1346:, according to opposition website reports. Activists said police used tear gas, pepper spray and batons to disperse people gathering to commemorate Grand Ayatollah Montazeri in the Seyed mosque. People had gathered at the main mosque for the memorial service, but when they arrived the doors were closed and security forces told them to leave. Afterwards, security forces began beating people, including women and children with batons, chains and stones, used tear gas and pepper spray and arrested at least 50 people, including four journalists and a cleric, Masoud Abid, who was to deliver the sermon. Many were also injured. One witness said, "They took people in the shops and beat them up mostly out of public vision although some beatings happened outside on the streets." Security forces also sealed off the home of Ayatollah
1409:. However, security officials cancelled the Ashura speech to be given by Khatami and also surrounded the mosque. A reformist website reported about 50 plainclothes forces breaking into Jamaran mosque and attacking people. Riot police also fired tear gas during the incident. Protesters shouted, "death to this dictatorship" and "if Khomeini was alive, he would sure be with us," according to witnesses. A witness also said, "Police told them they have five minutes to leave and, when they were still shouting slogans and persisted, policemen on motorbikes drove through the crowds and fired teargas." Riot police and members of the Basij also chased demonstrators into the nearby bustling
1274:
1261:
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cannot accept them... Now, consider that God
Almighty has made it incumbent upon men to cover the expenses of women... in Iran we cannot accept those laws that are against our religion... on certain occasions that these laws contradict the very clear text of the Qur'an, we cannot cooperate... Men in general (no'-e mard ha), all things considered, are productively more active—both intellectual activities and practical activities... All things considered, the intellectual and practical activities of men are more than women.
844:
943:, Montazeri wrote to Khomeini saying "at least order to spare women who have children ... the execution of several thousand prisoners in a few days will not reflect positively and will not be mistake-free ... A large number of prisoners have been killed under torture by interrogators ... in some prisons of the Islamic Republic young girls are being raped ... As a result of unruly torture, many prisoners have become deaf or paralysed or afflicted with chronic disease."
3915:
1318:
ordered by loudspeaker not to chant, breaking into shouts of "Ya
Hossein, Mir Hossein" in support of Mir Hossein Mousavi. When a crowd of pro-government supporters chanted back: "I will give my life for the supreme leader," they were booed by mourners, a witness said. The security forces prevented the Ayatollah's family from holding a planned memorial ceremony in the grand mosque of Qom following the funeral.
711:, a scholarly book advocating the supervision of the administration by Islamic jurists. He believed in the independence of the government and did not accept any executive and policy making role for the Islamic jurist. Montazeri asserted that the rule of the jurisprudent should not be an absolute rule; instead, it should be limited to the function of advisor to the rulers, who are elected by the people.
748:
1167:
1310:, a fellow reformist, to cross the street to Montazeri’s house in Qom. At that moment, a group of 30 bearded men, holding Montazeri pictures to blend into the crowd, dropped the portraits, started attacking Mousavi and shouted “death to the hypocrite.” The former candidate had to be hustled quickly into the Montazeri compound. The same thing happened when cleric
1418:
earlier hundreds of thousands of opposition supporters had staged protest marches after
Ahmadinejad's disputed re-election. Police also stopped and arrested the passengers of a bus near Enghelab Square because they were chanting pro-opposition slogans. Some protesters were reported to have chanted: "The dictator must know that he will soon be overthrown."
1203:
56:
692:
1070:, Montazeri was regarded as "brilliant" by his allies, and even his opponents; de Bellaigue added that Montazeri "lives plainly, and equates Islam with social justice". Montazeri's detractors portrayed him as stubborn and naïve in his insistence that the Islamic republic find reconciliation with the "
762:
Montazeri fell short of the theological requirements of the supreme Faqih. He could not claim descent from the
Prophet nor did he possess all the credentials of a revered scholar of Islamic law. His religious followers were few. And he lacked the all-important charisma. His selection had happened for
1338:
to return to Tehran and remove Mir
Hossein Mousavi, the main opposition leader he defeated in the presidential election, as head of the state Academy of Arts and Culture- a post he had held for ten years. Hardliners also wanted Mousavi arrested for his role in inciting unrest since the disputed June
1301:
militiamen came toward them, chanting “Death to the hypocrites,” the crowd changed to an anti-basiji slogan. Then they took out money, offering it to the basiji, and chanted that they were acting as paid mercenaries of the government: “Where is the oil money? Spent on the Basiji,” and “Basij’s great
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concerning the 29th anniversary of the revolution, stated that the revolution had given Islam a bad name, arguing "Unfortunately, it is only by name that the revolution remains
Islamic. Its content has changed, and what is taking place in the name of Islam gives a bad image of the religion. This is
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In
October 1997, after openly criticizing the authority of Khamenei, Montazeri was placed under house arrest under the pretext of protecting him from hardliners. He was freed from house arrest in 2003 after more than 100 Iranian legislators called on President Khatami to free him. Some thought that
735:
During this time, Montazeri also served as Friday prayer leader of Qom, as a member of the
Revolutionary Council and as deputy to Supreme Leader Khomeini. Khomeini began "to transfer some of his power" to Montazeri, in 1980. By 1983 "all government offices hung a small picture" of Montazeri next to
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Tension was running high at rallies in which protesters were chanting anti-government slogans in three areas of central Tehran. Government forces, including soldiers of the elite
Revolutionary Guard and the paramilitary Basiji, are said to have reacted aggressively—beating protesters with batons,
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Meanwhile, the police in Zanjan, a city of mostly
Turkish speakers, tried to prevent a mourning ceremony for Montazeri by locking the mosque where the ceremony was to be held and attacking mourners who chanted outside it. It was mentioned that: “The police beat people with such violence that many
1317:
As the funeral procession ended, security forces poured into the city, blocking roads to the Ayatollah's house and tearing down posters of the Ayatollah. Mourners were reported to have thrown stones at police who tried to stop them chanting pro-Montazeri slogans. Mourners responded defiantly when
