589:, of prosecuting any person for high treason, who appeared guilty on a precognition taken of the facts, being now done away, power was lodged with them, a grand jury, 12 of whom behoved to concur before a true bill could be found. An indictment was then preferred in court and the witnesses endorsed on it were called over and sworn; on which the jury retired to the exchequer chambers and the witnesses were conducted to a room near it, whence they were called to be examined separately. Two solicitors for the crown were present at the examination but no one else; and after they had finished and the sense of the jury was collected, the indictment was returned a "true bill", if the charges were found proved, or "
312:(or Prosecutorial Review Commission (PRC) system), analogous to the grand jury system in the United States. Until 2009 the PRC's recommendations were not binding, and were only regarded as advisory. A survey conducted by the Japanese Cabinet Office in October 1990 showed that 68.8% of surveyed Japanese citizens were not familiar with the PRC system. On May 21, 2009, the Japanese government introduced new legislation which would make the PRC's decisions binding. A PRC is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting. It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat
459:. But this need not always take place. With certain exceptions, any person would prefer a bill of indictment against another before the grand jury without any previous inquiry into the truth of the accusation before a magistrate. This right was at one time universal and was often abused. A substantial check was put on this abuse by the Vexatious Indictments Act 1859. This Act provided that for certain offences which it listed (perjury, libel, etc.), the person presenting such an indictment must be bound by recognizance to prosecute or give evidence against the accused, or alternatively had judicial permission (as specified) so to do.
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majority). Most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties, either a law enforcement officer, a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family, or even by laymen. A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury; if the grand jury found that there was sufficient evidence for a trial, that the act was a crime under law, and that the court had jurisdiction, it would return the indictment to the complainant. The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise essentially the same authority as a state attorney general has, that is, a
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444:("we do not know" or "we are ignorant (of)"), was endorsed instead and the bill was said to be "ignored" or thrown out. They could find a true bill as to the charge in one count, and ignore that in another; or as to one defendant and not as to another; but they could not, like a petty jury, return a special or conditional finding, or select part of a count as true and reject the other part. When some bills were "found", some of the jurors came out and handed the bills to the clerk of arraigns (in assizes) or
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shillings in Cape Town and 20 shillings outside the town. Black (i.e. non-white) jurors were not entirely excluded and sat occasionally. This is not to imply, however, that juries did not operate in an oppressive manner towards the Black
African and Asian residents of the Cape, whose participation in the jury lists was, in any event, severely limited by the property qualification. The property qualification was amended in 1831 and 1861 and, experimentally, a grand jury came into operation.
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against the name of the witness on the back of the bill. Only the witnesses for the prosecution were examined, as the function of the grand jury was merely to inquire whether there was sufficient ground to put the accused on trial. If the majority of them (and at least 12) thought that the evidence so adduced made out a sufficient case, the words "a true bill" were endorsed on the back of the bill. If they were of the opposite opinion, the phrase "not a true bill", or the single Latin word
749:, as each of the two groups (French and English) desired to maintain their traditions. In point of fact, the second law passed in Upper Canada relates to (petit) jury trial. This was continued so that Chapter 31 of the 1859 Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada specifies the constitution of Grand and Petit Juries in the province (now known as Ontario). The colony at St. John's Island, ceded by France in 1763, and separated on 30 May 1769 from Nova Scotia, became
340:, 'No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the Armed Forces and petty offenses, unless upon indictment by a Grand Jury". For example, the national Port Authority's managing director was indicted by the Monteserrado County Grand Jury in July 2015, on charges of economic sabotage, theft of property and criminal conspiracy. It is one of the only remaining countries using a grand jury.
846:, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). This 1883 abolition Act was itself abolished by the
478:, codified and greatly expanded the functions of magistrates in pre-trial proceedings; these proceedings developed into almost a repeat of the trial itself. In 1933 the grand jury ceased to function in England, under the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 and was entirely abolished in 1948, when a clause from 1933 saving grand juries for offences relating to officials abroad was repealed by the
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1143:(1852–1854) was concerned that jurors were frustrating government policy by being biased in certain cases; in particular he felt that liberated Africans on the grand jury would never convict another liberated African on charges of owning or importing slaves. He promulgated the Ordinance of 29 November 1853 which abolished the grand jury. Opposition was immediately mounted in
369:. Henry's chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out once each year to enforce the "King's Peace". To make this system of royal criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of
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The charge having been delivered, the grand jury withdrew to their own room, having received the bills of indictment. The witnesses whose names were endorsed on each bill were sworn as they came to be examined, in the grand jury room, the oath being administered by the foreman, who wrote his initials
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promulgated in 1963, grand jury indictment and petit jury trial were assured for criminal defendants in the civil administration courts. This ordinance reflected the concern of the U.S. Supreme Court that U.S. civilians tried for crimes abroad under tribunals of U.S. provenance should not be shorn of
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After the court was opened by the crier making proclamation, the names of those summoned to the grand jury were called and they were sworn. They numbered at least 14 and not more than 23. The person presiding (the judge at the assizes, the chairman at the county sessions, the recorder at the borough
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An
American federal grand jury has from 16 to 23 jurors, with twelve votes usually required to return an indictment. All grand jury proceedings are conducted behind closed doors, without a presiding judge. The prosecutors are tasked with arranging for the appearance of witnesses, as well as drafting
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Jury trial was brought into practical operation in 1828 and the 1831 Ordinance 84 laid down that criminal cases would be heard by a panel of nine, selected from males aged between 21 and 60, owning or renting property to a value of ÂŁ1.17s (37 shillings) per annum or having liability for taxes of 30
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The grand jury has been described as a "shield and sword" that has both an offensive purpose and defensive purpose. It has been called the shield of the people against the power of the crown; though Green says this is a myth. It has been described as the "sword of the people" and as a sword of the
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would be instituted in the North
American possessions of the Crown. Archival records are found that document the presentments of a grand jury in Quebec as early as 16 October 1764. One of the chief complaints was related to the jury trial, and the use of language. The desire for English law was a
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A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury... levied the local taxes, appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them, and spent them when they were gathered in. He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors, regulated the diet of paupers, inflicted fines
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While all states have provisions for grand juries as of 2003, today approximately half of the states employ them and 22 states have provision to prevent the abolition of grand juries by legislatures or courts as of 2003. Six states (Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Nevada, and Kansas)
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If they find the accusation true, which is usually drawn up in form by the prosecutor or an officer of the court, they write upon the indictment the words "a true bill" which is signed by the foreperson of the grand jury and presented to the court publicly in the presence of all the jurors. If the
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As elsewhere, the judge could use his charge to the grand jury to bring matters of concern to him to the attention of the public and the government. In May 1879 Mr. Justice
Fitzpatrick, returning from circuit in the northern and western parts of Cape Colony, gave a charge to the grand jury at the
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If an indictment was found in the absence of the accused, and he/she was not in custody and had not been bound over to appear at assizes or sessions, then process was issued to bring that person into court, as it is contrary to the
English law to "try" an indictment in the absence of the accused.
