1614:
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A series of metastudies have found that the explicit teaching of grammatical parts of speech and syntax has little or no effect on the improvement of student writing quality in elementary school, middle school of high school; other methods of writing instruction had far greater positive effect, including strategy instruction, collaborative writing, summary writing, process instruction, sentence combining and inquiry projects.
472:
1554:
1348:
1086:
2425:
1055:
1756:: Each Norwegian municipality can either declare one as its official language or it can remain "language neutral". Nynorsk is backed by 27 percent of municipalities. The main language used in primary schools, chosen by referendum within the local school district, normally follows the official language of its municipality.
1660:
in primary and secondary education. The main focus has been to prevent the use of outdated prescriptive rules in favor of setting norms based on earlier descriptive research and to change perceptions about the relative "correctness" of prescribed standard forms in comparison to non-standard dialects.
1443:
based on descriptions of usage in contemporary writings of the same language. Linguistic prescriptions also form part of the explanation for variation in speech, particularly variation in the speech of an individual speaker (for example, why some speakers say "I didn't do nothing", some say "I didn't
1438:
can arise. This often produces a discrepancy between contemporary usage and that which has been accepted, over time, as being standard or "correct". Linguists tend to view prescriptive grammar as having little justification beyond their authors' aesthetic tastes, although style guides may give useful
812:
90 BC), a student of
Aristarchus of Samothrace who founded a school on the Greek island of Rhodes. Dionysius Thrax's grammar book remained the primary grammar textbook for Greek schoolboys until as late as the twelfth century AD. The Romans based their grammatical writings on it and its basic format
587:
can also describe the linguistic behaviour of groups of speakers and writers rather than individuals. Differences in scale are important to this meaning: for example, English grammar could describe those rules followed by every one of the language's speakers. At smaller scales, it may refer to rules
1609:
grammar is taught in primary and secondary school. The term "grammar school" historically referred to a school (attached to a cathedral or monastery) that teaches Latin grammar to future priests and monks. It originally referred to a school that taught students how to read, scan, interpret, and
1668:
has reigned largely unchallenged throughout the history of modern French literature. Standard
Italian is based on the speech of Florence rather than the capital because of its influence on early literature. Likewise, standard Spanish is not based on the speech of Madrid but on that of educated
1515:. In other words, word order is not significant, and morphology is highly significant in a purely synthetic language, whereas morphology is not significant and syntax is highly significant in an analytic language. For example, Chinese and
2177:
2267:
Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools – A report to
Carnegie Corporation of New York.Washington, DC:Alliance for Excellent
1519:
are highly analytic, thus meaning is very context-dependent. (Both have some inflections, and both have had more in the past; thus, they are becoming even less synthetic and more "purely" analytic over time.)
2158:
1477:) are more common in the modern-day, although still extremely uncommon compared to natural languages. Many have been designed to aid human communication (for example, naturalistic
1503:
are formed), but above the level of individual sounds, which, like intonation, are in the domain of phonology. However, no clear line can be drawn between syntax and morphology.
1610:
declaim Greek and Latin poets (including Homer, Virgil, Euripides, and others). These should not be mistaken for the related, albeit distinct, modern
British grammar schools.
3189:
2456:
2246:
2486:
2071:
2011:
Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight
Chapters"), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini.
1764:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Until about 1800, it was almost exclusively a written language, but now it is so widely spoken that most of the former
1536:
to convey the same information that
Chinese does with syntax. Because Latin words are quite (though not totally) self-contained, an intelligible Latin
2960:
1540:
can be made from elements that are arranged almost arbitrarily. Latin has a complex affixation and simple syntax, whereas
Chinese has the opposite.
1495:
refers to the linguistic structure above the word level (for example, how sentences are formed) – though without taking into account
583:. Much of this internalization occurs during early childhood; learning a language later in life usually involves more direct instruction. The term
1074:
Frameworks of grammar which seek to give a precise scientific theory of the syntactic rules of grammar and their function have been developed in
1070:
which includes the object. This is in contrast to structural and functional grammar which consider the subject and object as equal constituents.
