Grand jury - Knowledge (XXG)

589:, of prosecuting any person for high treason, who appeared guilty on a precognition taken of the facts, being now done away, power was lodged with them, a grand jury, 12 of whom behoved to concur before a true bill could be found. An indictment was then preferred in court and the witnesses endorsed on it were called over and sworn; on which the jury retired to the exchequer chambers and the witnesses were conducted to a room near it, whence they were called to be examined separately. Two solicitors for the crown were present at the examination but no one else; and after they had finished and the sense of the jury was collected, the indictment was returned a "true bill", if the charges were found proved, or " 312:(or Prosecutorial Review Commission (PRC) system), analogous to the grand jury system in the United States. Until 2009 the PRC's recommendations were not binding, and were only regarded as advisory. A survey conducted by the Japanese Cabinet Office in October 1990 showed that 68.8% of surveyed Japanese citizens were not familiar with the PRC system. On May 21, 2009, the Japanese government introduced new legislation which would make the PRC's decisions binding. A PRC is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting. It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat 459:. But this need not always take place. With certain exceptions, any person would prefer a bill of indictment against another before the grand jury without any previous inquiry into the truth of the accusation before a magistrate. This right was at one time universal and was often abused. A substantial check was put on this abuse by the Vexatious Indictments Act 1859. This Act provided that for certain offences which it listed (perjury, libel, etc.), the person presenting such an indictment must be bound by recognizance to prosecute or give evidence against the accused, or alternatively had judicial permission (as specified) so to do. 254:

majority). Most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties, either a law enforcement officer, a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family, or even by laymen. A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury; if the grand jury found that there was sufficient evidence for a trial, that the act was a crime under law, and that the court had jurisdiction, it would return the indictment to the complainant. The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise essentially the same authority as a state attorney general has, that is, a

242: 444:("we do not know" or "we are ignorant (of)"), was endorsed instead and the bill was said to be "ignored" or thrown out. They could find a true bill as to the charge in one count, and ignore that in another; or as to one defendant and not as to another; but they could not, like a petty jury, return a special or conditional finding, or select part of a count as true and reject the other part. When some bills were "found", some of the jurors came out and handed the bills to the clerk of arraigns (in assizes) or 915:

shillings in Cape Town and 20 shillings outside the town. Black (i.e. non-white) jurors were not entirely excluded and sat occasionally. This is not to imply, however, that juries did not operate in an oppressive manner towards the Black African and Asian residents of the Cape, whose participation in the jury lists was, in any event, severely limited by the property qualification. The property qualification was amended in 1831 and 1861 and, experimentally, a grand jury came into operation.

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against the name of the witness on the back of the bill. Only the witnesses for the prosecution were examined, as the function of the grand jury was merely to inquire whether there was sufficient ground to put the accused on trial. If the majority of them (and at least 12) thought that the evidence so adduced made out a sufficient case, the words "a true bill" were endorsed on the back of the bill. If they were of the opposite opinion, the phrase "not a true bill", or the single Latin word

749:, as each of the two groups (French and English) desired to maintain their traditions. In point of fact, the second law passed in Upper Canada relates to (petit) jury trial. This was continued so that Chapter 31 of the 1859 Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada specifies the constitution of Grand and Petit Juries in the province (now known as Ontario). The colony at St. John's Island, ceded by France in 1763, and separated on 30 May 1769 from Nova Scotia, became 340:, 'No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the Armed Forces and petty offenses, unless upon indictment by a Grand Jury". For example, the national Port Authority's managing director was indicted by the Monteserrado County Grand Jury in July 2015, on charges of economic sabotage, theft of property and criminal conspiracy. It is one of the only remaining countries using a grand jury. 846:, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). This 1883 abolition Act was itself abolished by the 478:, codified and greatly expanded the functions of magistrates in pre-trial proceedings; these proceedings developed into almost a repeat of the trial itself. In 1933 the grand jury ceased to function in England, under the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 and was entirely abolished in 1948, when a clause from 1933 saving grand juries for offences relating to officials abroad was repealed by the 3421: 1143:(1852–1854) was concerned that jurors were frustrating government policy by being biased in certain cases; in particular he felt that liberated Africans on the grand jury would never convict another liberated African on charges of owning or importing slaves. He promulgated the Ordinance of 29 November 1853 which abolished the grand jury. Opposition was immediately mounted in 369:. Henry's chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out once each year to enforce the "King's Peace". To make this system of royal criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of 437:

The charge having been delivered, the grand jury withdrew to their own room, having received the bills of indictment. The witnesses whose names were endorsed on each bill were sworn as they came to be examined, in the grand jury room, the oath being administered by the foreman, who wrote his initials

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promulgated in 1963, grand jury indictment and petit jury trial were assured for criminal defendants in the civil administration courts. This ordinance reflected the concern of the U.S. Supreme Court that U.S. civilians tried for crimes abroad under tribunals of U.S. provenance should not be shorn of

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After the court was opened by the crier making proclamation, the names of those summoned to the grand jury were called and they were sworn. They numbered at least 14 and not more than 23. The person presiding (the judge at the assizes, the chairman at the county sessions, the recorder at the borough

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An American federal grand jury has from 16 to 23 jurors, with twelve votes usually required to return an indictment. All grand jury proceedings are conducted behind closed doors, without a presiding judge. The prosecutors are tasked with arranging for the appearance of witnesses, as well as drafting

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Jury trial was brought into practical operation in 1828 and the 1831 Ordinance 84 laid down that criminal cases would be heard by a panel of nine, selected from males aged between 21 and 60, owning or renting property to a value of £1.17s (37 shillings) per annum or having liability for taxes of 30

