47:
591:
337:
71:
262:
804:
222:
of water, the geographer and historian of the Sahara E.-F. Gautier once wrote referring to the Grand Erg
Oriental as "the great Igharghar Erg". Accordingly, surface moisture, seasonal pastures, and wells may reflect unseen conditions beneath the sands. What appears as an entirely inhospitable erg can
792:
Since, the Grand Erg
Oriental's former southern area has come to be considered a separate erg, namely the Issaouane. Hence any water entering the Wadi Igharghar from Ahaggar would flow into the Issaouane Erg. Yet other underground wadis flow in and through the Grand Erg Oriental. The geographic
316:
to the prevailing direction of the wind. These dunes have long, sharp ridge lines. Cross-winds, however, may alter the height or width of such lengthy dunes, with the slope being steep on both sides. Seif dunes generally form long rows whose parallel ridge lines follow the wind's direction.
46:
300:
steep, and such dunes may "roll" forward being blown in the direction of the wind is taking. These dunes tend to be perpendicular to the wind's direction. Vegetation does not survive in such spreads of hot dry sand. Only in rare areas where moisture can endure is there life.
447:. Until recently Hassi Messaoud was a small Saharan village, but has grown substantially on account of the local discovery of oil in 1956. An oil refinery has since been built, and the city (current population estimated at 60,000) is now served by an international airport.
192:. Yet such dry, anciently-made river beds, lying seemingly useless beneath the desert sands, can preserve the infrequent rain water, by carrying it off underground and so rescue the moisture from an otherwise "intense and almost instantaneous" evaporation.
196:
A buried river bed "not only serves in certain cases to carry into the heart of the desert the waters of distant rains which have fallen outside the desert domain, but in it the waters of the local storms are concentrated and carried swiftly to the
559:, a mid-sized Algerian city (pop: 139,000), graced with domes and arches of Saharan architecture. Also an oasis, it's located about 100 km. east of Touggourt and by the northern frontier of the erg. The thirst of El Oued is quenched by a
183:
The Grand Erg
Oriental used to be associated with the Wadi Igharghar, a mostly dry and buried river with a sizable network of tributaries which, should it possess any water, would flow north into the erg from the
201:
basins where they are imbibed by the lighter earth and form lasting reserves within its depths. The result is that what vegetation survives is localized along the wadi beds or in their basins; in fact the words
1147:, University of California Press 1994, at 13: "he oases from Biskra to the Jarid formed not only a relatively uniform geographical entity but a unified economic and socio-cultural domain as well."
1096:
250:". In winter, winds blow from the northwest and the north. The Grand Erg Oriental "appears to have been pushed forward on the east and southeast slopes" toward
1353:
793:
concept remains, i.e., of the effect of buried river tributary systems under the sand dunes vis-a-vis the surface location of grazing grounds and wells.
130:, the Grand Erg Oriental covers an area some 600 km wide by 200 km north to south. The erg's northeastern edge spills over into neighbouring
633:
on the
Mediterranean coast now leads to present-day Ghadames. The historic Saharan architecture found in its Old Town has received international
634:
606:(pop: 7,000) in Libya is located by where the frontiers of Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya meet. The city is situated directly adjacent to the
70:
1402:
852:(Paris: Payot, 2d ed. 1928; Columbia Univ. 1935; reprint 1987) at 92 (map), 185 ("Igharghar Erg"), and 98-99 ("some buried wadi").
922:
481:
The cities of Wargla and
Touggourt lie outside the western limits of the erg. Nearby, within the accepted boundaries of the
470:
frontier. Another and better road from Hassi
Messaoud goes south, also crossing the grand erg where it passes a well called
1397:
908:(Oxford University 1958, 2d ed. 1968) at 83. The Sahel was about a "seventy days' march" south from Wargla, according to
626:
622:
1174:
1127:
1326:
377:. Next the road skirts the western edge of the erg. After about 500 km. in all, it reaches the ancient oasis of
869:. The Jerid extends far to the west, into Algeria south of the Aurès mountains, and north of the Grand Erg Oriental.