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Some observers believe Khomeini chose him for this role solely because of his support for Khomeini's principle of theocratic rule by Islamic jurists. Khomeini's proposed form of administration called for the most learned, or one of the most learned, Islamic jurists to "rule", and of all those who
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Montazeri initially rejected Khomeini's proposal to make him his successor, insisting that the choice of successor be left to the democratically elected Assembly of Experts. Later, Montazeri relented, and following a session of the Assembly of Experts in November 1985, he was officially appointed
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In 1979, following the overthrow of the Shah, he played a pivotal role in instituting Iran's new constitution. He was one of the leaders of the movement to replace the democratic and secular draft constitution proposed for the Islamic Republic with one where the supervision of Islamic jurists was
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and modify these unjust laws because they no longer correspond with reality?", Ayatollah Montazeri responded: "Those aspects of the Islamic law that are based on the very letter of the Qur'an, the answer is no. But certain other things yes, you can, and they can be subject to changing times. But
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supporters from across Iran turned out in Montazeri's funeral and turned the funeral to a massive protest against the Iranian government. The funeral service for him began at his house and funeral prayers were held at the Grand Mosque in Qom. After the special prayers by Ayatollah Mousa Shabiri
1047:
Women are humans too... When we say humans, it includes both men and women... you see, if people around the world want to say certain things about women for example being equal to men in matters of inheritance or legal testimony, because these issues pertain to the very letter of the Qur'an, we
702:
Montazeri was known as an Islamic jurist who was made to pay for his liberal-leaning beliefs. He supported a democratic republic as the best form of government; however in his ideal model for government, an Islamic jurist acts as a supervisor and advisor, what he, along with Ayatollah Khomeini,
1417:
Opposition supporters had gathered in groups along a stretch of a main Tehran city centre route several kilometres long, but police were out in force and were not letting them join each other. Earlier, there were clashes at several points along Enghelab Street, a main thoroughfare where months
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While agreeing Iran had the right to develop nuclear energy, he called Ahmadinejad's approach to the issue aggressive, saying, "One has to deal with the enemy with wisdom, not provoke it, ... his (provocation) only creates problems for the country" and asked, "Don't we have other rights too?",
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An elderly woman travelling on a city bus in the area was heard urging passengers to chant slogans such as "Ya Hossein, Mir Hossein" in support of opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi, a witness said. The witness said passengers on the packed bus also chanted "Our Neda is not dead, it is the
1429:
news agency, where some demonstrators had sought shelter during the clashes, ISNA said, adding one of its reporters had been injured when security forces had attacked the building. An eyewitness said at least two people were injured when police chased after protesters into the building. “They
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clashed with protesters defying an order by the Iranian government banning memorial services for Montazeri. Protesters marched in Imam Khomeini Square in southern Tehran in a sign of mourning for Montazeri. The protesters chanted, "Today is a mourning day; the green nation of Iran is mourning
1296:
Although the police mostly stayed clear of the funeral, there were some skirmishes between protesters and the Basij militia. Also on 21 December, inside the Qom shrine where Montazeri’s body was laid to rest, opposition activists gathered and chanted “Death to the dictator.” When one group of
838:
The denial of people's rights, injustice and disregard for the revolution's true values have delivered the most severe blows against the revolution. Before any reconstruction , there must first be a political and ideological reconstruction... This is something that the people expect of a
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today"—a reference to the trademark color of the opposition. The police attacked the protesters with clubs and tear gas. Older women tried to prevent the arrest of young men by throwing themselves on them, and were severely beaten by officers who intended to drag the young men away.
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was instituted to deal with the problem of the lack of any remaining Grand Ayatollahs willing to accept "illimitable velayat-e faqih". However, others said the reason marjas were not elected was because of their lack of votes in the Assembly of Experts. For example, Grand Ayatollah
1189:, the official news agency of Iran, did not use the Ayatollah title in its initial reports of his death and referred to him as the "clerical figure of rioters". The state television and radio broadcasters were similar, showing the tension between the government and its opponents.
1430:
fractured the skull of one ISNA person and badly beat up another employee,” the witness said. ISNA's news service appeared to be working normally and it later issued a report on the incident, saying one of its reporters had been injured without specifying who was to blame.
1325:
There were also protests in Najafabad, birthplace of Ayatollah Montazeri. Internet videos showed protesters waving green banners and chanting, “Dictator, dictator, Montazeri is alive!” and “Oh Montazeri, your path will be followed even if the dictator shoots us all!”
1052:
When Bashi informed him that currently (2003) in Iranian universities, "some 60% of students are women" and asked him "so in future generations, when the number of professors, physicians, high-ranking experts, etc, will be mostly women, will Islam be able to have an
1364:
Police severely attacked mourners and protesters in several cities, with many wounded and arrested. The government also announced that banknotes with anti-government annotation, which recently spread across the country, will be forbidden starting from 8 January.
1441:
Witnesses said riot police fired warning shots in several areas of Tehran to deter demonstrators, many of whom chanted slogans increasingly against the country's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran's most powerful figure, rather than President Mahmoud
865:
On 26 March 1989, Khomeini strongly denounced Montazeri's actions, and two days later announced that Montazeri had resigned his post. Montazeri did not protest, issuing a message concluding, "I ask all brothers and sisters not to utter a word in my support."