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The grand jury has been described as a "shield and sword" that has both an offensive purpose and defensive purpose. It has been called the shield of the people against the power of the crown; though Green says this is a myth. It has been described as the "sword of the people" and as a sword of the

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would be instituted in the North American possessions of the Crown. Archival records are found that document the presentments of a grand jury in Quebec as early as 16 October 1764. One of the chief complaints was related to the jury trial, and the use of language. The desire for English law was a

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A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury... levied the local taxes, appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them, and spent them when they were gathered in. He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors, regulated the diet of paupers, inflicted fines

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While all states have provisions for grand juries as of 2003, today approximately half of the states employ them and 22 states have provision to prevent the abolition of grand juries by legislatures or courts as of 2003. Six states (Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Nevada, and Kansas)

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If they find the accusation true, which is usually drawn up in form by the prosecutor or an officer of the court, they write upon the indictment the words "a true bill" which is signed by the foreperson of the grand jury and presented to the court publicly in the presence of all the jurors. If the

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As elsewhere, the judge could use his charge to the grand jury to bring matters of concern to him to the attention of the public and the government. In May 1879 Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick, returning from circuit in the northern and western parts of Cape Colony, gave a charge to the grand jury at the

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If an indictment was found in the absence of the accused, and he/she was not in custody and had not been bound over to appear at assizes or sessions, then process was issued to bring that person into court, as it is contrary to the English law to "try" an indictment in the absence of the accused.

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our Lady the Queen), shall then be commanded them". Grand jurors at the assizes or at the borough quarter sessions did not have property qualifications; but, at the county quarter sessions, they had the same property qualification as petty jurors. However, at the assizes, the grand jury generally

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for the trial of offences committed within the colony. The process for indictment etc. was the same as the practice in England or as near as possible thereto. To effect this, they were empowered to issue their warrant or precept to the Sheriff, commanding him to summon a grand jury to sit at the

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In the early decades of the United States, grand juries played a major role in public matters. During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least 12 of the grand jurors, (e.g., for a 23-person grand jury, 12 people would constitute a bare

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They fixed the salaries of public officers; they regulated prisons and houses of correction; they levied funds for the support of hospitals; they made and repaired roads and bridges, and they framed accounts of the expenses incurred in these matters... They determined what public works should be

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preferred against persons committed for trial and to decide whether the evidence against them justified their standing trial. At first the grand jury retained the theoretical power to present an indictment of its own motion, a relic of mediaeval times when the grand jury's purpose was to accuse

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No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors. The grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. Grand jury proceedings are, in the first

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The function of a grand jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of a crime, but the institution is also a shield against unfounded and oppressive prosecution. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community, to participate in the administration of justice. It can also make

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in London, and the opposition declared that the Kennedy ordinance was a reproach upon the loyalty of the community. Grand juries have been considered one colonial body representative of local opinion and the Colonial Secretary's support for Kennedy upholding the abolition inspired a round of

88:. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions. The investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it; the accusatory function determines whether there is 210:

undertaken — what price should be paid for them, and who were the individuals that should undertake them, and be responsible for their completion. They settled the amount of the local taxation of the county, and, under their direction, it was levied from the actual occupiers of the land.

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or "not a true bill" is written upon it by the grand jury, or by their foreman and then said to be ignored, and the accusation is dismissed as unfounded; the potential defendant is said to have been "no-billed" by the grand jury. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a true bill

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In Japan, the Prosecutorial Review Commission is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting. It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat

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Old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand jury can still be seen. The grand jury would evaluate charges and return what was called a "true bill (of indictment)" if the charges were to proceed. or a verdict of

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If a bill was thrown out, although it could not again be referred to the grand jury during the same assizes or sessions, it could be preferred at subsequent assizes or sessions, but not in respect of the same offense if a petty jury had returned a verdict.

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the order in which they are called, and take part in the questioning of witnesses. The targets of the grand jury or their lawyers have no right to appear before a grand jury unless they are invited, nor do they have a right to present exculpatory evidence.

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The grand jury was established for Cape Town alone. It met quarterly. In 1842 it was recorded that it served a district of 50,000 inhabitants and in one quarterly session there were six presentments (1 homicide, 2 assaults, 1 robbery, 1 theft, 1 fraud).

448:, who announced to the court the name of the prisoner, the charge, and the endorsements of the grand jury. They then retired and considered other bills until all were disposed of; after which they were discharged by the judge, chairman, or recorder. 830:

and other places. This democratic method of trial proved very popular, but was resented by conservatives. Eventually, conservative elements in the colony were successful in having these innovations suppressed by the Australian Courts Act 1828 (UK).

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Criminal Sessions at Cape Town, in which, after congratulating them upon the lightness of the calendar, he observed there were indications in the country of a growing mutual bad feeling between the races, etc. This was reported in the

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See "Indictable Offences Act 1848" (11 and 12 Vict c. 42); title: "An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions within England and Wales with respect to Persons charged with indictable

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under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to court seeking them to be committed for trial on indictable offences. Grand juries were introduced by the

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the protections of the U.S. Bill of Rights. Indeed, the District Court in Washington twice held that the absence of the jury system in the civil administration courts in Okinawa invalidated criminal convictions.

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were excluded from membership. The concentration of power and wealth in a few families caused resentment over time. The system of local government started to become more representative from the passing of the

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as Foreman of the Grand Jury, who was sworn first in the English manner by kissing the book; the others followed three at a time; after which Lord Tinwald, addressing the jurors, informed them that the power

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literally means "we are ignorant of" or "we do not know" – in the context of a Grand Jury it effectively means "we do not know of any reason why this person should be indicted on these charges". This use of

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if not. The practice gradually disappeared in Canada over the course of the twentieth century, after being the subject of extended discussions late in the 19th. It was ultimately abolished in 1984 when the

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and have been used on a very limited number of occasions. Their function in Victoria particularly relates to alleged offences either by bodies corporate or where magistrates have aborted the prosecution.