2240:
2171:
2129:
2065:
2035:
1942:
1915:
499:
1020:
From the latter part of the 18th century, grammar came to be understood as a subfield of the emerging discipline of modern linguistics. The
1242:
1236:
389:
1671:
952:
1625:
is a dialect that is promoted above other dialects in writing, education, and, broadly speaking, in the public sphere; it contrasts with
2828:
2495:
1306:
2135:
2360:
1593:
1387:
1499:, which is the domain of phonology. Morphology, by contrast, refers to the structure at and below the word level (for example, how
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3182:
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1932:
349:
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1970:
127:
3036:
2910:
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1998:
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tend to appear also, although such rules tend to describe writing conventions more accurately than conventions of speech.
1252:
994:
894:
384:
75:
2435:
1145:
329:
195:
2574:
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1405:
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449:
155:
1774:
has official status as the standard spoken form of the
Chinese language in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the
2662:
1302:
are commonly used by such frameworks to depict their rules. There are various alternative schemes for some grammar:
1176:. In such models, the object is placed into the verb phrase. The most prominent biologically-oriented theories are:
3175:
3056:
2718:
2539:
1787:
1730:
reflexes. The existence and codification of a distinct
Montenegrin standard is a matter of controversy, some treat
1427:
1262:
1194:
1150:
927:
620:
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1358:
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often has divergent meanings when used in contexts outside linguistics. It may be used more broadly as to include
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853:
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339:
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1905:
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102:
35:
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1435:
1075:
1037:
648:
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The formal study of grammar is an important part of children's schooling from a young age through advanced
3146:
2813:
2783:
2758:
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2597:
2529:
2291:
1793:
1723:
1630:
1537:
1500:
1401:
1326:
962:
845:
826:
800:), a succinct guide to speaking and writing clearly and effectively, written by the ancient Greek scholar
721:
664:
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such as spelling and punctuation, which are not typically considered as part of grammar by linguists, the
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394:
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92:
70:
65:
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constructions of a particular speech type in great detail is called descriptive grammar. This kind of
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1220:
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324:
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150:
47:
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from
Luanping, Chengde in Hebei Province near Beijing, while grammar and syntax are based on modern
3198:
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3021:
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957:
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255:
185:
160:
132:
2202:
Carter, Ronald; McCarthy, Michael (2017). "Spoken Grammar: Where are We and Where are We Going?".
1734:
as a separate standard lect, and some think that it should be considered another form of Serbian.
471:
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180:
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developed by following Greek models from the 1st century BC, due to the work of authors such as
524:
is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Grammar rules may concern the use of
3435:
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In the United States, the Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar designated 4 March as
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1321:
1271:
1224:
947:
873:
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31:
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A description, study, or analysis of such rules may also be known as a grammar, or as a
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3353:
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3126:
3046:
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2703:
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1958:
1868:
1765:
1711:
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857:
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834:
790:
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was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the Italian language, initiated by
739:
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3485:
3445:
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3262:
3247:
3237:
2818:
2793:
2627:
2160:
Structure and Function: A Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories, part 1
2051:
814:
1683:
the Spanish standard is based on the local dialects of Buenos Aires and Montevideo (
889:(10th century) is one of the earliest grammatical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible.
