ etc. 603: 384: 2872:Principles of Biological Microtechnique 2204: 2012:is used in optical microscopy to stain 1841:is used in optical microscopy to stain 834:Intracellular lipids (Burdon's method) 751:Capsule: Light violet/pale mauve color 349:. Pieces of tissue may be embedded in 128:, it involves adding a class-specific ( 3449:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain 2927:thefreedictionary.com > amphophilic 2510:Gill GW (2013). "Papanicolaou Stain". 2496:(2nd ed.). Longman Group Limited. 2395:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1598:– such cells have much more permeable 1515:bodies. Often used in brain research. 1481:is an intensely red dye used to stain 682:Gram positive appears purple in color 555: 3037:. New York: Oxford University Press. 796:Nuclear material (Feulgen technique) 788:Flagella: Red Vegetative cells: Blue 656:Smear mixed with Nigrosin and spread 447:Loeffler's mordant (20%Tannic acid ) 34:specimen, sandwiched between a glass 7: 3117:Photomicrographs of Histology Stains 2972:Bancroft JD, Gamble M, eds. (2002). 2492:Bancroft J, Stevens A, eds. (1982). 2232: 2230: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 1064:specimens. It uses a combination of 735:A: Hiss method (Positive technique) 693:Acid fast (Ziehl-Neelsen technique) 684:Gram negative appears pink in color 394:Name of Indirect Staining Technique 382:Staining with the aid of a mordant. 3890:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test 3035:Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy 3010:Presnell JK, Schreibman MP (1997). 2300:Horobin R, Kiernan J, eds. (2002). 1737:pre-cancerous and cancerous changes 1203:(containing its oxidation products 919:On most Gram-stained preparations, 854:Polysaccharide (Hotch kuss method) 738:B: Manevals's technique (Negative) 113:populations (classifying different 3526:Grocott's methenamine silver stain 3014:Humason's Animal tissue Techniques 1296:. Silver staining is also used in 1031:to examine thin tissue sections. 805:Nuclear material- pinkish purple, 785:Demonstrates presence of flagella 14: 4016:Antibiotic susceptibility testing 3823:biochemical and immunologic tests 3159:Microbial and histological stains 2183:: separation of protein molecules 1474:staining of a parasitic flatworm. 467:Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid) 465:Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid) 61:(microscopic study of biological 4044:Minimum inhibitory concentration 3736:Manual testing: basic techniques 2551:Thakur M, Guttikonda VR (2017). 1972:transmission electron microscopy 1166:, light red or pink staining of 994:Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) 4154:Biological techniques and tools 3089:The Biological Stain commission 2886:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2807:Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2628:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2376:Elementary Microbiology Vol - I 2264:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2177:: stains that do not kill cells 1905:hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) 1903:Main staining types when using 1259:Gömöri methenamine silver stain 1035:stains cell nuclei blue, while 1025:Haematoxylin and eosin staining 771:Cell wall: Red Cytoplasm: Blue 524:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 445:Tannic acid in Leifson's stain 3952:Novobiocin susceptibility test 3942:Bacitracin susceptibility test 3124:at Sridhar Rao P.N's home page 2874:. pp. 329 ff. London: Methuen. 2861:. Iowa State University Press. 2857:Berlyn GP, Miksche JP (1976). 1340:. An example of this would be 1320:, by using a reaction between 768:Stains cell wall of bacterium 633:Smear stain with single dye . 1: 3835:Amino acid decarboxylase test 2683:10.1016/s0732-8893(86)80049-9 2640:10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285 2330:biologicalstaincommission.org 1826:stain; it will accumulate in 605:Types of staining techniques 376:Carried out without mordant. 3947:Optochin susceptibility test 3910:Sulfide indole motility test 3895:Phenylalanine deaminase test 3107:Speaking of Fixation: Part 1 3079:Resources in other libraries 2723:Tomov N, Dimitrov N (2017). 