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Parker, Nancy (1995). "Swift Justice and the Decline of the Criminal Trial Jury: The Dynamics of Law and Authority in Victoria, BC 1858–1905". In Flaherty, David H.; McLaren, John; Foster, Hamar (eds.).

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made a presentation to the jury in the absence of the accused and the jury heard the witnesses. The jury then decided by majority vote whether there were sufficient grounds for the case to go to the

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to believe that one or more persons committed a particular offense within the jurisdiction of a court. While most grand juries focus on criminal matters, some civil grand juries serve an independent

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The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions. The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions.

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At the time of the founding of the United States, a grand jury indictment was required for almost all prosecutions and juries rendered the final verdict of almost all criminal and civil cases. The

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all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court. Thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment. The grand jury was later recognized by

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under the seal of the court and signed by the clerk were executed on a great number of persons in different shires, requiring them to appear as witnesses under the penalty of £100 each. The

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An account of its first use in Scotland illustrates the institution's characteristics. It consisted of 23 good and lawful men, chosen out of 48 who were summoned: 24 from the county of

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Stokes, Mary (2016). "Grand Juries and 'Proper Authorities': Low Law, Soft Law and Local Governance in Canada West/Ontario, 1850–1880". In Baker, G. Blaine; Fyson, Donald (eds.).

835:, a member of the Legislative Council, unsuccessfully moved for the reintroduction of grand juries in 1858, but this was thwarted by the Attorney-General and the Chief Justice. 2031:

District (i.e. federal) court of the District of Columbia decisions: re Nicholson, H.C. 141-61, D.D.C., Nov. 19, 1963, and Ikeda v. McNamara, H.C. 416-62, D.D.C., Oct. 19, 1962

2095: 1567: 1943:"The Rebirth of Japan's Petit Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems: A Cross-National Analysis of Legal Consciousness and the Lay Participatory Experience in Japan and the U.S." 521:

The first Scottish grand jury under this Act met at Edinburgh on 10 October 1748 to take cognisance of the charges against such rebels as had not surrendered, following the

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meaning "small"). A grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia it has fewer members for regular or special grand juries.

231: 3292: 3998: 3101: 1011:(a subdivision of the arrondissement). This magistrate interrogated the accused to determine whether grounds for prosecution existed and if so sent the case to the 903:, Lieutenant Governor and acting Governor of the colony between 1826 and 1828. The acting Governor, who was later influential in the establishment of jury trial in 277: 847: 1023:

civil court judges, and who served in the post for six months on a rotating basis. He decided whether to dismiss the charges or, if not, whether the case was a

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sessions) gave the charge to the grand jury, i.e. he directed their attention to points in the various cases about to be considered which required explanation.

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was under American administration. Grand jury proceedings were held in the territory from 1963 until 1972. By an ordinance of the civil administration of the

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and special grand juries were originally defined in law, for cases thought to require more qualified jurors, but these were abolished in Year 8 (1799).

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rather than protect from trial. This power has disappeared in 1893. Grand juries were later abolished in 1961 and followed by special juries in 1981.

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brought the judicature system peculiar to that form, and the grand jury was inherent to it. A similar form derived in Quebec from the promise of the

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and of gaol delivery), 24 men of the county "to inquire into, present, do and execute all those things which, on the part of our Lord the King (

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on 29 November 1798. Prince Edward Island derived its grand jury from its administrative parent between 1763 and 1769, Nova Scotia, as did

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function. Around the 18th and 19th-century in Ireland and the U.S., grand juries were occasionally formed to pass or approve public policy.

3553: 2512: 1292:"Seeing Is Believing: The Impact of Jury Service on Attitudes Toward Legal Institutions and the Implications for International Jury Reform" 863: 234:

reads, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury

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Many early grand juries in the U.S. had quasi-legislative functions like passing legislation or approving taxes or expenditures.

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The History of Scotland : translated from the Latin of George Buchanan with notes and a continuation to the present time

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The Rise of British West Africa: Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Gambia, Lagos, Gold Coast, etc

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Distinct from their public works function, as property owners they also were qualified to sit on criminal juries hearing

593:" if doubtful. The proceedings continued for a week, in which time, out of 55 bills, 42 were sustained and 13 dismissed. 4013: 2054: 1916: 1661:

The Grand Jury: Considered from an Historical, Political and Legal Standpoint, and the Law and Practice Relating Thereto

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Phillips Cables Ltd. v. United Steelworkers of America, Local 7276 (Nicolosi grievance), O.L.A.A. No. 13, at para. 15.

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court of quarter sessions. Grand juries continued in operation after the transfer to the colony to the Crown in 1807.

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became the first sitting president required to testify before a grand jury as the subject of an investigation by the

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Grand juries in Liberia were included in section 7 of article 1 of the constitution of 1847. By article 21 of the

144:) describing the offense with proper accompaniments of time and circumstances, and certainty of act and person, or 4008: 4003: 3914: 3863: 2978: 2958:(1905). "Crown Commission of Inquiry into the Administration of Justice in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope". 1764: 1607:

The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries

1340: 1306: 1171: 1140: 967: 479: 814:, reasoned that this entailed the creation of quarter sessions as they existed in England. Thus, inadvertently, 3904: 3512: 1826: 1466: 827: 799: 553: 537: 255: 3649: 264:

In 1974, the second Watergate grand jury indicted seven White House aides, including former Attorney General

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presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. Traditionally, a grand jury consists of 23 members.