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our Lady the Queen), shall then be commanded them". Grand jurors at the assizes or at the borough quarter sessions did not have property qualifications; but, at the county quarter sessions, they had the same property qualification as petty jurors. However, at the assizes, the grand jury generally
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for the trial of offences committed within the colony. The process for indictment etc. was the same as the practice in
England or as near as possible thereto. To effect this, they were empowered to issue their warrant or precept to the Sheriff, commanding him to summon a grand jury to sit at the
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In the early decades of the United States, grand juries played a major role in public matters. During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least 12 of the grand jurors, (e.g., for a 23-person grand jury, 12 people would constitute a bare
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They fixed the salaries of public officers; they regulated prisons and houses of correction; they levied funds for the support of hospitals; they made and repaired roads and bridges, and they framed accounts of the expenses incurred in these matters... They determined what public works should be
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preferred against persons committed for trial and to decide whether the evidence against them justified their standing trial. At first the grand jury retained the theoretical power to present an indictment of its own motion, a relic of mediaeval times when the grand jury's purpose was to accuse
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No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors. The grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. Grand jury proceedings are, in the first
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The function of a grand jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of a crime, but the institution is also a shield against unfounded and oppressive prosecution. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community, to participate in the administration of justice. It can also make
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in London, and the opposition declared that the
Kennedy ordinance was a reproach upon the loyalty of the community. Grand juries have been considered one colonial body representative of local opinion and the Colonial Secretary's support for Kennedy upholding the abolition inspired a round of
88:. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions. The investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it; the accusatory function determines whether there is
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undertaken — what price should be paid for them, and who were the individuals that should undertake them, and be responsible for their completion. They settled the amount of the local taxation of the county, and, under their direction, it was levied from the actual occupiers of the land.
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or "not a true bill" is written upon it by the grand jury, or by their foreman and then said to be ignored, and the accusation is dismissed as unfounded; the potential defendant is said to have been "no-billed" by the grand jury. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a true bill
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In Japan, the
Prosecutorial Review Commission is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting. It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat
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Old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand jury can still be seen. The grand jury would evaluate charges and return what was called a "true bill (of indictment)" if the charges were to proceed. or a verdict of
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If a bill was thrown out, although it could not again be referred to the grand jury during the same assizes or sessions, it could be preferred at subsequent assizes or sessions, but not in respect of the same offense if a petty jury had returned a verdict.
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the order in which they are called, and take part in the questioning of witnesses. The targets of the grand jury or their lawyers have no right to appear before a grand jury unless they are invited, nor do they have a right to present exculpatory evidence.
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The grand jury was established for Cape Town alone. It met quarterly. In 1842 it was recorded that it served a district of 50,000 inhabitants and in one quarterly session there were six presentments (1 homicide, 2 assaults, 1 robbery, 1 theft, 1 fraud).
448:, who announced to the court the name of the prisoner, the charge, and the endorsements of the grand jury. They then retired and considered other bills until all were disposed of; after which they were discharged by the judge, chairman, or recorder.
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and other places. This democratic method of trial proved very popular, but was resented by conservatives. Eventually, conservative elements in the colony were successful in having these innovations suppressed by the
Australian Courts Act 1828 (UK).
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Criminal
Sessions at Cape Town, in which, after congratulating them upon the lightness of the calendar, he observed there were indications in the country of a growing mutual bad feeling between the races, etc. This was reported in the
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See "Indictable Offences Act 1848" (11 and 12 Vict c. 42); title: "An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions within England and Wales with respect to Persons charged with indictable
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under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to court seeking them to be committed for trial on indictable offences. Grand juries were introduced by the
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the protections of the U.S. Bill of Rights. Indeed, the District Court in Washington twice held that the absence of the jury system in the civil administration courts in Okinawa invalidated criminal convictions.
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were excluded from membership. The concentration of power and wealth in a few families caused resentment over time. The system of local government started to become more representative from the passing of the
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as Foreman of the Grand Jury, who was sworn first in the English manner by kissing the book; the others followed three at a time; after which Lord Tinwald, addressing the jurors, informed them that the power
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literally means "we are ignorant of" or "we do not know" – in the context of a Grand Jury it effectively means "we do not know of any reason why this person should be indicted on these charges". This use of
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if not. The practice gradually disappeared in Canada over the course of the twentieth century, after being the subject of extended discussions late in the 19th. It was ultimately abolished in 1984 when the
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and have been used on a very limited number of occasions. Their function in Victoria particularly relates to alleged offences either by bodies corporate or where magistrates have aborted the prosecution.