643:
used for writing a language. It may also be used more narrowly to refer to a set of
3338:
3086:
3006:
2873:
2753:
2637:
2617:
2105:
Pinchas Wechter, Ibn Barūn's Arabic Works on Hebrew Grammar and Lexicography (1964)
1962:
1873:
1606:
1456:
1331:
1201:
1173:
1127:
1001:
Grammars of some languages began to be compiled for the purposes of evangelism and
977:
907:
869:
592:
307:
97:
1641:
controversy because it may sometimes establish a standard defining nationality or
3283:
3232:
3222:
3210:
3001:
2975:
2858:
2622:
2549:
1553:
1478:
1460:
1452:
1451:, though the rules taught in schools are not a "grammar" in the sense that most
1431:
1347:
1067:
1063:
1025:
931:
911:
632:
608:
513:
459:
434:
55:
2305:
1992:
1613:
1434:
over time. As rules are established and developed, the prescriptive concept of
3289:
3151:
2798:
2564:
2519:
2514:
2322:"A meta-analysis of writing instruction for students in the elementary grades"
1648:
1533:
1508:
1299:
1059:
1033:
557:
536:. The term may also refer to the study of such rules, a subject that includes
429:
112:
2279:
3323:
2950:
2768:
2693:
2672:
2602:
2554:
2534:
2215:
1779:
1676:
1642:
1482:
890:
841:
770:
758:
754:
553:
549:
537:
404:
399:
235:
225:
117:
107:
2319:
Graham, Steve; McKeown, Debra; Kiuhara, Sharlene; Harris, Karen R. (2012).
1801:
1742:
1007:
Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de Los Indios de Los Reynos del Perú
2424:
1444:
do anything", and some say one or the other depending on social context).
1054:
3308:
3252:
2863:
2652:
1842:
1448:
919:
727:
704:
698:
575:
involves a speaker internalizing these rules, many or most of which are
17:
1748:
1680:
1578: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1415:
1372: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
935:
902:
880:
877:
865:
781:
743:
696:), "to draw, to write". The same Greek root also appears in the words
2338:
1715:
1492:
1486:
1049:
893:
in the 12th century, compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the
885:
651:
or are clearly acceptable (or not) without the need for discussions.
545:
529:
525:
122:
2390:. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
1782:. Pronunciation of Standard Chinese is based on the local accent of
1617:
Title page of Joseph Priestley's Rudiments of English Grammar (1761)
560:. There are, broadly speaking, two different ways to study grammar:
2321:
1726:
use their own distinct normative subvarieties, with differences in
813:
remains the basis for grammar guides in many languages even today.
2728:
1809:
1647:
1612:
1529:
1521:
1053:
967:
735:
1904:
O'Grady, William; Dobrovolsky, Michael; Katamba, Francis (1996).
647:
only, excluding the aspects of a language's grammar which do not
2280:"A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students"
1884:
1813:
1669:
speakers from more northern areas such as Castile and León (see
579:
by observing other speakers, as opposed to intentional study or
533:
3171:
2468:
2449:
1727:
1633:
but which are rarely taught prescriptively. The standardized "
1547:
1341:
1080:
2060:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 45.
795:
687:
677:
667:
1430:
of usage which are developed by repeated documentation and
769:
grammar, is mostly dated to before the 5th century AD. The
944:
Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin
2121:
Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen
2094:
The Early Karaite Tradition of Hebrew Grammatical Thought
910:, grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the
1937:(2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Longman. pp. 73–94.
1097:
773:
also made some early attempts at language description.
998:, the first grammar of German, was published in 1578.
922:. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the
2030:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16.
780:
from the 3rd century BC forward with authors such as
1507:
use syntax to convey information that is encoded by
3469:
3397:
3270:
3261:
3209:
3104:
2989:
2893:
2886:
2681:
2590:
2583:
2502:
623:others, either absolutely or in the framework of a
2320:
1910:. Harlow, Essex: Longman. pp. 4–7, 464–539.
1760:emerged from the standardized chancellery use of
1629:, which may be the objects of study in academic,
619:, a plan to marginalize some constructions while
599:describing the grammar of a language is called a
2961:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
2124:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.
1652:Cherokee language instruction at Kituwah Academy
1637:" taught in primary education may be subject to
1489:). Each of these languages has its own grammar.
607:. A fully revealed grammar, which describes the
3183:
2480:
493:
8:
3411:(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)
2229:Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike (2005).
856:in the 7th century. The first treatises on
788:. The oldest known grammar handbook is the
565:
30:For the rules of the English language, see
3267:
3190:
3176:
3168:
2890:
2587:
2487:
2473:
2465:
1050:Syntax § Theoretical syntactic models
914:, following the influence of authors from
742:(6th–5th century BC) and his commentators
500:
486:
42:
2295:
1907:Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction
1752:, the choice between which is subject to
1594:Learn how and when to remove this message
1388:Learn how and when to remove this message
1168:Other frameworks are based on an innate "
2235:(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold.