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and indictment by grand jury were introduced, but only for these subsidiary courts. Grand juries met in

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and in secret deliberation. The accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings.

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of 3 Brumaire, Year 4 (25 October 1795) and this was the operative law until it was abolished in 1808.

999: 648:, as well as having a pre-trial judicial function for serious criminal cases. Many of them also sat as 193: 3629: 2375: 3919: 3848: 3838: 3500: 3465: 3377: 3352: 2992:

Vogler, Richard (2001). "The International Development of the Jury: The Role of the British Empire".

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Grand juries were once common across Canada. The institution of British civil government in 1749 at

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by a less formal mode, which is usually the spontaneous act of the grand jury, called presentment.

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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

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Ordinarily, bills of indictment were preferred after there had been an examination before the

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Jury empowered by law to initiate legal proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct

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U.S. Supreme Court decision: Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957)

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by resigning from office, Nixon was still required to testify before a grand jury. In 1998,

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in public officials. This is similar to civil grand juries in U.S. states like California.

1906:"Federal Grand Jury Secrecy: Legal Principles and Implications for Congressional Oversight" 3993: 3833: 3565: 3559: 3367: 3362: 3148:

Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries

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Histed, Elise (September 1987). "The introduction and use of the grand jury in Victoria".

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Essays in the History of Canadian Law: The Legal History of British Columbia and the Yukon

1862: 1133: 955: 904: 858: 839: 803: 795: 412: 390: 2934:"A Legal History of the New Zealand Jury Service - Introduction, Evolution and Equality?" 2933: 1799: 1721:"National Archives releases draft indictment of Nixon amid Mueller probe | CNN Politics" 268:, and named President Nixon as a "secret, un-indicted, co-conspirator". Despite evading 3825: 3783: 3606: 3506: 3397: 3372: 3342: 3337: 3031: 1372: 1229: 1196: 1128:, which began in 1792, the Governor and Council or any two members thereof, being also 900: 807: 754: 686: 324: 89: 518:

according to English rules of procedure and evidence. This rule was repealed in 1945.

3977: 3878: 3795: 3678: 3489: 3277: 2982:(1991), pp.672–87; SALJ (1992), pp.87–111, 307–318, 666–679; SALJ (1993), pp.322–337. 2717: 1705: 927:

and was a subject of a question to the government in the House of Commons in London.

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The grand jury continued in operation until 1885, by which time the Cape was under

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passed the Prosecutorial Review Commission Law on July 12, 1948, which created the

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meaning "large") is so named because traditionally it has more jurors than a trial

514:. Section III of the Act required the Scottish courts to try cases of treason and 2569: 2478: 2405: 1659: 1414: 1359: 1290:

Gastil, John; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Anderson, Kent; Nolan, Mark (13 September 2014).

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drew up a list of 30 jurors from the electoral roll every three months for the

765:, when it was formed on 2 August 1858, instituted a grand jury, along with the 466:

The grand jury's functions were gradually made redundant by the development of

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in August 1827 and the first Charter of Justice was issued on 24 August 1827.

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long predates its more common English meaning of an ignorant person or dunce.

57:, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may 3788: 3773: 3753: 3748: 2793:

A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales: The Colonial Period, 1788–1900

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Criminal Procedure and Appeals (Consequential and Other Provisions) Act 2004

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physical evidence or a person to testify. A grand jury is separate from the

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House of Commons. Reports from Committees, Vol 5, Session 7 Feb-6 Jul 1865

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McDowell, R. B (1975). Moody, T.W.; Beckett, J.C.; Kelleher, J.V. (eds.).

850:(section 5: The Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 is repealed). 17: 2623:. Toronto: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, law printer to the Queen. 1859 1144: 669: 638: 625:

level. The system was so-called as the grand jurors had to present their

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allow citizens to circulate a petition in order to impanel a grand jury.

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indictment is not proven to the satisfaction of the grand jury, the word

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instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutors, and

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British Cyclopedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law, and Politics

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in 1542. They mainly functioned as local government authorities at the

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Wilson, Matthew J.; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Maruta, Takashi (October 2015).

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in parts of the island under the control of the English government (

806:, as a subsidiary court structure below that of the Supreme Court. 2816:

Taylor, Greg (October 2001). "The Grand Jury of South Australia".

1426:

Bennett. Environmental Crime: Pollution and Wildlife Enforcement.

685:. Grand juries were eventually replaced by democratically elected 630: 365:, and a form of grand jury may have been used during the reign of 305: 240: 85: 62: 54: 2404:"The Grand Jury in England's Past and America's Present: Part I" 1400:

Diamond. Federal Grand Jury Practice and Procedure. 5th Edition.

3701: 3570: 3450: 3070: 655:

They were usually wealthy "country gentlemen" (i.e. landowners,

205:, Grand Juries also functioned as local government authorities: 104: 42: 3674: 3281: 2539:

Local Government in Liberal Democracies: An Introductory Survey

2376:"Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933" 136:

The mode of accusation is by a written statement of two types:

3040:. Vol. V. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. p. 426. 1492:(7th ed.). London, UK: Stevens & Haynes. p. 358. 1147:. A public meeting launched a petition with 550 names to the 1249:

Zapf, Patricia A.; Roesch, Ronald; Hart, Stephen D. (2009).

411:

The sheriff of every county was required to return to every

3116:

Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1895: Vol 1872–1886

2448:

Buchanan and Aikman. The History of Scotland. 1829. vol 6.

2040:

Vanoverbeke. Juries in the Japanese Legal System. 2015. pp

1152:

agitation for a local voice in government decision-making.