2520:10.1007/978-1-4614-4933-1_10 2239:Fundamentals of Microbiology 1687:. Hoechst 33342 contains an 1417:Collagen hybridizing peptide 1412:Collagen hybridizing peptide 1406:Collagen hybridizing peptide 1154:. Most recipes produce red 779:Flagella (Leifson's method) 713:Endospore (Dornor's method) 481:. This treatment dissolves 175:or the domain structures of 101:(highlighting, for example, 89:that focus on the study and 2460:10.1126/science.77.1990.194 2145:Biological Stain Commission 843:Lipid granules: Deep blue, 566:(a black synthetic dye) or 516:Biological Stain Commission 4172: 3252:Periodic acid–Schiff stain 2933:, 3 ed. 2007 Elsevier, Inc 2898:10.1080/bih.76.5-6.261.278 2732:Trakia Journal of Sciences 1938:for tissues that stain by 1792:(or toluylene red) stains 1753:Gimenez staining technique 1545:nuclear stain, excited by 1409: 1351: 1181: 1139: 1094:Periodic acid–Schiff stain 1091: 1050: 997: 976:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 962: 931: 881: 762:Cell wall (Dyar's method) 587:Simple versus differential 558:methods fail, is to use a 547: 18: 3991:Polymerase chain reaction 3074:Resources in your library 2819:10.1007/s00418-014-1215-0 173:semi-crystalline polymers 121:within individual cells. 21:Staining (disambiguation) 3981:Analytical profile index 3394:Light Green SF yellowish 3385:Masson's trichrome stain 3344:Auramine–rhodamine stain 2745:10.15547/tjs.2017.03.001 2408:10.1309/AJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA 2304:. Taylor & Francis. 1498:Coomassie brilliant blue 1427:Common biological stains 1230:All are used to examine 1142:Masson's trichrome stain 1078:Light Green SF yellowish 641:shapes and arrangements 397:Name of mordant applied 2948:cmrf.research.uiowa.edu 2237:Pommerville JC (2017). 1895:Stainability of tissues 1421:fluorescence microscope 1265:(illustrated in black). 702:Acid fast bacteria:Red 57:are frequently used in 3915:Triple sugar iron test 3511:Schaeffer–Fulton stain 3481:Gömöri trichrome stain 2995:. Banbury, UK: Scion. 2677:(3 Suppl): 111S–119S. 2159:: the study of tissues 2097:potassium ferrocyanide 2093:potassium ferricyanide 2069:lanthanum(III) nitrate 1930:may be referred to as 1908: 1475: 1284:(for example type III 1266: 1219:, May-Grunwald stain, 1110: 1027:is frequently used in 1021: 903:(as a mordant), and a 845:Cytoplasm: Light pink 724:Vegetative cells: Red 662:Study cell morphology 545: 441:b.) Loeffler's method 69:(microscopic study of 39: 4149:Scientific techniques 3973:point-of-care testing 3654:Cultures by body site 3607:clinical microbiology 3486:Luxol fast blue stain 3361:Auramine phenol stain 2570:10.4103/JOC.JOC_23_16 1942:stains (most notably 1902: 1470: 1257: 1101: 1058:Papanicolaou staining 1007: 952:Clostridium difficile 899:to stain cell walls, 895:. Gram staining uses 807:Cytoplasm- colorless 540: 458:a.) Fontana's method 438:a.) Leifson's method 259:brilliant cresyl blue 29: 3932:Voges–Proskauer test 3840:Bile solubility test 3695:Cultures by organism 3628:Isolation techniques 3531:Warthin–Starry stain 3404:Phosphomolybdic acid 2163:Immunohistochemistry 2153:: the study of cells 2089:phosphomolybdic acid 1983:Phosphotungstic acid 1978:Phosphotungstic acid 1706:as an indicator for 1326:potassium dichromate 1114:Periodic acid-Schiff 1012:tissue stained with 863:Polysaccharide: Red 704:Non acid fast: Blue 630:Simple (Monochrome) 512:BSC-certified stains 461:b.) Becker's method 456:Spirochete Staining 418:a.) Ringer's method 19:For other uses, see 4039:McFarland standards 4029:Disk diffusion test 4024:Beta-lactamase test 3957:Lancefield grouping 3937:X and V factor test 3905:Salt tolerance test 3780:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 3743:Colonial morphology 3547:Tissue stainability 3319:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 3179:Perls Prussian blue 2991:Kiernan JA (2015). 2794:on 31 January 2019. 2759:Levenfus I (2011). 