1896:
1656:Recently, efforts have begun to update
54:
2278:Graham, Steve; Perin, Dolores (2007).
1028:was first published in the 1810s. The
1005:from the 16th century onward, such as
676:), which means "art of letters", from
588:shared by smaller groups of speakers.
2916:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
2363:from the original on 12 November 2021
930:, but became influential only in the
7:
2183:from the original on 22 January 2020
2166:. John Benjamins. pp. 121–124.
1576:adding citations to reliable sources
1370:adding citations to reliable sources
1243:Head-driven phrase structure grammar
1237:Generalised phrase structure grammar
776:Grammar appeared as a discipline in
390:Conservative and innovative language
2829:Quantificational variability effect
2496:Formal semantics (natural language)
2249:from the original on 19 August 2021
2074:from the original on 24 August 2021
1934:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
1414:. Historically, with the advent of
1307:Affix grammar over a finite lattice
984:Venice 1525). The first grammar of
956:, in 1492. During the 16th-century
844:originated in the 7th century with
3304:(commands, requests, requirements)
2001:from the original on 5 August 2017
1137:(structural–functional analysis):
926:, with isolated works such as the
25:
2327:Journal of Educational Psychology
2284:Journal of Educational Psychology
2138:from the original on 28 July 2017
1997:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013.
1973:from the original on 9 March 2013
1672:Gramática de la lengua castellana
1062:: the sentence is divided into a
953:Gramática de la lengua castellana
2423:
2409:
1552:
1346:
1084:
726:The first systematic grammar of
470:
3441:Inferential/renarrative/oblique
2448:Sayce, Archibald Henry (1911).
2157:Butler, Christopher S. (2003).
1563:needs additional citations for
1357:needs additional citations for
1036:, the starting point of modern
2911:Combinatory categorial grammar
2057:Libraries in the Ancient World
1967:Online Etymological Dictionary
1455:use, particularly as they are
520:is the set of rules for how a
27:Structural rules of a language
1:
2689:Antecedent-contained deletion
2414:The dictionary definition of
1253:Government and binding theory
995:Grammatica Germanicae Linguae
895:Islamic grammatical tradition
809:
805:
747:
2028:Linguistics: An Introduction
1441:standard language employment
1146:Functional Discourse Grammar
330:Functional discourse grammar
196:Ethnography of communication
1994:Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini
1406:History of English grammars
1156:Systemic functional grammar
1015:Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás
450:Second-language acquisition
3537:
2570:Syntax–semantics interface
2444:(archived 18 January 2014)
2306:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445
1788:vernacular written Chinese
1399:
1263:Lexical functional grammar
1195:Fluid Construction Grammar
1151:Role and reference grammar
1047:
928:First Grammatical Treatise
796:
719:
688:
678:
668:
128:Syntax–semantics interface
29:
3062:Question under discussion
3012:Conversational scoreboard
2789:Intersective modification
2774:Homogeneity (linguistics)
2441:Oxford English Dictionary
1485:, and the highly logical
1249:Principles and parameters
982:Prose della volgar lingua
786:Aristarchus of Samothrace
686:), "letter", itself from
440:Philosophy of linguistics
340:Interactional linguistics
3122:Distributional semantics
1838:Constraint-based grammar
1410:Grammars evolve through
1231:Phrase structure grammar
1215:Transformational grammar
1172:", an idea developed by
876:tradition originated in
571:Fluency in a particular
36:Grammar (disambiguation)
3521:Linguistics terminology
3470:Dependent circumstances
3117:Computational semantics
2854:Subsective modification
2658:Propositional attitudes
2457:Encyclopædia Britannica
2232:Understanding Phonology
1631:descriptive linguistics
1436:grammatical correctness
1416:written representations
1120:: dependency relation (
1076:theoretical linguistics
1038:comparative linguistics
988:was written in 1583 by
617:linguistic prescription
3374:(hopes, wishes, fears)
3324:Hortative (+ subtypes)
3223:Indicative/declarative
3147:Philosophy of language
2784:Inalienable possession
2764:Free choice inferences
2759:Faultless disagreement
2530:Generalized quantifier
2353:"National Grammar Day"
1931:Holmes, Janet (2001).