857:

maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the

2694:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 538–570. 2002:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publications. p. 134. 1609:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 629:

proposals and budgets in court for official sanction by a

3188:

Archives de Droit et de Legislation, Tome 5, 2nd Semestre

2338:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp

2303:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp

2290:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp

773:(1848–1866) when the latter were absorbed by the former. 470:

in magistrates' courts from 1848 onward when the (three)

2351:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p

2316:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p

2277:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p

1822:"Frequently Asked Questions About the Grand Jury System" 1473:. Vol. 2. London, UK: Orr & Smith. p. 591. 633:. Grand jurors were usually the largest local payers of 353:

Richard Helmholz traces the Grand Jury's origins to the

232:

Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States

3186:"Loi Belge du 15 Mai 1838 Relative au Jury Expliquée". 2178:"The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law" 954:, but they were abolished with the introduction of the 430:

consisted of gentlemen of high standing in the county.

3082:"The Cape Colony — Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick — Question" 2466:. Vol. 6. Edinburgh: Thomas Ireland. p. 597. 2000:

Japan and Civil Jury Trials: The Convergence of Forces

1765:"1998, August 17: Clinton testifies before grand jury" 3207:. London: Houlston & Sons. pp. 146–147, 171. 1658:

Edwards, George John (1906). Ward, Richard H. (ed.).

1570:. Waterford City & County Council. Archived from 1445:"Book 4, Ch. 23: Of the Several Modes of Prosecution" 381:. In each shire, a body of important men were sworn ( 2795:. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 56–59. 2439:

Treason Act 1945 (c. 44), section 2(2) and Schedule.

2144:"It's Time to Abolish Grand Juries Once and for All" 739:

the division in 1791 of Quebec, as it was then known

3955: 3887: 3824: 3709: 3589: 3531: 3436: 3316: 2648:"Timeline History of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court" 1963: 1961: 1694:"If It's Not a Runaway, It's Not a Real Grand Jury" 1230:"UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. John H. WILLIAMS, Jr" 700:, grand juries were abolished by section 27 of the 3222: 2778:The Establishment of Jury Trial in New South Wales 2581:Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament, 1969 c.15 2142:Shapiro, Chava; Clark, James (27 September 2023). 710:Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 3229:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 364–365. 3216: 3214: 2408:Justice of the Peace 839 at 842 (24 October 1998) 1885:"Laws governing citizen grand juries in Oklahoma" 1451:. London, UK: Sanders & Benning. p. 586. 1104:were prescribed in the law of 1791 passed by the 1081:) summarising the charges to be presented to the 934:, when it was abolished by Act 17 of 1885 of the 3059:. Philadelphia: George T. Bisel Co. p. 124. 1719:Watkins, Eli; Kaufman, Ellie (31 October 2018). 1360:America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System 552:). The court consisted of three judges from the 1974:University of Pennsylvania East Asia Law Review 1535: 1533: 1501: 1499: 661: 207: 2101:from the original on 24 June 2021 – via 3686: 3293: 3150:. University of North Carolina Press. Ch. 1. 2862:"Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883" 2234:. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. 1993: 1991: 1546:Civil Grand Jurors' Association of California 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 693:, as regards their administrative functions. 556:(Scotland's highest criminal court), of whom 65:, which do not preside over its functioning. 8: 1375:. Constitutional Rights and the Grand Jury. 757:when it was split off in 1784 to become the 3100:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2642: 2640: 2638: 2392:Kenny's Outlines of Criminal Law, 18th Ed, 2117:"Liberian Grand Jury Indicts Port Director" 2055:"Constitution of Liberia (1847), Section 7" 1747:"Newly Released Testimony Is Vintage Nixon" 1255:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 182. 664:and administered the law at petty sessions. 3693: 3679: 3671: 3300: 3286: 3278: 3037:Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition 2620:The consolidated statutes for Upper Canada 1108:and were maintained and re-enacted in the 1037:, i.e. imprisonable for 2 years or more). 961:The jury law of 1791 created an eight-man 3190:(in French). Bruxelles. 1841. p. 83. 2837: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2592:"The Royal Proclamation, October 7, 1763" 2483:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 2. 679:Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 3135:. New York City: Cockcroft. p. 297. 2525:. House of Commons. col. 1676–1683. 2462:Aikman, James; Buchanan, George (1829). 672:and Protestants who were not members of 637:, and therefore tended to be the larger 3854:Racial discrimination in jury selection 2780:. Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. 2572:The Journal of Criminal Law 137 and 138 1221: 1188: 3999:History of local government in Ireland 3093: 3090:. House of Commons. col. 169–171. 2237: 1900: 1898: 1664:. University of Michigan: G.T. Bisel. 1358:"Law on the Books: Shield and Sword". 879:in 1844. Its function was to consider 2692:Essays in the History of Canadian Law 1628: 1626: 1595:, House of Commons, 19 February 1833. 1540:Jameson, Marianne (26 October 2004). 1486:"Book 3, Chapter VII: The Grand Jury" 798:for a short period in the 1820s. The 767:Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands 419:(or more precisely the commission of 99:The grand jury (from the French word 7: 3263:Gfactor and Bricker (17 July 2006). 2421:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th Ed. 1745:Totenberg, Nina (10 November 2011). 1344:(2nd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota: 997:. There was no public prosecutor or 786:courts formally ended the practice. 605:, grand juries were active from the 258:to represent the state in the case. 201:From the 17th century until 1898 in 76:, prominent modern examples include 2994:Revue internationale de droit pénal 1853:Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003). 1790:Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003). 1449:Commentaries on the Laws of England 909:Secretary of State for the Colonies 691:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 397:in 1215 on demand of the nobility. 2913:McLintock, Alexander Hare (1966). 2216:from the original on 24 June 2021. 1941:Fukurai, Hiroshi (4 August 2017). 1922:from the original on 29 March 2019 1043:tribunal de police correctionnelle 875:The grand jury was established in 802:(UK) enabled the establishment of 25: 3612:Evidence law in the United States 2818:American Journal of Legal History 1947:Cornell International Law Journal 1506:Fukurai, Hiroshi (January 2011). 946:Grand juries were established in 490:The grand jury was introduced in 226:Grand juries in the United States 78:grand juries in the United States 3419: 3221:Walker, James W. St. G. (1993). 3171:Oudot, Charles-François (1845). 2480:The Church of Ireland, 1869–1969 2186:University of Chicago Law Review 1413:Judicial Council of California. 1124:Under the administration of the 652:judging the less serious cases. 249:in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913 3963:Fully Informed Jury Association 3087:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2915:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 2866:Government of Western Australia 2522:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1542:"History of Civil Grand Juries" 245:A grand jury investigating the 3466:Deferred prosecution agreement 3265:"Who invented the grand jury?" 3175:. Paris: Joubert. p. 327. 2749:"Who invented the grand jury?" 2679:. University of Toronto Press. 2430:Treason Act, 1708 (7 Ann c 21) 2329:22 & 23 Vict. c. 17, s. l. 2176:Helmholzt, Richard H. (1983). 1913:Congressional Research Service 1490:Principles of the Criminal Law 907:, obtained the consent of the 714:Parliament of Northern Ireland 107:, sometimes called a petty or 1: 3118:. Cape Town: J.C. Juta. 1895. 2631:– via Internet Archive. 2259:Turley, Hugh (January 2007). 1861:School of Law. Archived from 1855:"Power to abolish Grand Jury" 1798:School of Law. Archived from 1110:Code des Délits et des Peines 407:Inquests in England and Wales 300:, under the influence of the 278:Office of Independent Counsel 49:—empowered by law to conduct 2962:. Vol. 28. London, UK: 2536:Chandler, J. A, ed. (1993). 2517:"Select Committee Moved For" 2511:Isaac Butt, Member for 2265:Hyattsville Life & Times 956:Code of Criminal Instruction 617:), that was followed by the 476:Justices Protection Act 1848 3051:Edwards, George J. (1906). 3021:, 10 Cape L.J. p.216 (1893) 1484:Harris, Seymour F. (1896). 1252:Forensic Psychology and Law 1235:Legal Information Institute 741:, at the Ottawa river into 32:Grand jury (disambiguation) 4030: 2960:Records of the Cape Colony 1692:Roots, Roger (1999–2000). 