2557:Journal of Cytology 2452:1933Sci....77..194S 2352:Staining Procedures 2113:sodium chloroaurate 2038:Ruthenium tetroxide 2033:Ruthenium tetroxide 1966:Electron microscopy 1604:gel electrophoresis 1278:histologic sections 1199:) and demethylated 1105:showing the fungus 971:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 965:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 613:Staining Technique 606: 416:Cell Wall Staining 387: 162:gel electrophoresis 146:fluorescent tagging 4108:Inoculation needle 3521:Bielschowsky stain 3423:Van Gieson's stain 3389:Lillie's trichrome 3113:– by M. Halit Umar 2065:indium trichloride 2045:ammonium molybdate 1909: 1885:glycosaminoglycans 1476: 1267: 1147:Masson's trichrome 1111: 1053:Papanicolaou stain 1022: 939:Endospore staining 934:Endospore staining 722:Endospores: Green 653:Negative (Relief) 604: 594:endospore staining 546: 436:Flagella Staining 421:b.) Dyar's method 385: 380:Indirect Staining: 255:New Methylene Blue 99:biological tissues 40: 4116: 4115: 4093:Biosafety cabinet 4052: 4051: 3900:Reverse CAMP test 3720: 3719: 3702:Bacterial culture 3572: 3571: 3373:Connective tissue 3060:Library resources 3044:978-0-19-508956-1 3033:Ruzin SE (1999). 3002:978-1-907904-32-5 2983:978-0-443-06435-7 2870:Baker JR (1958). 2770:978-3-640-86284-9 2529:978-1-4614-4932-4 2361:978-0-683-01707-6 2311:978-1-85996-099-8 2276:10.1080/714028210 2248:978-1-284-10095-2 2219:Parker N (2012). 2121:thiosemicarbazide 2109:silver proteinate 1950:when staining in 1839:Osmium tetraoxide 1334:rgyrophilic cells 1304:Argentaffin cells 1190:Romanowsky stains 1152:connective tissue 870: 869: 865:Cytoplasm: Green 574:Positive staining 556:positive staining 550:Negative staining 543:negative staining 533:Negative staining 472: 471: 251:supravital stains 107:connective tissue 4161: 4103:Inoculation loop 4001:Rapid strep test 3733: 3625: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3576: 3399:Biebrich scarlet 3152: 3145: 3138: 3129: 3048: 3029: 3017: 3006: 2987: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2940: 2934: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2881: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2830: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2763:. Munich: Grin. 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2706:Stain Technology 2701: 2695: 2694: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2572: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2472: 2471: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2410: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2350:Clark G (1981). 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2171:, a protein dye. 2117:thallium nitrate 2081:lead(II) nitrate 2027: 2026: 2025: 2010:Osmium tetroxide 2005:Osmium tetroxide 1854:Propidium iodide 1849:Propidium iodide 1726:Lugol's solution 1589:Ethidium bromide 1584:Ethidium bromide 1379:Osmium tetroxide 1184:Romanowsky stain 1082:Bismarck Brown Y 1080:, and sometimes 607: 475:Permeabilization 425:10% Tannic acid 405:Gram's Staining 388: 374:Direct Staining: 291: 290: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 271: 247:propidium iodide 177:block copolymers 36:microscope slide 4171: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4048: 4010: 3966: 3875:Methyl red test 3822: 3821:Manual testing: 3816: 3775:India ink stain 3765:Acid-fast stain 3728: 3716: 3690: 3666:Genital culture 3649: 3645:Selective media 3617: 3609: 3603: 3573: 3568: 3542: 3427: 3381:trichrome stain 3367: 3279: 3256: 3228: 3183: 3161: 3156: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3032: 3026: 3009: 3003: 2990: 2984: 2971: 2967: 2965:Further reading 2962: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2892:(5–6): 261–78. 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2852: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2530: 2512:Cytopreparation 2509: 2508: 2501: 2491: 2490: 2475: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2270:(5–6): 237–75. 