1800:, the language of the
1794:Modern Standard Arabic
1724:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1693:two official standards
1653:
1618:
1459:in intent rather than
1402:Historical linguistics
1338:Development of grammar
1327:Tree-adjoining grammar
1071:
1044:Theoretical frameworks
963:Questione della lingua
854:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
827:Marcus Valerius Probus
722:History of linguistics
613:linguistic description
277:Theoretical frameworks
231:Philosophy of language
211:History of linguistics
34:. For other uses, see
3199:Linguistic modalities
3042:Plural quantification
2936:Inquisitive semantics
2901:Alternative semantics
2388:Grammar in Philosophy
2216:10.1093/applin/amu080
2092:G. Khan, J. B. Noah,
1796:is directly based on
1780:Republic of Singapore
1714:is likewise divided;
1651:
1616:
1467:Constructed languages
1418:, formal rules about
1280:-based grammar (1993)
1185:Cognitive linguistics
1057:
1048:Further information:
973:de vulgari eloquentia
720:Further information:
171:Conversation analysis
3027:Function application
2834:Responsive predicate
2824:Privative adjectives
2432:at Wikimedia Commons
2357:Quick and Dirty Tips
2024:McGregor, William B.
1876:(slip of the tongue)
1853:Higher order grammar
1821:National Grammar Day
1768:are nearly extinct.
1697:Brazilian Portuguese
1572:improve this article
1366:improve this article
1221:Generative semantics
1190:Construction grammar
1141:Danish Functionalism
1098:adding missing items
1040:, came out in 1833.
864:, in the context of
415:Internet linguistics
325:Construction grammar
3294:(promises, threats)
3112:Cognitive semantics
3077:Strawson entailment
3022:Existential closure
2966:Situation semantics
2869:Temperature paradox
2839:Rising declaratives
2804:Modal subordination
2779:Hurford disjunction
2739:Discourse relations
2204:Applied Linguistics
1864:Linguistic typology
1808:has two standards,
1806:Hindustani language
1740:has two standards,
1701:European Portuguese
1685:Rioplatense Spanish
1664:The preeminence of
1658:grammar instruction
1627:vernacular dialects
1513:synthetic languages
1030:Comparative Grammar
958:Italian Renaissance
846:Auraicept na n-Éces
566:theoretical grammar
562:traditional grammar
350:Systemic functional
145:Applied linguistics
87:General linguistics
3157:Semantics of logic
3082:Strict conditional
3052:Quantifier raising
3017:Downward entailing
2997:Autonomy of syntax
2926:Generative grammar
2906:Categorial grammar
2844:Scalar implicature
2749:Epistemic modality
2724:De dicto and de re
1654:
1619:
1524:, which is highly
1505:Analytic languages
1317:Constraint grammar
1286:Stochastic grammar
1278:Minimalist program
1268:Categorial grammar
1209:Generative grammar
1135:Functional grammar
1118:Dependency grammar
1096:; you can help by
1072:
1022:Deutsche Grammatik
940:Antonio de Nebrija
938:periods. In 1486,
761:(2nd century BC).