794:The grand jury existed in 771:Colony of Vancouver Island 763:Colony of British Columbia 730:Royal Proclamation of 1763 702:Courts of Justice Act 1924 659:, farmers and merchants): 404: 223: 191: 80:, and to a lesser extent, 29: 3864:Scientific jury selection 3625: 3581:Presentence investigation 3414: 3129:Forsyth, William (1878). 2979:South African Law Journal 2964:William Clowes & Sons 2900:10.1080/01440368708530896 2700:10.3138/9781442670051-014 2652:The Courts of Nova Scotia 2542:. Routledge. p. 31. 2244:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2089:"Constitution of Liberia" 1968:Fukurai, Hiroshi (2011). 1172:Immunity from prosecution 576:named Sir John Inglis of 480:Criminal Justice Act 1948 256:general power of attorney 3132:History of Trial by Jury 2932:Powles, Michèle (1999). 2888:Journal of Legal History 1827:American Bar Association 1704:(4): 821. Archived from 1605:Thomas, Suja A. (2016). 853:The Australian state of 800:New South Wales Act 1823 732:that a faithful copy of 704:, but they persisted in 554:High Court of Justiciary 53:, investigate potential 3201:George, Claude (1904). 3146:Donovan, James (2010). 1638:www.glenn.courts.ca.gov 1568:"Grand Jury Collection" 1512:Chicago-Kent Law Review 950:in 1791 under the name 759:Colony of New Brunswick 708:until abolished by the 696:After the formation of 523:Jacobite rising of 1745 338:Constitution of Liberia 3888:Specific jurisdictions 3523:Statute of limitations 3318:Criminal investigation 2919:New Zealand Government 2776:Bennett, J.M. (1961). 2654:. 2004. Archived from 1463:Partington, Charles F. 1388:HL Deb, 17 July 1812, 1019:), who was one of the 971:(a subdivision of the 932:responsible government 895:was introduced in the 666: 583:His Majesty's advocate 274:President Bill Clinton 250: 212: 111:(from the French word 3461:Criminal jurisdiction 3006:10.3917/ridp.721.0525 2596:The Solon Law Archive 2232:www.history-world.org 1771:. This Day in History 1439:Bayly, John Bethune; 1332:Black, Henry Campbell 1305:: 126. Archived from 1162:Blue-ribbon committee 1130:justices of the peace 1100:The functions of the 1065:, in order to get an 1015:(the director of the 585:possessed before the 516:misprision of treason 508:Act of the Parliament 502:with England, by the 468:committal proceedings 375:William the Conqueror 316:in public officials. 244: 3849:Peremptory challenge 3839:Death-qualified jury 3501:Inquisitorial system 3438:Criminal prosecution 3378:Reasonable suspicion 3353:Exigent circumstance 2956:Theal, George McCall 2791:Woods, G.D. (2002). 2267:– via DC Dave. 1859:University of Dayton 1796:University of Dayton 1792:"State Grand Juries" 1698:Creighton Law Review 1548:(Reference material) 1167:Examining magistrate 1126:Sierra Leone Company 1106:Constituent Assembly 1007:established in each 1005:Justice of the Peace 769:(1853–1863) and the 751:Prince Edward Island 568:(presiding member). 367:Æthelred the Unready 30:For other uses, see 4014:Deliberative groups 3518:Preliminary hearing 2658:on 17 October 2013. 2065:on 17 January 2010. 1915:. 10 January 2019. 1865:on 17 February 2007 1574:on 30 November 2022 1441:Blackstone, William 1312:on 26 February 2015 881:bills of indictment 864:Judicature Act 1874 668:From 1691 to 1793, 611:Lordship of Ireland 498:, a year after the 385:) to report to the 359:Henry II of England 357:in 1166, an Act of 355:Assize of Clarendon 3989:Criminal procedure 3844:Jury questionnaire 3816:Summary jury trial 3801:Jury sequestration 3779:Jury nullification 3722:Citizens' assembly 3446:Adversarial system 3388:Search and seizure 3358:Knock-and-announce 3309:Criminal procedure 3076:, Member for 2380:Legislation.gov.uk 2121:Maritime Executive 1149:Colonial Secretary 1075:bill of indictment 1000:juge d'instruction 619:Kingdom of Ireland 474:Acts, such as the 446:clerk of the peace 319:From 1945 to 1972 310:Kensatsu Shinsakai 251: 247:Arcadia Hotel fire 194:Citizens' assembly 3971: 3970: 3900:England and Wales 3759:Jury instructions 3704:-related articles 3668: 3667: 3650:Wikimedia Commons 3597:Criminal defenses 3532:Charges and pleas 3456:Bill of attainder 3393:Search of persons 3270:The Straight Dope 3157:978-0-8078-3363-6 2802:978-1-86287-439-8 2754:The Straight Dope 2549:978-0-415-08875-6 2009:978-1-78347-918-4 1671:978-0-404-09113-2 1616:978-1-107-05565-0 1262:978-0-470-57039-5 1102:jury d’accusation 1091:tribunal criminel 1083:jury d'accusation 1079:acte d'accusation 1071:directeur du jury 1059:jury d'accusation 1055:directeur de jury 1017:jury d'accusation 1013:directeur du jury 995:jury d'accusation 963:jury d'accusation 952:jury d'accusation 844:Western Australia 674:Church of Ireland 422:oyer and terminer 401:England and Wales 51:legal proceedings 16:(Redirected from 4021: 4009:Direct democracy 4004:Local government 3859:Strike for cause 3811:Juror misconduct 3764:Specific finding 3710:Primary articles 3695: 3688: 3681: 3672: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3383:Right to silence 3302: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3228: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3080:(19 June 1879). 3067: 3061: 3060: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3028: 3022: 3019:Cape Law Journal 3016: 3010: 3009: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2841: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2644: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2515:(8 March 1861). 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2261:"The Grand Jury" 2256: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2182: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2061:. 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3791: 3784:Jury tampering 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3727:Coroner's jury 3724: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3507:Nolle prosequi 3503: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3398:Search warrant 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3373:Probable cause 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3343:Consent search 3340: 3338:Arrest warrant 3335: 3330: 3322: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3258: 3257:External links 3255: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3210: 3193: 3178: 3163: 3156: 3138: 3121: 3107: 3062: 3057:The Grand Jury 3043: 3023: 3011: 2984: 2969: 2947: 2924: 2905: 2894:(2): 167–177. 2878: 2853: 2824:(4): 468–516. 2808: 2801: 2783: 2768: 2757:. 18 July 2006 2740: 2731: 2708: 2682: 2661: 2634: 2610: 2601: 2583: 2574: 2562: 2548: 2528: 2503: 2489: 2469: 2454: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2417:"Scotland" in 2410: 2397: 2385: 2367: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2322: 2309: 2296: 2283: 2270: 2251: 2219: 2193:(2): 613–627. 2168: 2134: 2123:. 23 July 2015 2108: 2080: 2068: 2046: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2008: 1987: 1957: 1933: 1894: 1876: 1845: 1813: 1802:on 3 July 2016 1782: 1756: 1737: 1711: 1708:on 2 May 2004. 1684: 1670: 1650: 1622: 1615: 1597: 1585: 1559: 1529: 1495: 1476: 1454: 1431: 1419: 1415:1 January 1974 1406: 1393: 1381: 1373:Sara Sun Beale 1364: 1362:. 