802:
claims that the tensions between Montazeri and Khomeini began in around October 1986 when Montazeri sent a letter to the latter, criticising and questioning the foundation of the state. Montazeri's troubles became further evident due to his association with
1321:
According to the reformist website Kalameh, men on motorbikes, believed to be Ahmadinejad supporters, attacked the car carrying Mir Hossein Mousavi back from Qom to Tehran. They insulted Mousavi, smashed the back window and injured one of his aides.
957:
referring to individual and human rights. Montazeri also criticized the economic performance of Ahmadinejad's administration's, noting the rate of inflation—including a 50% increase in housing costs—arguing that a country cannot be run on "slogans".
1006:. The government reported that Ahmadinejad had won the election with 62 percent of the vote. Montazeri stated that "No one in their right mind can believe" the results were fairly counted. Montazeri called for three days of public mourning for the
818:
In November 1987, Montazeri created more controversy when he called for the legalization of political parties, though under strict regulation. He followed this by calling for "an open assessment of failures" of the Revolution and an end to the
719:
Shi'ism—and not Islam in general—was the official religion of the state and to state that Islamic jurists should appoint judges with the right of veto over all laws and actions that are against the Islamic principles. Later he served on the
1001:
against his reelection. Ahmadinejad was controversially reelected as president after a closely contested and disputed election, which involved many candidates, but whose leading vote-getters were Ahmadinejad and former Prime Minister
1413:
street and fired paintballs at them. The security forces also arrested several protesters. Clashes were also reported between police and protesters near another north Tehran mosque, Dar al-Zahra, which is known to host reformist
1010:
and others killed during 20 June protests. He further declared that the then current ruling government was neither Islamic nor a republic, but military. In November 2009, on the day before the 30th anniversary celebration of the
796:'s two favorite pupils. Khomeini trusted Montazeri with important responsibilities and referred to him as "the fruit of his life". Likewise, Montazeri respected and admired Khomeini's "sheer determination and unshakable faith."
1023:
While Ayatollah Montazeri has been celebrated as a champion of the rights of political prisoners, and human rights associated with the public sphere, in an interview conducted in 2003 in Qom with the Iranian feminist academic
857:
Still worse for him were the publication abroad and broadcast on the BBC of his letters condemning the post-war wave of executions in March 1989. Montazeri also criticized Khomeini's fatwa ordering the assassination of author
823:, saying that Iran should inspire by example, not train and arm allied groups. Khomeini responded the next February by criticizing Montazeri and a month later called for a meeting of the Assembly of Experts to "discuss him."
3687:
662:, Montazeri "sat at the center of the clerical network" which Khomeini had established to oppose Pahlavi rule. He became a teacher at the Faiziyeh Theological School. While there he answered Khomeini's call to protest the
2016:
744:
might be considered a leading Islamic jurist, only Montazeri supported theocracy. In Montazeri's opinion, however the jurist would not act as an absolute ruler, instead, he would act as an advisor and consultant.
879:
to be removed from offices and mosques, and his security guards were withdrawn. Articles and editorials appeared in various newspapers aimed at "dismantling" Montazeri's "impeccable" revolutionary credentials.
767:
In addition, traditionalists did not approve Montazeri's designation as successor due to several reasons, including his problematic persona in Shiite seminaries during the reign of the Shah and his support for
3864:
550:
4008:
3075:
4013:
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1155:, was sentenced to death and executed after the 1979 revolution due to his alleged involvement in the murder of Ayatollah Abul Hassan Shams Abadi, who had been a critic of Montazeri, in Isfahan.
1422:
firing warning shots into the air to disperse demonstrators, using teargas and pepper spray and smashing the windscreens of cars that were hooting in protest, as well as making numerous arrests.
830:
of political prisoners in late summer and early autumn 1988, when Montazeri gave a series of lectures in which he indicated support for a "far more open" policy. In an interview published in
3189:
989:"they are the citizens of this country, they have the right of citizenship and to live in this country. Furthermore, they must benefit from the Islamic compassion which is stressed in
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in June 1963 and was active in anti-Shah clerical circles. He was sent to prison in 1974 and released in 1978 in time to be active during the revolution. Montazeri then went to
3998:
1147:; another, Saeed Montazeri, lost an eye in the Iran-Iraq war in 1985. Another son, Ahmad Montazeri, is a cleric in Qom; during the 1970s Ahmad underwent military training in
784:. In the early years of the revolution, he was not as popular as he was in the last two decades of his life. The middle class and elites would mock him in those early years.
1394:
There were protests in several areas of the capital, including the poorer areas of south Tehran, and government forces were using tear gas to try to disperse demonstrators.
612:
For more than two decades, Hussein-Ali Montazeri was one of the main critics of the Islamic Republic's domestic and foreign policy. He had also been an active advocate of
2037:
1401:
mosque (where Khomeini used to address people), between thousands of opposition supporters (who shouted anti-government slogans) and riot police. Reformist ex-President
1293:
The protesters chanted opposition slogans, including "Our shame, our shame, our idiot leader", and “Dictator, this is your last message: the people of Iran are rising!”