738:(6th century BC),
645:prescriptive norms
455:Theory of language
425:Origin of language
380:Autonomy of syntax
335:Grammaticalization
181:Discourse analysis
176:Corpus linguistics
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3203:grammatical moods
3165:
3164:
3137:Logic translation
3100:
3099:
3092:Universal grinder
3072:Squiggle operator
3032:Meaning postulate
2971:Supervaluationism
2941:Intensional logic
2921:Dynamic semantics
2882:
2881:
2714:Crossover effects
2663:Tense–aspect–mood
2643:Lexical semantics
2428:Media related to
2242:978-0-340-80735-4
2173:978-1-58811-358-0
2131:978-1-5375-0495-7
2067:978-0-300-09721-4
2037:978-0-567-58352-9
1944:978-0-582-32861-7
1917:978-0-582-24691-1
1833:Ambiguous grammar
1776:Republic of China
1623:standard language
1604:
1603:
1596:
1471:planned languages
1398:
1397:
1390:
1181:Cognitive grammar
1170:universal grammar
1114:
1113:
1066:(subject), and a
1003:Bible translation
900:Belonging to the
868:(exegesis of the
819:Orbilius Pupillus
674:grammatikḕ téchnē
625:standard language
601:reference grammar
510:
509:
298:Distributionalism
241:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
3528:
3276:(what should be)
3268:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3142:Linguistics wars
3067:Semantic parsing
2956:Montague grammar
2891:
2734:Deontic modality
2588:
2575:Truth conditions
2510:Compositionality
2503:Central concepts
2489:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2461:
2460:(11th ed.).
2453:
2427:
2413:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:10.1037/a0029185
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1880:Usage (language)
1859:Linguistic error
1848:Harmonic Grammar
1798:Classical Arabic
1784:Mandarin Chinese
1772:Standard Chinese
1720:Republika Srpska
1599:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1556:
1548:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1350:
1342:
1312:Backus–Naur form
1292:Operator grammar
1288:: probabilistic
1163:Montague grammar
1109:
1106:
1088:
1087:
1081:
946:, and the first
924:High Middle Ages
862:High Middle Ages
860:appeared in the
823:Remmius Palaemon
811:
807:
799:
798:
797:Τέχνη Γραμματική
752:
749:
691:
690:
681:
680:
671:
670:
669:γραμματικὴ τέχνη
663:is derived from
637:written language
573:language variety
548:, together with
522:natural language
502:
495:
488:
474:
420:LGBT linguistics
410:Internationalism
385:Compositionality
246:Sociolinguistics
221:Neurolinguistics
216:Interlinguistics
201:Ethnomethodology
43:
21:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3473:(what would be)
3471:
3465:
3401:
3393:
3274:
3257:
3213:
3205:
3196:
3166:
3161:
3096:
2985:
2946:Lambda calculus
2878:
2849:Sloppy identity
2809:Opaque contexts
2744:Donkey anaphora
2709:Counterfactuals
2677:
2579:
2498:
2493:
2451:"Grammar"
2447:
2406:
2401:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2297:10.1.1.462.2356
2277:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2243:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2116:Schäfer, Roland
2114:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1959:Harper, Douglas
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1829:
1778:(ROC), and the
1766:German dialects
1758:Standard German
1666:Parisian French
1600:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1569:
1557:
1546:
1424:Formal grammars
1408:
1400:Main articles:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1351:
1340:
1322:Lambda calculus
1272:lambda calculus
1225:Semantic Syntax
1122:Lucien Tesnière
1110:
1104:
1101:
1085:
1052:
1046:
948:Spanish grammar
840:The grammar of
831:Verrius Flaccus
802:Dionysius Thrax
765:, the earliest
750:
724:
718:
657:
635:conventions of
615:contrasts with
506:
465:
464:
375:
367:
366:
278:
270:
269:
265:Writing systems
156:Anthropological
146:
138:
137:
88:
80:
39:
32:English grammar
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:Generic/gnomic
3245:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Inferentialism
3129:
3127:Formal grammar
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Possible world
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:Glue semantics
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2894:Formal systems
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Polarity items
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:Conservativity
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:Quantification
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Presupposition
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2405:
2404:External links
2402:
2400:
2399:
2386:Rundle, Bede.
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2344:
2333:(4): 879–896.
2311:
2290:(3): 445–476.