1221:
496:
324:, as well as "complex" dunes. Saharan winds are also known to clear an area of sand altogether, leaving bare rock (
677:
Airport (DJE/DTTJ) serves international and national flights, it being over 100 km. north of the edge of the
1091:, a petroleum company to develop resources. It is jointly owned (each 50%) by government corporations, Algeria's
485:, the landscape is described as being "practically free from dunes" evidently due to strong, persistent winds.
1407:
783:(Columbia Univ. 1935; reprint 1970; reprint 1987) at 92 (map), 90 (Igharghar wadi dry), 97-98 (evaporation).
815:(Hoggar mountains), south of Grand Erg Oriental. Paleozoic fluvial erosion, wind-blown sands, granite rock.
590:
963:
Tuggurt enjoyed "complete independence" during the 18th century and into the 19th. Charles-André Julien,
503:. In addition to oil in Wargla and Hassi Messaoud (see above), other Algerian hydrocarbon sites include
1145:
Rebel and Saint. Muslim notables, popular protest, colonial encounters (Algeria and
Tunisia, 1800-1904)
523:
have been constructed north to the
Mediterranean port of Bourgie, and later northeast through Tunisia.
705:
700:
690:
386:
362:
151:
131:
127:
336:
947:
882:(Paris 1928; Columbia Univ. 1935; reprint 1987) at 91 (Auras and dates), 93 (NE wind and Ghadames).
617:(a people sourced in the central Sahara) compose the majority in Ghadames. This oasis was known by
433:
382:
313:
243:
583:. From here a bleak Tunisian paved road leads south along the Libyan border, by sand dunes of the
895:(Penguin 1949, 3d ed. 1963) at 64 (erg), 58-59 (dune), 82 (hamada ), 146 (reg ), 157 (seif dune).
646:
560:
520:
808:
839:
See note above re the
Issaouane Erg. The Wadi Igharghar is also known as the Ouadi Tadjerdjert.
539:
and the human culture surviving there since ancient times are said to form a continuum. From
746:
666:
242:. These geographic conditions lie adjacent to the Grand Erg Oriental. Here grow "the finest
231:
170:
428:(pop: 153,000), where date palms are grown commercially. Touggourt was formerly a medieval
1392:
1330:
1202:
1161:
1131:
763:
515:(south of the erg, close to Libya). One of Algeria's largest field of natural gas is near
398:
266:
555:
in the tens of thousands. Between Biskra and the Djerid, but a little to the south, lies
976:
710:
658:
650:
630:
440:
261:
163:
143:
114:
60:
37:
1386:
1012:
695:
618:
614:
611:
394:
159:
123:
119:
720:
653:(located in the erg) serves a few international flights and also national flights.
492:
284:
into heaps which, given enough sand, form into a series of hills. In some types of
1058:
1044:(Columbia University 1935; reprint: Octagon 1970; reprint: Hippocrene 1987) at 93.
749:'arǎgǎ: "rise, ascend". Said to be "Hamitic" in origin (as opposed to "Semitic").
543:(pop: 200,000) in Algeria by the Aurès mountains, this region extends east to the
909:
803:
753:(Springfield: Merriam 1971) p.770. The Berber language is included in "Hamitic".
742:
516:
508:
177:
950:: Christopher Fyfe, "West African Trade, 1000-1800" at 232-247, map at 232, in
934:
657:
Airport (OGX) has limited international and national flights. North of the erg
389:
route of several thousand kilometers, stretching from the
Mediterranean to the
1157:
1054:
552:
512:
455:
414:
1368:
1355:
999:) + "Fatima" (daughter of the prophet Muhammad); hence, "Tower River Fatima".
1309:
1246:
1225:
1178:
1121:
1092:
580:
488:
429:
425:
207:
174:
1323:
420:
The above north-south Algerian road from Constantine passes through other
1271:
603:
595:
572:
551:(salt pans), and occasional oases, where exists intensive cultivation of
504:
463:
410:
402:
366:
293:
251:
227:
198:
167:
1340:
1335:
587:
eastern limits, terminating at Borj El Khadra, an oasis, near Ghadames.
865:(salt lakes) in south-central Tunisia, at the longitude of the Isle of
812:
662:
654:
556:
536:
475:
378:
297:
247:
219:
185:
92:
88:
223:
elsewhere, in stark contrast, offer the fruits of "some buried wadi".
1088:
967:(Paris 1931, 1961; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1970) at 325-326.