2674:
Parker, Nancy (1995). "Swift Justice and the Decline of the Criminal Trial Jury: The Dynamics of Law and Authority in Victoria, BC 1858–1905". In Flaherty, David H.; McLaren, John; Foster, Hamar (eds.).
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made a presentation to the jury in the absence of the accused and the jury heard the witnesses. The jury then decided by majority vote whether there were sufficient grounds for the case to go to the
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to believe that one or more persons committed a particular offense within the jurisdiction of a court. While most grand juries focus on criminal matters, some civil grand juries serve an independent
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The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions. The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions.
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At the time of the founding of the United States, a grand jury indictment was required for almost all prosecutions and juries rendered the final verdict of almost all criminal and civil cases. The
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all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court. Thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment. The grand jury was later recognized by
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under the seal of the court and signed by the clerk were executed on a great number of persons in different shires, requiring them to appear as witnesses under the penalty of ÂŁ100 each. The
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An account of its first use in Scotland illustrates the institution's characteristics. It consisted of 23 good and lawful men, chosen out of 48 who were summoned: 24 from the county of
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Stokes, Mary (2016). "Grand Juries and 'Proper Authorities': Low Law, Soft Law and Local Governance in Canada West/Ontario, 1850–1880". In Baker, G. Blaine; Fyson, Donald (eds.).
835:, a member of the Legislative Council, unsuccessfully moved for the reintroduction of grand juries in 1858, but this was thwarted by the Attorney-General and the Chief Justice.
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District (i.e. federal) court of the District of Columbia decisions: re Nicholson, H.C. 141-61, D.D.C., Nov. 19, 1963, and Ikeda v. McNamara, H.C. 416-62, D.D.C., Oct. 19, 1962
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1943:"The Rebirth of Japan's Petit Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems: A Cross-National Analysis of Legal Consciousness and the Lay Participatory Experience in Japan and the U.S."
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The first Scottish grand jury under this Act met at Edinburgh on 10 October 1748 to take cognisance of the charges against such rebels as had not surrendered, following the
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meaning "small"). A grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia it has fewer members for regular or special grand juries.
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1011:(a subdivision of the arrondissement). This magistrate interrogated the accused to determine whether grounds for prosecution existed and if so sent the case to the
903:, Lieutenant Governor and acting Governor of the colony between 1826 and 1828. The acting Governor, who was later influential in the establishment of jury trial in
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civil court judges, and who served in the post for six months on a rotating basis. He decided whether to dismiss the charges or, if not, whether the case was a
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sessions) gave the charge to the grand jury, i.e. he directed their attention to points in the various cases about to be considered which required explanation.
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was under American administration. Grand jury proceedings were held in the territory from 1963 until 1972. By an ordinance of the civil administration of the
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and special grand juries were originally defined in law, for cases thought to require more qualified jurors, but these were abolished in Year 8 (1799).
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rather than protect from trial. This power has disappeared in 1893. Grand juries were later abolished in 1961 and followed by special juries in 1981.
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brought the judicature system peculiar to that form, and the grand jury was inherent to it. A similar form derived in Quebec from the promise of the
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1508:"Japan's Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems as Deliberative Agents of Social Change: De-Colonial Strategies and Deliberative Participatory Democracy"
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and of gaol delivery), 24 men of the county "to inquire into, present, do and execute all those things which, on the part of our Lord the King (
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on 29 November 1798. Prince Edward Island derived its grand jury from its administrative parent between 1763 and 1769, Nova Scotia, as did
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function. Around the 18th and 19th-century in Ireland and the U.S., grand juries were occasionally formed to pass or approve public policy.
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2512:
1292:"Seeing Is Believing: The Impact of Jury Service on Attitudes Toward Legal Institutions and the Implications for International Jury Reform"
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reads, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury
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Many early grand juries in the U.S. had quasi-legislative functions like passing legislation or approving taxes or expenditures.