3398:
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590:, but they had a falling-out in 1989 over government policies that Montazeri claimed infringed on people's freedom and denied them their rights, especially after the
2687:
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940:
827:
591:
780:, or descendant of the Prophet Mohammed, traditionally wearing the black turban in Shiite Islam, like Khomeini and Khomeini's successor Supreme Leader Ayatollah
598:
and remained politically influential in Iran, but was placed in house arrest in 1997 for questioning "the unaccountable rule exercised by the supreme leader",
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4003:
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1350:, who organised the service and used to lead Friday prayers in Isfahan until he resigned in 2002 in protest at the government’s growing authoritarianism.
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he said that while men and women enjoy the same dignity and respect in the eyes of God, women's rights must remain strictly under the domain of Shi'i
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showed crowds chanting "Criminals, rapists, death to the leadership" and "We're not afraid, we're not afraid" as security men watched from rooftops.
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had the backing of only thirteen members of the assembly. Furthermore, there were other marjas present who accepted "illimitable velayat-e faqih".
1135:
On 4 September 1942, he married Mah-Sultan Rabbani (1926 – 26 March 2010) and had seven children, four daughters and three sons. One of his sons,
3647:
3555:
1542:
98:
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In addition to losing his position as designated heir, Montazeri's title of Grand Ayatollah was withdrawn, publication of his lectures in the
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On 22 December, Ahmadinejad continued his quest to strip his opponents of their last vestiges of political power. He interrupted a visit to
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31:
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recognized. He distributed "a detailed commentary and alternate draft" for Iran's new constitution. It included proposals to specify that
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who ran an organization out of Montazeri's office which sought to export the Islamic revolution. Hashemi is thought to have embarrassed
303:
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2863:
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428:
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the government lifted the house arrest to avoid the possibility of a popular backlash if the ailing Montazeri died while in custody.
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stepped into the street. This time, groups of reformists were ready and pushed back the vigilantes, so that Karroubi could pass.
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815:. Subsequently Hashemi was arrested, convicted and executed in September 1987 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities.
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one reason—he was the only one among the candidates for Faqih who totally endorsed Khomeini's vision of Islamic government.
55:
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those that are from the very letter of the Qur'an, no they cannot, and those have certain wisdom and subtleties in them."
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1438:, who bled to death during a 20 June protest in shocking scenes caught on video and viewed by millions around the world.
1426:
1186:
773:
2173:
Akhavi, Shahrough (2008). "The Thought and Role of Ayatollah Hossein'ali Montazeri in the Politics of Post-1979 Iran".
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newspaper and references to him on the state radio were stopped, his portraits were ordered by the then Prime Minister
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2773:
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602:, who succeeded Khomeini in his stead. He was known as the most knowledgeable senior Islamic scholar in Iran and a
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On 23 December, Iranian security forces clashed with tens of thousands of opposition supporters in the city of
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In 2010, the office of Montazeri that had been run by his son Ahmad was closed on the orders of Ali Khamenei.
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the religion of kindness and tolerance." He also issued a statement in 2008 in support of the rights of the
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before Montazeri's removal. His promotion was accepted by many Shi'a, among the exceptions being Montazeri.
843:
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908:, was selected by the Assembly of Experts to be the new Supreme Leader. Khamenei had been a high-ranking
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285:
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1561:"یادی از نودمین سالروز تولد آیت الله العظمی منتظری + گاه شمار زندگی ایشان « سایت خبری تحلیلی کلمه"
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He was described by Ayatollah Mohammad Guilani as "meticulous about, if not obsessed by, cleanliness."
1119:
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saying: "People in the world are getting the idea that our business in Iran is just murdering people."
613:
3536:"Leadership & legitimacy: The controversy among the clergy over who should lead the Islamic state"
1546:
927:"detained and humiliated" Montazeri, "forcing him to wear his nightcap rather than his white turban."
883:
According to numerous sources, the amendment to Iran's constitution removing the requirement that the
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in early 1989, he criticized Khomeini in language that is said to have sealed "his political fate":
609:(religious authority) of Shia Islam. Ayatollah Montazeri was said to be one of Khamenei's teachers.
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1127:, this was due to his "poor public speaking skills, squeaky voice, round face and grizzled beard".
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and Shiraz, as opposition supporters used the Tasua and Ashura ceremonies to take to the streets.
1373:
On 24 December, opposition web sites reported that police in Tehran and the northwestern city of
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3471:(1st ed.). Tehran: IDRC (Iran Revolution Document Center). pp. 232–233. Archived from
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3076:"Grand Ayatollah Montazeri's funeral sees hundreds of thousands challenge the Iranian regime"
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627:. Montazeri was a prolific writer of books and articles. He was a staunch proponent of an
527:
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43:
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1015:, Montazeri said that the occupation of the American embassy in 1979 had been a mistake.
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859:
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631:, and he argued that post-revolutionary Iran was not being ruled as an Islamic state.
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Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran
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blast at Islamic Republican Party headquarters in 1981 which was carried out by the
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e Taqlid ("Source of Emulation"), or in other words, an Ayatollah. In retaliation
776:'s works. Montazeri's leadership qualifications were further hurt by not being a
3539:
1773:"Hizbullah al-Hijaz: A History of The Most Radical Saudi Shi'a Opposition Group"
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439:
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1425:
Security forces chased protesters into a building housing the offices of the
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251:
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Iranian security forces suppress new wave of opposition protests in Isfahan
920:
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605:
2636:. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. The Associated Press. 22 January 2007
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suffered from broken legs, arms and noses.” There were also many arrests.
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1410:
997:
Montazeri again spoke out against Ahmadinejad on 16 June 2009 during the
3143:
Iran opposition energized by Montazeri funeral in Qom, say eyewitnesses
2026:. Paris: Institute for Security Studies European Union. pp. 9–22.