674:
670:
544:
540:
417:: 129,000) and provincial capital, with a focus on the oil industry.
374:
341:
325:
305:
235:
211:
189:
155:
954:(Ibadan University 1965), edited by J. F. Ade. Ajayi and Ian Espie.
450:
A desert road going east from Hassi Messaoud continues through the
866:
802:
589:
579:
northeast edge, there are a number of Berber villages, among them
548:
467:
421:
406:
390:
370:
361:
is accessible overland by an Algerian road, which goes south from
335:
289:
260:
255:
239:
56:
1207:
715:
321:
309:
285:
281:
277:
203:
1287:(Paris: 2d ed. 1928; Columbia Univ. 1935; reprint 1987) at 185.
401:: aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra). Wargla was the capital of late medieval
1300:(1958, 1968) at 32, with map of "Roman Africa" on facing page.
1258:
Fadia Elia Estefan, "The Economy", 145-204, at 200 (map), in
474:, before reaching the erg's far side. Further south lies the
1040:(Paris: Payot, 2d ed. 1928), translated and augmented as
779:(Paris: Payot, 2d ed. 1928), translated and augmented as
230:
mountains provide abundant runoff. These waters feed the
507:, a city (pop: 44,000) to the erg's southwest, yielding
162:, which straddles the inland border of Libya and Egypt.
1345:
511:, and also El Adeb Larache, Edjelé, Tingentourine, and
1262:
edited by Nelson (American University, 3d ed. 1986).
462:, on its way to the small but ancient settlement of
218:
For these and similar reasons concerning the desert
150:
in Algeria, the next in size being the much smaller
598:, modern Libya, near the southeast edge of the Erg.
98:
84:
21:
1112:, ed. by Joel Krieger (Oxford Univ., 2d ed. 2001).
146:receiving very little rainfall. It is the largest
923:History of early Islamic Tunisia#Rustamid kingdom
413:polity. Wargla is today a mid-sized modern city (
381:. Since late antiquity Wargla was a stop for the
1099:(ETAP). Yet most of the oil lies within Algeria.
112:(English: 'Great Eastern Sand Sea') is a large
1110:The Oxford Companion to Politics in the World
1097:Entreprise Tunisienne d'Activités Pétrolières
154:('Western Sand Sea'). The largest erg of the
8:
751:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
669:schedules only national flights. In Tunisia
409:political entity descended from the earlier
55:. Other areas are bare rock. There are also
1108:Robert A. Mortimer, "Algeria" at 20-21, in
393:. In the process such caravans crossed the
210:are interchangeable in the language of the
1274:is also modernly transcripted as Ghudamis.
1078:(Prentice-Hall 1964) at ii (map), 163-165.
18:
51:Landscape of the sand dune 'seas' of the
952:A Thousand Years of West African History
312:: here the air currents form sand dunes
214:, who habitually reside in such places."
912:(1332-1406). Bovill (1958, 1968) at 92.
731:
97:
83:
67:
43:
830:(Paris: 2d 1928; NY 1935; 1987) at 98.
665:, has only national flights. In Libya
547:of Tunisia. It is a low-lying area of
273:is by light yellow area at top center.
265:Satellite image of the Sahara desert.
142:The Grand Erg Oriental is a desert, a
7:
499:, from areas in and surrounding the
1087:In 2003 Algeria and Tunisia formed
439:South of Wargla on this road, lies
1011:(tar-trate) is a salt or ester of
861:The Jerid (Djerid) is a region of
571:South of the Tunisian sea port of
238:, despite its surface covering of
14:
991:possibly means: "Tower" (Arabic:
629:, as Cydamus. A Libyan road from
1027:(Oxford University 2005) at 267.
122:. Situated for the most part in
118:or "field of sand dunes" in the
69:
45:
946:Tuggurt's participation in the
348:in yellow at top center, right.
75:Map of the Maghreb showing the
443:, which is located within the
1:
1298:The Golden Trade of the Moors
1249:films were shot at Tataouine.