2261: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2201: 2141: 2133:vanadyl sulfate 2057:ferric chloride 2035: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2007: 1999:polysaccharides 1980: 1968: 1897: 1874: 1863: 1851: 1836: 1813: 1802: 1794:Nissl substance 1787: 1776: 1765: 1749:Malachite green 1746: 1744:Malachite green 1697: 1685:plasma membrane 1650: 1631: 1616: 1608:acridine orange 1586: 1574:red blood cells 1559: 1536: 1521: 1506: 1495: 1465: 1449: 1441:Acridine orange 1438: 1436:Acridine orange 1429: 1414: 1408: 1399: 1356: 1350: 1270:Silver staining 1252: 1186: 1180: 1144: 1138: 1096: 1090: 1055: 1049: 1041:red blood cells 1002: 996: 967: 961: 936: 930: 886: 880: 875: 658:into thin film 602: 589: 576: 552: 535: 508: 506:Standardization 298: 288: 285: 282: 280: 275: 272: 269: 267: 191: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3971:Automated and 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3855:Coagulase test 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3739: 3737: 3730: 3726:Identification 3722: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3707:Fungal culture 3704: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3676:Throat culture 3673: 3671:Sputum culture 3668: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3605:Techniques in 3604: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3538:Wright's stain 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3409:Fast Green FCF 3406: 3401: 3396: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3337:Methylene blue 3334: 3328:Carbol fuchsin 3311: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3302:Gentian violet 3289: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054:External links 3052: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3030: 3024: 3007: 3001: 2988: 2982: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2935: 2919: 2876: 2863: 2850: 2797: 2776: 2769: 2751: 2738:(3): 195–197. 2715: 2696: 2661: 2618: 2594: 2563:(3): 149–153. 2543: 2528: 2499: 2473: 2430: 2381: 2367: 2360: 2342: 2317: 2310: 2289: 2254: 2247: 2226: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193:Diaphonization 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2137: 2129:uranyl nitrate 2125:uranyl acetate 2105:silver nitrate 2053:carbohydrazide 2049:cadmium iodide 2034: 2031: 2022: 2006: 2003: 1987:negative stain 1979: 1976: 1967: 1964: 1896: 1893: 1873: 1870: 1862: 1859: 1850: 1847: 1835: 1832: 1812: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1786: 1783: 1779:Methylene blue 1775: 1774:Methylene blue 1772: 1764: 1761: 1745: 1742: 1732:more visible. 1696: 1693: 1649: 1648:Hoechst stains 1646: 1630: 1627: 1615: 1612: 1585: 1582: 1570:cell membranes 1558: 1555: 1535: 1532: 1524:Crystal violet 1520: 1519:Crystal violet 1517: 1505: 1502: 1494: 1493:Coomassie blue 1491: 1464: 1461: 1452:Bismarck brown 1448: 1447:Bismarck brown 1445: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1410:Main article: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389:in diagnosing 1359:Sudan staining 1352:Main article: 1349: 1346: 1330:Golgi's method 1322:silver nitrate 1272:is the use of 1261:demonstrating 1251: 1248: 1221:Leishman stain 1217:Jenner's stain 1213:Wright's stain 1201:methylene blue 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1140:Main article: 1137: 1134: 1092:Main article: 1089: 1086: 1051:Main article: 1048: 1045: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 988:methylene blue 984:carbol fuchsin 963:Main article: 960: 957: 932:Main article: 929: 926: 897:crystal violet 882:Main article: 879: 876: 874: 871: 868: 867: 861: 858: 855: 852: 848: 847: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 827: 824: 821: 817: 814: 810: 809: 803: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 756: 755: 749: 746: 740: 731: 727: 726: 720: 717: 714: 711: 707: 706: 700: 697: 694: 691: 687: 686: 680: 677: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663: 660: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 637: 631: 628: 624: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 601: 598: 588: 585: 575: 572: 560:negative stain 548:Main article: 534: 531: 507: 504: 483:cell membranes 470: 469: 463: 454: 450: 449: 443: 434: 430: 429: 423: 414: 410: 409: 408:Gram's iodine 406: 403: 399: 398: 395: 392: 327:chemical bonds 297: 294: 234: 233: 201:vital staining 190: 181: 171:structures of 152:, and