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Kayhan, quoted in Reinventing Khomeini: the struggle for reform in Iran
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379:
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Iran hit by new clashes as crowds protest during religious ceremonies
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1298:
871:
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Biographical Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
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Witnesses and opposition websites reported the following incidents:
3349:
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3345:
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Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
2731:"Funeral of Iranian cleric Montazeri turns into political protest"
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369:
3472:
2913:
Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.
2307:"Translation of Ayatollah Khomeini's Letter Dismissing Montazeri"
2150:
Montazeri: The Life and Thought of Iran's Revolutionary Ayatollah
1029:
667:
402:
275:
3669:
2395:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.
736:
that of Khomeini. In 1984, Montazeri became a grand ayatollah.
3556:
Grand Ayatollah Montazeri: "The System Has No Religious Merit"
3416:
2224:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 260.
1354:
1196:
1182:
974:
674:
595:
271:
3530:
3096:
Ayatollah's death stirs Iranian opposition to bitter protests
2278:
The last great revolution: turmoil and transformation in Iran
1824:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 424–5.
1253:
Montazeri's funeral was said to have marked "a new phase" in
969:
in the Islamic Republic, saying that though Baháʼís were not
915:
In December 1989, Montazeri's supporters in Qom distributed "
1405:
had been due to speak at the mosque to mark the Shiite holy
1086:
In late 1960s, Montazeri gained influence and popularity in
1032:
rather than international human rights conventions such as
582:. He was once the designated successor to the revolution's
1281:
On 21 December, hundreds of thousands of mourners and the
350:
30:"Ayatollah Montazeri" redirects here. For other uses, see
3399:
Iran police clash with protesters in north Tehran: Report
1151:
camps in Lebanon. The brother of Montazeri's son-in-law,
3469:
Khaterat e Hojat-ol-eslam val-moslemin Dorri Najaf Abadi
2960:"Crowds gather to mourn reformist Iran cleric Montazeri"
2704:
Strobel, Warren P.; Landay, Jonathan S. (16 June 2009).
2127:
Profile - Montazeri: Architect and critic of modern Iran
3919:
Category:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
3374:"Iran anti-government clashes erupt on Shiite holy day"
3332:
Police Try to Quell Protesters Who Mourn Iranian Cleric
3111:"Funeral of A Revered Ayatollah, Hossein Ali Montazeri"
2097:"Supreme Succession. Who Will Lead Post-Khamenei Iran?"
1290:. He was buried alongside his son, Mohammad Montazeri.
559:; 24 September 1922 – 19 December 2009) was an Iranian
4009:
People who have been placed under house arrest in Iran
3187:
Iran's Ayatollah Montazeri buried in Qom amid protests
2516:"Dissident Ayatollah Demands Iran's Rulers Be Elected"
2063:"Interview With Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri"
1643:"Cleric Wields Religion to Challenge Iran's Theocracy"
2999:
Iran's Regime and Opposition Brace for the Next Round
2685:
Ayatollah Montazeri proclaims bahais citizens of iran
1963:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 172.
639:
Born in 1922, Montazeri was from a peasant family in
3491:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
3411:
3409:
3407:
3161:
Worth, Robert F.; Fathi, Nazila (22 December 2009).
1743:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
1177:
On 19 December 2009, Montazeri died in his sleep of
153:
Chairman of the Assembly of Experts for Constitution
4014:
Members of the Assembly of Experts for Constitution
3889:
3873:
3822:
3801:
3760:
3719:
3703:
3211:
Clashes at Montazeri ceremony, Iran opposition says
2791:
Interview with Ayatollah Montazeri by Golbarg Bashi
1445:Clashes were reported in cities including Isfahan,
1277:
The funeral of Grand Ayatollah Hosein-Ali Montazeri
503:
455:
450:
438:
424:
398:
388:
375:
365:
360:
346:
335:
309:
299:
291:
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261:
238:
233:
221:
211:
193:
181:
169:
151:
139:
127:
115:
97:
87:
69:
41:
3163:"Cleric's Funeral Becomes Protest of Iran Leaders"
2817:"Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri: 1922-2009"
1492:"Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri: 1922-2009"
1434:government which is dead," referring to protester
811:by leaking information of his connection with the
195:Member of the Assembly of Experts for Constitution
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3206:
3204:
2634:"Iranian Dissident Cleric Criticized Ahmadinejad"
2152:. Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 139.
2122:
2120:
1718:The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict
1090:after his speeches criticizing the Shah, moving
946:On 22 January 2007, Montazeri criticized former
919:" questioning Khamenei's qualifications to be a
27:Iranian Shia theologian and activist (1922–2009)
2518:. FOX News. Associated Press. 17 September 2003
1045:
904:Khomeini died in June 1989 and another cleric,
4034:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
3697:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
3327:
3325:
2347:"الف - بخشنامه موسوي درباره عكس منتظري/تصویر"
1397:Clashes were reported in northern Tehran near
941:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
578:and one of the highest-ranking authorities in
3681:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3255:
3253:
3223:
3221:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2457:(in Persian). 7 December 2006. Archived from
2208:
2206:
2204:
1543:"khatami.76 - Instagram Tagged In - Deskgram"
1232:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
8:
3482:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution
3312:"Iran security clashes with cleric mourners"
3138:
3136:
3017:
3015:
2725:
2723:
2222:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution
2090:
2088:
2024:Iran: A RevolutIonary RepublIc in TransItIon
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
732:and that implemented many of his proposals.