906:The Golden Trade of the Moors
226:To the north of the erg, the
1061:, from where originates the
811:, 1974. Issaouane Erg, near
332:Routes, cities, oil industry
280:over time will sweep desert
531:Along the north rim of the
1424:
602:The ancient oasis town of
432:and a northern oasis on a
16:Erg in Algeria and Tunisia
1403:Natural regions of Africa
1076:Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
1025:Oxford Atlas of the World
893:A Dictionary of Geography
575:, in the vicinity of the
519:, west of Touggourt. Gas
385:, being situated along a
320:There are other types of
188:mountains of the central
68:
44:
35:
1285:Sahara. The great desert
1260:Tunisia. A country study
1160:times was the center of
1063:In Aménas-Hassi Messaoud
1042:Sahara. The great desert
850:Sahara. The great desert
828:Sahara. The great desert
781:Sahara. The great desert
424:. North of Wargla lies
365:. It passes through the
344:topography, showing the
296:side is gradual, on the
102:280 m (920 ft)
1156:This low-lying area in
1143:Julia A. Clancy-Smith,
965:History of North Africa
816:
599:
349:
274:
216:
126:lowlands of northeast
995:) + "River" (Berber:
806:
593:
339:
264:
194:
1398:Landforms of Algeria
706:Geography of Tunisia
701:Geography of Algeria
691:Grand Erg Occidental
535:, both the physical
497:extracted in Algeria
152:Grand Erg Occidental
1365: /
1175:"El Oued cityscape"
948:Trans-Saharan trade
661:, 20 km. from
434:Trans-Saharan trade
328:) or gravel (reg).
160:As-Sahra al-Libiyah
29:العرق الشرقي الكبير
1329:2011-10-04 at the
1324:Grand Erg Oriental
1130:2014-03-26 at the
1074:Richard M. Brace,
817:
679:Grand Erg Oriental
647:Oued Irara Airport
600:
561:subterranean river
533:Grand Erg Oriental
501:Grand Erg Oriental
483:Grand Erg Oriental
359:Grand Erg Oriental
350:
346:Grand Erg Oriental
275:
271:Grand Erg Oriental
110:Grand Erg Oriental
77:Grand Erg Oriental
53:Grand Erg Oriental
24:Grand Erg Oriental
173:word, and also a
138:Natural phenomena
106:
105:
1415:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1369:30.000°N 6.000°E
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1224:. Archived from
1218:
1212:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1177:. Archived from
1171:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1000:
989:Bordj Sif Fatima
986:
980:
974:
968:
961:
955:
944:
938:
932:
926:
919:
913:
902:
896:
889:
883:
876:
870:
859:
853:
846:
840:
837:
831:
824:
818:
800:
794:
790:
784:
773:
767:
766:called 'Ramlat'.
760:
754:
745:word similar to
736:
667:Ghadames Airport
610:southeast edge.
460:Bordj Sif Fatima
369:mountains, then
232:artesian aquifer
73:
49:
19:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1331:Wayback Machine
1320:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1283:E.-F. Gautier,
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1203:transliteration
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1162:Capsian culture
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1132:Wayback Machine
1120:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1036:E.-F. Gautier,
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1007:
1003:
987:
983:
975:
971:
962:
958:
945:
941:
933:
929:
920:
916:
903:
899:
890:
886:
878:E.-F. Gautier,
877:
873:
860:
856:
848:E.-F. Gautier,
847:
843:
838:
834:
826:E.-F. Gautier,
825:
821:
809:Tassili n'Ajjer
801:
797:
791:
787:
775:E.-F. Gautier,
774:
770:
761:
757:
737:
733:
729:
687:
621:, and later by
454:, passing by a
373:by the city of
334:
267:NASA World Wind
140:
80:
64:
40:
31:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1408:Ergs of Africa
1405:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1319:
1318:External links
1316:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1296:E. W. Bovill,
1289:
1276:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1213:
1191:
1166:
1149:
1136:
1124:Chott el Jerid
1114:
1101:
1095:and Tunisia's
1080:
1067:
1046:
1029:
1017:
1001:
981:
977:Hassi Messaoud
969:
956:
939:
927:
914:
904:E. W. Bovill,
897:
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686:
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659:Guemar Airport
651:Hassi Messaoud
643:
642:
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528:
441:Hassi Messaoud
355:
354:
333:
330:
304:Common in the
144:natural region
139:
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61:oil extraction
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1374:30.000; 6.000
1347:
1346:www.palgeo.ch
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1252:
1248:
1245:Parts of the
1242:
1239:
1228:on 2009-01-25
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1181:on 2007-03-10
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1065:gas pipeline.