to flag 150:flow cytometry 79:histopathology 73:), and in the 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144:Staining dyes 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4076:Anaerobic jar 4074: 4070: 4069:Growth medium 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4006:Monospot test 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3712:Viral culture 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3686:Wound culture 3684: 3682: 3681:Urine culture 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:Blood culture 3659: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3501:Movat's stain 3499: 3497: 3496:Moeller stain 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3471:Janus Green B 3469: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3454:H&E stain 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3439:Cresyl violet 3437: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323:Kinyoun stain 3320: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298:Methyl violet 3296: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3234:Carbohydrates 3231: 3223: 3222:Sudan Black B 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3103:~ Howey, 2000 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3025:9780801854019 3021: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813:(3): 335–45. 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2446:(1990): 194. 2445: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:ruthenium red 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:periodic acid 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:sulfuric acid 1817: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:Gram staining 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:Hoechst 33342 1674: 1673:Hoechst 33258 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638:H&E stain 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619:Acid fuchsine 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1509:Cresyl violet 1504:Cresyl violet 1503: 1501: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1397:Wirtz-Conklin 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:Sudan Black B 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1347: 1345: 1344:or formalin. 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Camillo Golgi 1315: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1130:proteoglycans 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:carbohydrates 1115: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1001: 1000:H&E stain 993: 991: 989: 985: 980: 978: 977: 972: 966: 959:Ziehl-Neelsen 958: 956: 954: 953: 948: 944: 940: 935: 927: 925: 922: 921:Gram-negative 917: 915: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:Gram staining 885: 884:Gram staining 877: 872: 866: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 849: 846: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 829: 825: 822: 818: 815: 812: 811: 808: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 757: 754: 750: 747: 745: 741: 739: 736: 732: 729: 728: 725: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 708: 705: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 688: 685: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 659: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 638: 636: 632: 629: 626: 625: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 608: 599: 597: 595: 586: 584: 581: 573: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 551: 544: 539: 532: 530: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 505: 503: 501: 497: 492: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 468: 464: 462: 459: 455: 452: 451: 448: 444: 442: 439: 435: 432: 431: 428: 424: 422: 419: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 401: 400: 396: 393: 390: 389: 383: 381: 377: 375: 371: 368: 365: 362: 360: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:heat fixation 320: 319: 314: 312: 311:field of view 307: 306: 301: 295: 293: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 231: 227: 226: 225: 223: 219: 214: 213: 208: 206: 202: 199:(also called 198: 196: 189: 185: 182: 