111:12 September 1979 – 14 January 1980
3999:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom members
2786:
2784:
2602:
2600:
2252:
2250:
2017:"Introduction: Iran at a critical juncture"
1954:
1952:
1720:, Routledge Chapman and Hall, 1991, p. 151.
1264:Salat Meyyet Funeral of Ayatollah Montazeri
574:activist. He was one of the leaders of the
3688:
3674:
3666:
3228:Women, children beaten at memorial service
3156:
3154:
1846:"Interview With Grand Ayatollah Montazeri"
658:. After Khomeini was forced into exile by
592:1988 mass execution of political prisoners
328: 1942–2009)
207:15 August 1979 – 15 November 1979
165:19 August 1979 – 15 November 1979
54:
38:
2986:"Iranian dissident cleric Montazeri dies"
2847:Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran
2750:"The Grand Ayatollah unleashes his wrath"
2748:Theodoulou, Michael (21 September 2009).
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1302:pride, rape in prison.” On the same day,
1094:to banish and subsequently imprison him.
83:10 November 1985 – 13 March 1989
3835:Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian
3575:
3282:Fresh protests, clashes reported in Iran
3091:
3089:
2706:"Iran's Senior Ayatollah Slams Election"
2608:"Top dissident cleric slams Ahmadinejad"
2422:آیت الله خامنه ای با ولایت فرد مخالف بود
1990:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p.
1665:
1663:
740:Khomeini's successor as Supreme Leader.
3830:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
3463:Dorri Najaf Abadi, Ghorban-Ali (2005).
2934:"Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri"
1932:"Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri"
1518:"Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri"
1483:
953:for his nuclear and economic policies.
654:His early theological education was in
476:
2313:. Iran Virtual Library. Archived from
1641:Slackman, Michael (21 November 2009).
1286:Zanjani, his body was laid to rest in
3243:Iran government supporters stage demo
3074:Spencer, Richard (21 December 2009).
2988:. Associated Press. 20 December 2009.
1609:"Profile: Iran's dissident Ayatollah"
1097:In 1980s, Montazeri was known by the
594:. Montazeri spent his later years in
541:
18:Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri
7:
3592:Assembly of Experts for Constitution
960:Montazeri, in a 2008 interview with
826:Things came to a head following the
32:Ayatollah Montazeri (disambiguation)
4004:Speakers of the Assembly of Experts
3022:Sartowicz, Urs (21 December 2012).
2614:. Associated Press. 22 January 2007
2549:Tehran Blues: Youth Culture in Iran
1673:(27 June 2002). "Who Rules Iran?".
1110:
543:[hosei̯næˈliː-emontæzeˈɾiː]
538:
304:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
3531:Office of Ayatollah Montazeri, Qom
3515:. pp. 471–480. Archived from
3417:"The Times & The Sunday Times"
3117:. 21 December 2009. Archived from
3024:"The Search for Montazeri's Heirs"
2662:. 19 February 2008. Archived from
2579:"Iranian cleric attacks president"
1078:" who are its "internal enemies."
993:and by the religious authorities."
788:Dispute with Khomeini and demotion
429:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
25:
4024:20th-century Iranian philosophers
3823:Related parties and organizations
2281:. New York: A. A. Knopf. p.
1905:. New York: Basic Books. p.
1306:stepped out from the compound of
4029:Burials at Fatima Masumeh Shrine
3994:People of the Iranian Revolution
3969:Iranian women's rights activists
3914:
3913:
3354:Renewed clashes reported in Iran
2880:"Montazeri, Hossein Ali (1922–)"
2774:Protests in Iran: Green November
2490:"Iran releases dissident cleric"
2450:توضیحات هاشمی درباره شورای رهبری
2095:Khalaji, Mehdi (February 2012).
1930:Moin, Baqer (20 December 2009).
1771:Matthiesen, Toby (Spring 2010).
1746:. New York: Plume Book. p.
1516:Moin, Baqer (20 December 2009).
1216:to read and navigate comfortably
1201:
3507:Montazeri, Hossein-Ali (2000).
3500:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
2106:. Washington DC. Archived from
2015:Rouzbeh Parsi (February 2012).
1987:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
1353:Meanwhile, footage sent to the
325:
3450:The Guardian, 27 December 2009
2694:Middle East Youth, 22 May 2008
2656:"Persian TV weekly highlights"
2392:The Failure of Political Islam
1123:animated series. According to
900:Later dissent and house arrest
1:
3648:Friday prayers Imam of Tehran
3261:"Iran protests show defiance"
2886:. 1 June 2008. Archived from
2429:(in Persian). 8 December 2006
774:Nematollah Salehi Najaf Abadi
71:Deputy Supreme Leader of Iran
3778:Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili
1871:"Iran's dissident Ayatollah"
1675:The New York Review of Books
1187:Islamic Republic News Agency
1043:, Ayatollah Montazeri said:
635:Early life and public career
3979:Islamic democracy activists
3949:Iranian democracy activists
3467:. In Nazari, Heydar (ed.).
3271:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
3049:"Million-Man Show of Force"
1902:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
1689:"Lebanese paper on Hashemi"
1224:content into sub-articles,
1113:, the masculine cat) after
935:Criticism of the government
709:Dirasāt fī wilāyah al-faqīh
677:where he studied theology.
99:Tehran's Friday Prayer Imam
4050:
3545:"Iran's fatwa for freedom"
2940:. London. 20 December 2009
2022:. In Rouzbeh Parsi (ed.).
1145:People's Mujahedin of Iran
684:
29:
3910:
3737:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani
3654:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3588:
3583:
3578:
2275:Wright, Robin B. (2000).