1999. p 247. 1351: 1348:. p. 675. 1323: 1275: 1261: 1241: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1121: 1118: 1114:Special juries 1063:arrondissement 1047:arrondissement 1033:) or a crime ( 987:arrondissement 968:arrondissement 943: 940: 901:Richard Bourke 889: 886: 872: 869: 808:Francis Forbes 791: 788: 779:nolle prosequi 755:Sunbury County 721: 718: 646:trials by jury 598: 595: 544:) and 12 from 487: 484: 402: 399: 350: 347: 345: 342: 333: 330: 325:Ryukyu Islands 293: 290: 224:Main article: 221: 218: 216: 213: 189: 186: 176: 173: 149: 148: 145: 129: 126: 120: 117: 90:probable cause 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4026: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940:Nullification 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3930:U.S. military 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925:United States 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3879:Stealth juror 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796:Jury research 3794: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3785: 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1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057:convoked the 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 978: 974: 970: 969: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 941: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 920: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893:Trial by jury 887: 885: 882: 878: 870: 868: 865: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 833:George Forbes 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:trial by jury 813: 812:Chief Justice 809: 805: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 780: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 731: 727: 719: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 665: 660: 658: 657:landed gentry 653: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 596: 594: 592: 588: 584: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:Justice Clerk 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 519: 517: 513: 512:Great Britain 509: 505: 501: 497: 494:, solely for 493: 485: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 460: 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Retrieved 2927: 2914: 2908: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2869:. Retrieved 2865: 2856: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2792: 2786: 2777: 2771: 2759:. Retrieved 2752: 2743: 2734: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2656:the original 2651: 2625:. Retrieved 2619: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2565: 2553:. Retrieved 2538: 2531: 2520: 2506: 2494:. Retrieved 2479: 2472: 2463: 2457: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2413: 2400: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2360: 2347: 2334: 2325: 2312: 2299: 2286: 2273: 2264: 2254: 2231: 2222: 2190: 2184: 2171: 2159:. Retrieved 2147: 2137: 2125:. Retrieved 2120: 2111: 2083: 2071: 2063:the original 2058: 2049: 2036: 2027: 2018: 1999: 1978:. Retrieved 1973: 1951: 1945: 1936: 1924:. Retrieved 1888: 1879: 1867:. Retrieved 1863:the original 1848: 1836:. Retrieved 1832:the original 1825: 1816: 1804:. Retrieved 1800:the original 1785: 1775:23 September 1773:. Retrieved 1768: 1759: 1750: 1740: 1728:. Retrieved 1724: 1714: 1706:the original 1701: 1697: 1687: 1675:. Retrieved 1660: 1653: 1641:. 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Retrieved 1251: 1244: 1233: 1224: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1139: 1123: 1120:Sierra Leone 1109: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073:drew up the 1070: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:, while for 1046: 1042: 1041:went to the 1038: 1031:misdemeanour 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 976: 972: 966: 962: 960: 951: 945: 929: 924: 921: 917: 913: 891: 874: 852: 837: 793: 778: 775: 747:Lower Canada 743:Upper Canada 733: 723: 695: 667: 662: 654: 643: 627:public works 600: 573: 565: 550:West Lothian 542:East Lothian 527: 520: 496:high treason 489: 465: 461: 454: 450: 440: 436: 432: 426: 420: 410: 382: 352: 335: 318: 309: 298:World War II 295: 286: 282: 263: 260: 252: 229: 208: 200: 197: 178: 168: 161: 158: 150: 135: 131: 122: 112: 100: 98: 67: 45:—a group of 38: 36: 3869:Struck jury 3806:Jury stress 3660:Wikiversity 3617:Legal abuse 3554:Information 3544:Arraignment 3539:Alford plea 3479:Extradition 3000:: 525–550. 2839:2440/109282 2627:31 December 2496:3 September 2103:ClientEarth 2075:Article 1, 1889:Ballotpedia 1769:History.com 1095:departement 982:departement 973:departement 897:Cape Colony 888:Cape Colony 877:New Zealand 871:New Zealand 784:Nova Scotia 737:driver for 726:Nova Scotia 650:magistrates 609:during the 607:Middle Ages 536:), 12 from 457:magistrates 395:Magna Carta 314:misfeasance 270:impeachment 188:Legislative 182:misfeasance 74:Middle Ages 72:during the 3978:Categories 3744:Petit jury 3737:Indictment 3732:Grand jury 3717:Jury trial 3645:WikiSource 3630:Wiktionary 3549:Indictment 3496:Indictment 3484:Grand jury 3427:Law portal 3408:Terry stop 2976:Kahn, E., 2761:17 October 2365:Offences". 2342:& 360. 2307:& 359. 2294:& 358. 2148:The Nation 2044:& 106. 1980:2 December 1926:15 January 1522:2 December 1316:2 December 1268:2 December 1216:References 1067:indictment 985:. In each 925:Cape Argus 824:Parramatta 683:Isaac Butt 546:Linlithgow 538:Haddington 534:Midlothian 405:See also: 192:See also: 169:billa vera 142:indictment 109:petit jury 39:grand jury 18:Grand Jury 3905:Hong Kong 3789:Embracery 3774:Hung jury 3754:Jury fees 3749:Jury duty 3640:Wikiquote 3635:Wikibooks 3348:Detention 3096:cite book 3078:Gateshead 2718:153842169 2555:19 August 2156:0027-8378 2127:8 January 2077:Section 7 1578:15 August 1206:ignoramus 1201:ignoramus 1177:Sortition 1087:directeur 958:in 1808. 790:Australia 716:in 1969. 670:Catholics 639:landlords 591:ignoramus 570:Subpoenas 530:Edinburgh 441:ignoramus 391:King John 163:ignoramus 3915:Scotland 3655:Wikinews 3607:Evidence 3034:(1845). 2240:cite web 2211:Archived 2096:Archived 2094:. 1984. 1917:Archived 1869:29 March 1806:2 August 1518:(2): 825 1465:(1836). 1443:(1840). 1390:col 1091 1334:(1910). 1156:See also 1145:Freetown 979:in each 965:in each 855:Victoria 615:The Pale 492:Scotland 486:Scotland 373:used by 175:Watchdog 154:ex parte 128:Criminal 94:watchdog 59:subpoena 47:citizens 3403:Suspect 3327:Arguido 2848:3185314 2726:1674089 2608:Doughty 2513:Youghal 2207:1599504 1593:Hansard 1417:. p 30. 1132:, held 1093:of the 1061:of the 1045:of the 828:Windsor 712:of the 689:by the 603:Ireland 597:Ireland 578:Cramond 558:Tinwald 417:assizes 387:sheriff 377:in the 371:inquest 363:Normans 349:Origins 344:History 332:Liberia 321:Okinawa 203:Ireland 124:crown. 119:Purpose 82:Liberia 70:England 3994:Juries 3956:Groups 3920:Taiwan 3895:Canada 3333:Arrest 3233: 3154: 2846: 2799: 2724: 2716: 2706: 2546: 2487: 2205: 2154: 2006: 1976:: 5–10 1838:11 May 1730:3 June 1677:22 May 1668: 1643:31 May 1613: 1552:18 May 1259: 1085:. 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