180: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 158:nucleic acids 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:carbohydrates 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:muscle fibers 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:cytopathology 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 28: 22: 3880:Nitrite test 3850:Citrate test 3791:Rapid tests 3770:Giemsa stain 3640:Streak plate 3564:Chromophobic 3516:Silver stain 3476:Giemsa stain 3459:Haematoxylin 3158: 3064: 3034: 3013: 2992: 2973: 2951:. Retrieved 2947: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2853: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2792:the original 2786: 2779: 2760: 2754: 2735: 2731: 2718: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2634:(1): 29–35. 2631: 2627: 2621: 2610:. Retrieved 2606: 2597: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2511: 2493: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2375: 2370: 2351: 2345: 2333:. Retrieved 2329: 2320: 2301: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2238: 2221:Microbiology 2220: 2187:Barium enema 2077:lead citrate 2073:lead acetate 2042: 2036: 2008: 1985:is a common 1981: 1969: 1960:chromophobic 1955: 1923: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1890: 1883:, including 1875: 1864: 1852: 1837: 1814: 1803: 1788: 1777: 1768:Methyl green 1766: 1763:Methyl green 1747: 1734: 1724: 1718:. Used as a 1716:microbiology 1698: 1676: 1672: 1661:minor groove 1660: 1656: 1651: 1634:Haematoxylin 1632: 1629:Haematoxylin 1623:mitochondria 1617: 1614:Acid fuchsin 1592:intercalates 1587: 1560: 1537: 1522: 1507: 1496: 1477: 1450: 1439: 1430: 1415: 1400: 1357: 1342:hydroquinone 1333: 1303: 1302: 1268: 1229: 1225:Giemsa stain 1187: 1170:, and black 1145: 1126:glycoprotein 1112: 1103:PAS diastase 1066:haematoxylin 1056: 1047:Papanicolaou 1033:Haematoxylin 1023: 981: 974: 968: 950: 937: 918: 887: 864: 844: 806: 752: 743: 737: 734: 723: 703: 683: 657: 640: 634: 619:Application 616:Preparation 590: 577: 553: 528: 519: 511: 509: 488: 487: 474: 473: 466: 460: 457: 446: 440: 437: 427:0.34% C.P.C 426: 420: 417: 379: 378: 373: 372: 369: 366: 363: 356: 355: 351:paraffin wax 335:formaldehyde 316: 315: 303: 302: 299: 263:reticulocyte 239:vital stains 235: 222:counterstain 210: 209: 193: 192: 187: 183: 166: 126:biochemistry 123: 42: 41: 32:histological 4088:Durham tube 3920:Urease test 3729:and testing 3554:Acidophilic 3506:Neutral red 3491:Methyl blue 3354:Rhodamine B 3247:Mucicarmine 3242:Alcian blue 3197:Sudan stain 3171:hemosiderin 2828:11336/35891 2223:. OpenStax. 2175:Vital stain 1956:amphophilic 1936:acidophilic 1932:azurophilic 1928:azure stain 1917:Chromosomes 1790:Neutral red 1785:Neutral red 1702:is used in 1566:cytoplasmic 1547:ultraviolet 1543:fluorescent 1391:steatorrhea 1354:Sudan stain 1263:histoplasma 1236:bone marrow 1172:cell nuclei 1107:Histoplasma 1014:hematoxylin 914:antibiotics 580:chromophore 541:Example of 347:picric acid 296:Preparation 243:trypan blue 115:blood cells 47:microscopic 4123:Categories 4064:Agar plate 3860:DNAse test 3760:Gram stain 3559:Basophilic 3414:Sirius Red 3349:Auramine O 3293:Gram stain 3275:Thioflavin 3095:StainsFile 2953:2020-04-16 2612:2020-04-16 2401:(1): 5–6. 2199:References 1954:dyes, and 1948:basophilic 1881:polyanions 1824:lipophilic 1714:, used in 1568:material, 1528:cell walls 1240:leukocytes 1178:Romanowsky 943:endospores 873:Techniques 479:surfactant 305:Wet mounts 205:morphology 119:organelles 83:hematology 77:fields of 30:A stained 4098:Incubator 4057:Equipment 3986:MALDI-TOF 3885:ONPG test 3845:CAMP test 3748:Hemolysis 3615:Isolation 3314:Acid-fast 3270:Congo red 3217:Oil Red O 3207:Sudan III 2607:labce.com 2538:1574-9053 2417:0002-9173 2157:Histology 1913:chromatic 1877:Safranine 1872:Safranine 1866:Rhodamine 1861:Rhodamine 1805:Nile blue 1800:Nile blue 1704:chemistry 1642:histology 1600:membranes 1596:apoptosis 1387:fecal fat 1375:Oil Red O 1367:Sudan III 1338:reductant 1276:to stain 1168:cytoplasm 1062:Pap smear 1029:histology 947:pathogens 928:Endospore 893:cell wall 568:India ink 500:microtome 496:pap smear 345:, and/or 