2187:10.1080/00210860802518301
1959:Brumberg, Daniel (2001).
1496:FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau
1288:the Fatima Masumeh Shrine
1008:death of Neda Agha-Soltan
695:Hussein-Ali Montazeri in
521:
517:
469:
356:
229:
200:
158:
104:
76:
65:
53:
3959:Iranian grand ayatollahs
3484:. Yale University Press.
2546:Basmenji, Kaveh (2005).
2449:
2421:
2111:(Policy Focus (No. 117))
2104:The Washington Institute
1671:Christopher de Bellaigue
1185:, at the age of 87. The
1172:Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine
1068:Christopher de Bellaigue
1066:According to journalist
894:Mohammad Reza Golpaygani
809:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
495:Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari
460:Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi
3964:Iranian revolutionaries
3860:Communist Party of Iran
3489:Mackey, Sandra (1996).
1777:The Middle East Journal
1591:"Hossein Ali Montazeri"
1019:Human rights and gender
707:. He was the author of
351:https://amontazeri.com/
256:Sublime State of Persia
4019:Inmates of Evin Prison
3619:Supreme Leader of Iran
3480:Keddie, Nikki (2003).
2132:10 August 2018 at the
1308:Grand Ayatollah Saanei
1278:
1265:
1174:
1050:
995:
854:
841:
765:
758:
699:
625:women's rights in Iran
3989:People from Najafabad
3809:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
3732:Mostafa Pourmohammadi
3502:. Thomas Dunne Books.
2796:27 April 2011 at the
1276:
1263:
1170:Tomb of Montazeri in
1169:
1117:, a character in the
987:
846:
836:
792:Montazeri was one of
760:
750:
694:
671:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
647:, 250 miles south of
570:advocate, writer and
539:حسینعلی منتظری
531:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
286:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
48:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
3840:Fedaian Organisation
3761:Influential sponsors
3561:"The Good Ayatollah"
3498:Moin, Baqer (2000).
3121:on 30 September 2014
2815:(21 December 2009).
2710:McClatchy Newspapers
2690:4 September 2012 at
2461:on 26 September 2007
2357:on 26 December 2009.
1984:Moin, Baqer (2000).
1473:Seyed Reza Bahaadini
1255:Iran's 2009 uprising
1193:Funeral and protests
925:Revolutionary Guards
847:Montazeri and later
821:export of revolution
3897:Mothers of Khavaran
3845:Tudeh Party of Iran
3747:Asadollah Lajevardi
3519:on 7 February 2006.
3380:on 29 December 2009
3318:. 24 December 2009.
3192:6 June 2011 at the
2737:. 21 December 2009.
2666:on 3 September 2014
2043:on 25 February 2021
1571:on 20 December 2019
1549:on 3 February 2018.
1348:Jalal Al-Din Taheri
1304:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
1013:Iran hostage crisis
1004:Mir Hossein Mousavi
951:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
906:Seyed Ali Khamene'i
877:Mir Hossein Mousavi
722:Assembly of Experts
3954:Iranian dissidents
3902:Raheleh Rahemipour
3788:Mohammad Reyshahri
3606:Political offices
3421:www.thetimes.co.uk
3337:, 25 December 2009
3335:The New York Times
3287:, 23 December 2009
3263:. 23 December 2009
3233:, 24 December 2009
3167:The New York Times
3148:, 21 December 2009
3055:. 23 December 2009
2966:. 20 December 2009
2890:on 21 October 2014
2852:Simon and Schuster
2345:Behnegarsoft.com.
2139:, 21 December 2009
1330:22 and 23 December
1279:
1266:
1175:
1137:Mohammad Montazeri
971:People of the Book
967:persecuted Baháʼís
855:
813:Iran-Contra affair
794:Ayatollah Khomeini
759:
756:Mohammad-Ali Rajai
726:Majles-e-Khobregan
700:
687:Iranian Revolution
681:Iranian Revolution
576:Iranian Revolution
564:Islamic theologian
479:Abdolkarim Soroush
411:Islamic philosophy
341:Mohammad Montazeri
315:Mah-Sultan Rabbani
225:1,672,980 (66.24%)
188:Position abolished
3926:
3925:
3881:Khavaran cemetery
3711:Ruhollah Khomeini
3664:
3663:
3655:Succeeded by
3641:Mahmoud Taleghani
3633:Religious titles
3627:Office abolished
3600:Office abolished
3475:on 25 March 2007.
2921:978-0-571-23741-8
2915:Faber and Faber.
2585:. 22 January 2007
2496:. 30 January 2003
2406:978-0-674-29140-9
2292:978-0-375-40639-3
2231:978-0-300-09856-3
2159:978-0-300-09856-3
2113:on 16 April 2014.
2041:(Chaillot Papers)
2033:978-92-9198-198-4
2001:978-0-312-26490-1
1970:978-0-226-07757-4
1916:978-0-465-06888-3
1877:. 30 January 2003
1831:978-1-4128-0516-2
1757:978-0-452-27563-8
1698:. 3 November 1986
1615:. 30 January 2003
1468:Ruhollah Khomeini
1251:
1250:
948:Iranian President
728:) that wrote the
568:Islamic democracy
525:
524:
512:Feyziyeh Seminary
464:Ruhollah Khomeini
433:Islamic democracy
249:24 September 1922
134:Mahmoud Taleghani
122:Ruhollah Khomeini
92:Ruhollah Khomeini
60:Montazeri in 1978
16:(Redirected from
4041:
3984:Muslim reformers
3917:
3916:
3814:Sadiq al-Shirazi
3773:Akbar Rafsanjanī
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3638:Preceded by
3576:
3550:Washington Times
3520:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3376:. Archived from
3370:
3357:
3351:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3273:
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3234:
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3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3010:
3009:, 4 January 2010
3005:, Robin Wright,
2996:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
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2895:
2876:
2870:
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2829:
2827:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2716:on 20 June 2009.