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1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:tartaric acid
1010:
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696:Sahara Desert
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641:Air transport
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624:
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619:ancient Egypt
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472:Hassi Tartrat
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94:
90:
87:
78:
72:
62:
58:
54:
48:
39:
34:
25:
20:
1350:
1305:
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1267:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1216:
1206:
1201:is a French
1198:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:the original
1169:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1123:
1117:
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1037:
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988:
984:
972:
964:
959:
951:
942:
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917:
905:
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849:
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835:
827:
822:
798:
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776:
771:
758:
750:
738:
734:
721:List of ergs
678:
644:
607:
601:
584:
576:
570:
532:
530:
527:Northern rim
500:
493:hydrocarbons
487:
482:
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471:
459:
451:
449:
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438:
419:
395:great desert
358:
356:
345:
319:
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276:
270:
225:
217:
195:
182:
158:is probably
147:
141:
113:
109:
107:
76:
52:
23:
1372: /
910:Ibn Khaldun
743:Afroasiatic
645:In Algeria
635:recognition
608:Grand Erg's
585:Grand Erg's
577:Grand Erg's
509:natural gas
478:mountains.
363:Constantine
308:desert are
246:of all the
178:term of art
1387:Categories
1232:2009-05-19
1205:of Arabic
1185:2010-08-30
1158:Mesolithic
1122:Tozeur by
1055:Zarzaïtine
727:References
553:date palms
513:Zarzaïtine
495:have been
491:and other
371:salt lakes
310:seif dunes
240:salt lakes
175:geographic
1247:Star Wars
1222:"El Oued"
1093:Sonatrach
1059:In Aménas
1038:Le Sahara
777:Le Sahara
631:Tarabulus
594:House in
581:Tataouine
521:pipelines
489:Petroleum
452:Grand Erg
445:Grand Erg
430:Sultanate
426:Touggourt
208:pasturage
99:Elevation
1341:Ghadames
1327:Archived
1310:Ghadames
1272:Ghadames
1128:Archived
685:See also
623:Carthage
604:Ghadames
596:Ghadames
567:Ghadames
517:Ghardaïa
505:In Salah
464:Ghadames
411:Rustamid
353:Algeria.
314:parallel
294:windward
258:border.
252:Ghadames
199:alluvial
168:Tamachek
1357:30°00′N
1336:El Oued
1053:Nearby
1009:Tartrat
813:Ahaggar
747:Amharic
673:–
663:El Oued
655:Ouargla
625:and by
615:Berbers
557:El Oued
537:ecology
476:Ahaggar
466:at the
436:route.
387:caravan
379:Ouargla
342:Saharan
298:leeward
292:on the
254:at the
248:Maghrib
234:of the
220:ecology
186:Ahaggar
132:Tunisia
128:Algeria
124:Saharan
93:Tunisia
89:Algeria
85:Country
1393:Sahara
1360:6°00′E
1089:Numhyd
935:Wargla
880:Sahara
764:Arabic
741:is an
675:Zarzis
671:Djerba
612:Tuareg
549:chotts
545:Djerid
541:Biskra
468:Libyan
458:named
375:Biskra
340:Major
326:hamada
306:Sahara
256:Libyan
212:nomads
190:Sahara
171:Berber
156:Sahara
63:zones.
59:, and
1057:lies
993:Bordj
921:Cf.,
867:Jerba
863:chott
573:Gabès
422:oases
407:Ibadi
405:, an
403:M'zab
391:Sahel
367:Aurès
322:dunes
290:slope
286:dunes
278:Winds
244:dates
236:Jerid
228:Aurès
166:is a
57:Oases
1208:wadi
1199:Oued
716:Dune
627:Rome
456:well
357:The
288:the
282:sand
206:and
204:wadi
108:The
91:and
997:Sif
762:In
739:Erg
711:Erg
649:at
415:pop
164:Erg
148:Erg
115:erg
38:Erg
1389::
681:.
637:.
563:.
399:Ar
269:.
180:.
134:.
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1134:.
1015:.
979:.
937:.
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807:"
397:(
79:.
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