91:diagnoses 59:histology 4139:Pigments 4129:Staining 3962:RPR test 3870:KOH test 3830:ALA test 3800:Catalase 3787:Wet prep 3755:Staining 3332:Fuchsine 3307:Safranin 3285:Bacteria 3212:Sudan IV 3202:Sudan II 3065:Staining 2929:Citing: 2914:32479873 2906:11871748 2845:11094194 2837:24671497 2656:37401579 2648:28098484 2589:28701828 2468:17741261 2425:19864226 2335:25 March 2284:12564600 2151:Cytology 2139:See also 2061:hexamine 1816:Nile red 1811:Nile red 1681:hydroxyl 1487:aluminum 1483:glycogen 1371:Sudan IV 1314:fixation 1311:formalin 1286:collagen 1282:proteins 1160:collagen 1122:glycogen 1070:Orange G 949:such as 909:safranin 733:Capsule 610:Sr. No. 564:nigrosin 490:Mounting 358:Mordants 343:methanol 331:proteins 329:between 318:Fixation 230:Safranin 218:fixation 212:In vitro 197:staining 188:In vitro 169:lamellar 154:proteins 134:proteins 95:diseases 67:cytology 43:Staining 4081:Gas-pak 3795:Oxidase 3635:Asepsis 3620:culture 3464:Eosin Y 3444:Cyanine 3262:Amyloid 2691:3009082 2580:5492752 2448:Bibcode 2440:Science 1991:viruses 1924:-philic 1720:mordant 1669:Hoechst 1653:Hoechst 1578:eosin Y 1479:Carmine 1472:Carmine 1463:Carmine 1244:malaria 1209:azure B 1205:azure A 1194:reduced 1156:keratin 1074:eosin Y 905:fuchsin 622:Result 391:Sr No. 339:ethanol 195:In vivo 184:In vivo 75:medical 63:tissues 49:level. 3805:Indole 3189:Lipids 3111:Part 2 3062:about 3041: 3022: 2999: 2980: 2912: 2904: 2843: 2835: 2767: 2689: 2654: 2646: 2587: 2577: 2536: 2526: 2466: 2423: 2415: 2358: 2308: 2282: 2245: 2131:, and 2014:lipids 1995:nerves 1940:acidic 1843:lipids 1757:spores 1730:nuclei 1708:starch 1700:Iodine 1695:Iodine 1456:mucins 1381:, and 1363:lipids 1307:reduce 1288:) and 1274:silver 1250:Silver 1136:Masson 901:iodine 253:(e.g. 241:(e.g. 138:lipids 117:), or 85:, and 65:), in 51:Stains 4034:Etest 3996:VITEK 3925:rapid 3865:IMViC 3432:Other 2910:S2CID 2841:S2CID 2728:(PDF) 2652:S2CID 1952:basic 1944:eosin 1828:lipid 1689:ethyl 1655:is a 1562:Eosin 1557:Eosin 1541:is a 1513:nissl 1348:Sudan 1294:cells 1232:blood 1197:eosin 1037:eosin 1018:eosin 673:Gram 600:Types 71:cells 4134:Dyes 3618:and 3167:Iron 3109:and 3039:ISBN 3020:ISBN 2997:ISBN 2978:ISBN 2902:PMID 2833:PMID 2765:ISBN 2712:(3). 2687:PMID 2644:PMID 2585:PMID 2534:ISSN 2524:ISBN 2464:PMID 2421:PMID 2413:ISSN 2356:ISBN 2337:2018 2306:ISBN 2280:PMID 2243:ISBN 2181:PAGE 1989:for 1675:and 1539:DAPI 1534:DAPI 1332:). A 1324:and 1223:and 1207:and 1188:The 1164:bone 1162:and 1016:and 1010:lung 878:Gram 453:4.) 433:3.) 413:2.) 402:1.) 261:for 257:and 111:cell 55:dyes 53:and 3810:PYR 2894:doi 2823:hdl 2815:doi 2811:142 2740:doi 2679:doi 2636:doi 2575:PMC 2565:doi 2516:doi 2456:doi 2403:doi 2399:132 2272:doi 2018:OsO 1946:), 1915:. 1665:DNA 1663:of 1657:bis 1551:DNA 1290:DNA 1234:or 1088:PAS 907:or 851:12 831:11 813:10 650:2. 627:1. 520:BSC 289:000 286:500 279:to 276:000 245:or 186:vs 160:in 156:or 130:DNA 124:In 109:), 105:or 93:of 4125:: 3383:: 2946:. 2908:. 2900:. 2890:76 2888:. 2839:. 2831:. 2821:. 2809:. 2736:15 2734:. 2730:. 2710:63 2708:. 2685:. 2673:. 2650:. 2642:. 2632:92 2630:. 2605:. 2583:. 2573:. 2561:34 2559:. 2555:. 2532:. 2522:. 2502:^ 2476:^ 2462:. 2454:. 2444:77 2442:. 2419:. 2411:. 2397:. 2393:. 2328:. 2292:^ 2278:. 2268:77 2266:. 2229:^ 2207:^ 2135:. 2127:, 2123:, 2119:, 2115:, 2111:, 2107:, 2103:, 2099:, 2095:, 2091:, 2087:, 2083:, 2079:, 2075:, 2071:, 2067:, 2063:, 2059:, 2055:, 2051:, 2047:, 1997:, 1993:, 1759:. 1671:: 1644:. 1489:. 1423:. 1393:. 1377:, 1373:, 1369:, 1365:. 1300:. 1246:. 1227:. 1215:, 1174:. 1128:, 1124:, 1084:. 1076:, 1072:, 1068:, 990:. 969:A 916:. 793:9 776:8 759:7 730:6 710:5 690:4 670:3 596:. 341:, 337:, 313:. 179:. 140:, 136:, 132:, 81:, 3598:e 3591:t 3584:v 3387:/ 3330:/ 3321:/ 3300:/ 3169:/ 3151:e 3144:t 3137:v 3047:. 3028:. 3005:. 2986:. 2956:. 2916:. 2896:: 2847:. 2825:: 2817:: 2773:. 2748:. 2742:: 2693:. 2681:: 2675:4 2658:. 2638:: 2615:. 2591:. 2567:: 2540:. 2518:: 2470:. 2458:: 2450:: 2427:. 2405:: 2378:. 2364:. 2339:. 2314:. 2286:. 2274:: 2251:. 2023:4 1907:. 1120:( 1109:. 1020:. 518:( 283:: 281:1 273:5 270:: 268:1 38:. 23:.

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Index