2712:. Archived from
2701:
2695:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2660:Voice of America
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2595:
2594:
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2590:
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2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2527:
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2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
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2470:
2468:
2466:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:. Archived from
2342:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2317:on 13 March 2007
2311:printed in Abrar
2303:
2297:
2296:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2214:Keddie, Nikki R.
2210:
2199:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2069:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2036:. Archived from
2021:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
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1842:
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1708:
1707:
1705:
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1658:
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1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1557:
1551:
1550:
1545:. Archived from
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1488:
1436:Neda Agha Soltan
1403:Mohammad Khatami
1246:
1243:
1237:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1112:
1088:Isfahan Province
962:Voice of America
664:White Revolution
645:Isfahan Province
558:
557:
556:
555:
553:
545:
540:
399:Main interest(s)
329:
327:
268:
265:19 December 2009
248:
246:
234:Personal details
205:
184:
176:Position created
172:
163:
142:
130:
118:
109:
81:
58:
39:
21:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4038:
3974:Iranian writers
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3906:
3885:
3869:
3818:
3797:
3756:
3715:
3699:
3694:
3660:
3651:
3643:
3622:
3595:
3579:Assembly seats
3527:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3462:
3459:
3457:Further reading
3454:
3446:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3397:
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3259:
3258:
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3241:
3237:
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3209:
3202:
3197:Hindustan Times
3194:Wayback Machine
3185:
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3169:
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2073:on 6 March 2012
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1297:pro-government
1271:
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1238:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:at his home in
1164:
1133:
1125:Elaine Sciolino
1084:
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1039:In response to
1021:
985:, nonetheless:
937:
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705:velayat-e faqih
689:
683:
637:
551:
549:
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528:Grand Ayatollah
510:
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483:Emadeddin Baghi
475:
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425:Notable idea(s)
331:
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216:Tehran Province
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35:
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15:
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5:
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2181:(5): 645–666.
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1783:(2): 179–197.
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1283:Green Movement
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860:Salman Rushdie
849:Supreme Leader
828:mass execution
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685:Main article:
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1210:This section
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:heart failure
1173:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Mehdi Hashemi
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:Personal life
1130:
1128:
1126:
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1041:Golbarg Bashi
1037:
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1026:Golbarg Bashi
1018:
1016:
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917:night letters
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805:Mehdi Hashemi
801:
800:Mehdi Karrubi
797:
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629:Islamic state
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601:
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593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Shīʿite Islam
577:
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569:
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552:pronunciation
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451:Muslim leader
449:
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603:
600:Ali Khamenei
586:, Ayatollah
572:human rights
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526:
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491:Ahmad Ghabel
445:Qom Seminary
376:Denomination
267:(2009-12-19)
212:Constituency
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187:
183:Succeeded by
175:
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146:Ali Khamenei
141:Succeeded by
117:Appointed by
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3944:2009 deaths
3939:1922 births
3540:The Iranian
3426:22 December
3401:India Times
3384:22 December
3267:22 December
2427:Radio Farda
2077:20 December
1881:20 December
1855:20 December
1652:21 December
1575:22 December
1527:22 December
1501:22 December
1386:26 December
1369:24 December
1269:21 December
1230:subheadings
939:During the
772:’s and for
697:Evin prison
292:Nationality
171:Preceded by
129:Preceded by
3933:Categories
3652:1979–1980
3623:1985–1989
3612:New office
3585:New office
2894:15 October
2854:. p.
2455:Aftab News
2376:Moin, 293.
2335:Moin, 289.
2067:Iran Press
1479:References
1447:Kermanshah
1339:election.
1226:condensing
1139:, died in
1099:pejorative
1072:hypocrites
1062:Reputation
979:Christians
703:termed as
245:1922-09-24
3802:Opponents
3563:by Prof.
3493:. Dutton.
3082:. London.
2970:5 January
2612:USA Today
2195:143617528
1802:19 August
1797:143684557
1595:Britanica
1359:Najafabad
1242:July 2017
1234:talk page
1222:splitting
1220:Consider
1120:Pinocchio
1101:nickname
753:President
641:Najafabad
252:Najafabad
203:In office
161:In office
107:In office
79:In office
3513:Khaterat
3190:Archived
3125:2 August
2964:BBC News
2844:(2001).
2794:Archived
2688:Archived
2670:4 August
2583:BBC News
2494:BBC News
2389:(1994).
2220:(2003).
2130:Archived
1941:2 August
1899:(1984).
1875:BBC News
1820:(2006).
1740:(1998).
1696:Al Shira
1613:BBC News
1462:See also
1414:clerics.
1411:Niavaran
1214:too long
1111:گربهنره
1076:liberals
999:protests
660:the Shah
588:Khomeini
473:Students
366:Religion
361:Personal
336:Children
222:Majority
3890:Related
3855:Komalah
3617:Deputy
3316:Reuters
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3033:27 July
3028:Qantara
2911:(2010)
2826:29 June
2801:Payvand
2759:27 July
2351:alef.ir
2137:Reuters
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3300:Times
3172:4 May
3099:Times
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2923:p.177
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