2270:
2260:
2241:
2221:
2194:
2172:
2149:
2130:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2066:
2052:Casson, Lionel
2043:
2036:
2015:
1984:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1916:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:Paragrammatism
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1712:Serbo-Croatian
1691:has, for now,
1635:first language
1602:
1601:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1501:compound words
1420:language usage
1396:
1395:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1228:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1089:
1045:
1042:
916:Late Antiquity
858:Hebrew grammar
850:Arabic grammar
835:Aemilius Asper
791:Art of Grammar
732:Iron Age India
730:originated in
717:
714:
656:
653:
597:reference work
508:
507:
505:
504:
497:
490:
482:
479:
478:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
445:Prescriptivism
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
279:
276:
275:
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271:
268:
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262:
253:
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243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
79:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3533:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Interrogative
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3403:(what may be)
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Necessitative
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Performatives
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Logophoricity
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Evidentiality
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2420:at Wiktionary
2419:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
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1836:
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1824:
1822:
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1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
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1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
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1698:
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1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1587:
1584:December 2021
1577:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:This section
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(also called
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:advice about
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:codifications
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1421:
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1407:
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1355:This section
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1239:(late 1970s)
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1092:This list is
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1069:
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1061:
1058:A generative
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852:emerged with
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828:
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815:Latin grammar
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751: 200 BC
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3436:Hypothetical
3410:
3402:
3379:Desiderative
3373:
3368:
3314:Deliberative
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3275:
3214:
3087:Type shifter
3057:Quantization
3007:Continuation
2874:Veridicality
2754:Exhaustivity
2719:Cumulativity
2638:Indexicality
2618:Definiteness
2613:Conditionals
2540:Logical form
2455:
2439:
2416:
2387:
2365:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2231:
2224:
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2203:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2159:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2120:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2056:
2046:
2027:
2018:
2010:
2003:. Retrieved
1993:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1966:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1899:
1874:Speech error
1818:
1792:
1770:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1705:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1620:
1607:Prescriptive
1605:
1590:
1581:
1570:Please help
1565:verification
1562:
1491:
1481:, schematic
1474:
1470:
1465:
1457:prescriptive
1446:
1440:
1409:
1384:
1375:
1364:Please help
1359:verification
1356:
1332:X-bar theory
1298:
1223:(1970s) and
1202:Word grammar
1174:Noam Chomsky
1167:
1128:Link grammar
1102:
1073:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1006:
1000:
993:
990:Adam Bohorič
981:
978:Pietro Bembo
971:
961:
951:
943:
908:liberal arts
901:
899:
884:
870:Hebrew Bible
839:
789:
775:
725:
709:
703:
697:
693:
683:
673:
660:
658:
633:orthographic
628:
604:
603:or simply a
600:
593:grammar book
590:
584:
570:
517:
511:
308:Glossematics
288:Constituency
260:interpreting
98:Lexicography
40:
3481:Conditional
3461:Subjunctive
3456:Speculative
3384:Imprecative
3364:Propositive
3359:Prohibitive
3284:Benedictive
3002:Context set
2976:Type theory
2859:Subtrigging
2623:Disjunction
2550:Proposition
2367:12 November
2253:11 November
2078:11 November
1762:High German
1754:controversy
1732:Montenegrin
1710:variant of
1534:inflections
1479:Interlingua
1461:descriptive
1432:observation
1300:Parse trees
1068:verb phrase
1064:noun phrase
1026:Jacob Grimm
1013:grammar by
932:Renaissance
912:Middle Ages
771:Babylonians
763:Tolkāppiyam
641:conventions
627:. The word
609:grammatical
581:instruction
514:linguistics
460:Terminology
435:Orthography
355:Usage-based
256:Translating
151:Acquisition
56:Linguistics
3505:Categories
3431:Dubitative
3421:Assumptive
3349:Permissive
3334:Injunctive
3329:Imperative
3290:Commissive
3238:Evidential
3228:Aggressive
3152:Pragmatics
2799:Mirativity
2565:Speech act
2520:Entailment
2515:Denotation
2396:0198246129
2380:References
2268:Education.
2187:19 January
2142:17 January
2005:23 October
1689:Portuguese
1509:inflection
1497:intonation
1105:March 2018
1094:incomplete
1060:parse tree
1034:Franz Bopp
1009:(1560), a
942:published
918:, such as
710:photograph
558:pragmatics
542:morphology
430:Orismology
315:Functional
303:Generative
293:Dependency
113:Pragmatics
103:Morphology
93:Diachronic
3451:Potential
3426:Deductive
3399:Epistemic
3354:Precative
3300:Directive
3233:Energetic
3215:(what is)
2951:Mereology
2887:Formalism
2769:Givenness
2694:Cataphora
2682:Phenomena
2673:Vagueness
2603:Ambiguity
2555:Reference
2535:Intension
2525:Extension
2438:from the
2292:CiteSeerX
1963:"Grammar"
1823:in 2008.
1738:Norwegian
1677:Argentina
1643:ethnicity
1639:political
1544:Education
1526:synthetic
1517:Afrikaans
1483:Esperanto
1453:linguists
1378:June 2020
1255:) (1980s)
1251:grammar (
891:Ibn Barun
778:Hellenism
759:Patanjali
755:Katyayana
659:The word
655:Etymology
621:codifying
554:semantics
550:phonetics
538:phonology
405:Iconicity
400:Etymology
320:Cognitive
283:Formalist
236:Phonetics
226:Philology
118:Semantics
108:Phonology
3486:Eventive
3389:Optative
3370:Volitive
3309:Debitive
3263:Irrealis
3253:Mirative
3105:See also
2990:Concepts
2864:Telicity
2699:Coercion
2653:Negation
2648:Modality
2598:Anaphora
2361:Archived
2247:Archived
2210:: 1–20.
2178:Archived
2136:Archived
2118:(2016).
2072:Archived
2054:(2001).
2026:(2015).
1999:Archived
1971:Archived
1843:Grammeme
1827:See also
1718:and the
1538:sentence
1475:conlangs
1449:learning
920:Priscian
728:Sanskrit
705:grapheme
699:graphics
694:gráphein
577:acquired
206:Forensic
186:Distance
133:Typology
48:a series
46:Part of
18:Grammars
3516:Writing
3511:Grammar
3416:Alethic
3339:Jussive
3319:Dynamic
3272:Deontic
3242:Sensory
2608:Binding
2436:Grammar
2430:Grammar
2417:grammar
1977:8 April
1749:Nynorsk
1708:Serbian
1681:Uruguay
1530:affixes
1528:, uses
1227:(1990s)
1217:(1960s)
1011:Quechua
986:Slovene
936:Baroque
903:trivium
881:Baghdad
878:Abbasid
874:Karaite
872:). The
866:Midrash
782:Rhyanus
744:Pingala
734:, with
716:History
689:γράφειν
661:grammar
629:grammar
605:grammar
585:grammar
530:phrases
526:clauses
518:grammar
161:Applied
71:History
66:Outline
3211:Realis
3037:Monads
2584:Topics
2394:
2294:
2239:
2170:
2128:
2096:(2000)
2064:
2034:
1941:
1914:
1804:. The
1802:Qur'an
1743:Bokmål
1716:Serbia
1675:). In
1493:Syntax
1487:Lojban
1245:(1985)
1124:1959)
992:, and
960:, the
886:Diqduq
883:. The
833:, and
757:, and
740:Pāṇini
708:, and
684:grámma
679:γράμμα
649:change
556:, and
546:syntax
544:, and
532:, and
476:Portal
374:Topics
123:Syntax
2729:De se
2633:Focus
2591:Areas
2560:Scope
2181:(PDF)
2164:(PDF)
1891:Notes
1855:(HOG)
1810:Hindi
1522:Latin
1412:usage
968:Dante
842:Irish
767:Tamil
736:Yaska
665:Greek
534:words
76:Index
3201:and
2392:ISBN
2369:2021
2255:2020
2237:ISBN
2189:2020
2168:ISBN
2144:2020
2126:ISBN
2080:2020
2062:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2007:2017
1979:2010
1939:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1885:Usus
1814:Urdu
1812:and
1746:and
1706:The
1699:and
1679:and
1532:and
1426:are
1404:and
934:and
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784:and
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564:and
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251:Text
2981:TTR
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2302:doi
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