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The History of Scotland : translated from the Latin of George Buchanan with notes and a continuation to the present time
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The Rise of British West Africa: Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Gambia, Lagos, Gold Coast, etc
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Distinct from their public works function, as property owners they also were qualified to sit on criminal juries hearing
593:" if doubtful. The proceedings continued for a week, in which time, out of 55 bills, 42 were sustained and 13 dismissed.
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The Grand Jury: Considered from an Historical, Political and Legal Standpoint, and the Law and Practice Relating Thereto
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Phillips Cables Ltd. v. United Steelworkers of America, Local 7276 (Nicolosi grievance), O.L.A.A. No. 13, at para. 15.
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court of quarter sessions. Grand juries continued in operation after the transfer to the colony to the Crown in 1807.
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became the first sitting president required to testify before a grand jury as the subject of an investigation by the
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Grand juries in Liberia were included in section 7 of article 1 of the constitution of 1847. By article 21 of the
144:) describing the offense with proper accompaniments of time and circumstances, and certainty of act and person, or
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2958:(1905). "Crown Commission of Inquiry into the Administration of Justice in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope".
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The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
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814:, reasoned that this entailed the creation of quarter sessions as they existed in England. Thus, inadvertently,
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In 1974, the second Watergate grand jury indicted seven White House aides, including former Attorney General
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presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. Traditionally, a grand jury consists of 23 members.
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171:), the indictment is said to be founded and the party to stand indicted and required to be put on trial.
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and indictment by grand jury were introduced, but only for these subsidiary courts. Grand juries met in
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and in secret deliberation. The accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings.
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1970:"Japan's Prosecutorial Review Commissions: Lay Oversight of the Government's Discretion of Prosecution"
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of 3 Brumaire, Year 4 (25 October 1795) and this was the operative law until it was abolished in 1808.
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648:, as well as having a pre-trial judicial function for serious criminal cases. Many of them also sat as
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Vogler, Richard (2001). "The International Development of the Jury: The Role of the British Empire".
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Grand juries were once common across Canada. The institution of British civil government in 1749 at
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by a less formal mode, which is usually the spontaneous act of the grand jury, called presentment.
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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
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Ordinarily, bills of indictment were preferred after there had been an examination before the
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Jury empowered by law to initiate legal proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct
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U.S. Supreme Court decision: Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957)
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681:. A divergence of opinions can be seen in the House of Commons debate on 8 March 1861 led by
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by resigning from office, Nixon was still required to testify before a grand jury. In 1998,
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in public officials. This is similar to civil grand juries in U.S. states like California.
1906:"Federal Grand Jury Secrecy: Legal Principles and Implications for Congressional Oversight"
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Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries
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Histed, Elise (September 1987). "The introduction and use of the grand jury in Victoria".
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Essays in the History of Canadian Law: The Legal History of British Columbia and the Yukon
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858:
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2934:"A Legal History of the New Zealand Jury Service - Introduction, Evolution and Equality?"
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1721:"National Archives releases draft indictment of Nixon amid Mueller probe | CNN Politics"
268:, and named President Nixon as a "secret, un-indicted, co-conspirator". Despite evading
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according to English rules of procedure and evidence. This rule was repealed in 1945.
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2982:(1991), pp.672–87; SALJ (1992), pp.87–111, 307–318, 666–679; SALJ (1993), pp.322–337.
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and was a subject of a question to the government in the House of Commons in London.
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2228:"The Making Of Modern Britain: Medieval Politics, Economics, Religion, And Learning"
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The grand jury continued in operation until 1885, by which time the Cape was under
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passed the Prosecutorial Review Commission Law on July 12, 1948, which created the
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meaning "large") is so named because traditionally it has more jurors than a trial
514:. Section III of the Act required the Scottish courts to try cases of treason and
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Gastil, John; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Anderson, Kent; Nolan, Mark (13 September 2014).
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drew up a list of 30 jurors from the electoral roll every three months for the
765:, when it was formed on 2 August 1858, instituted a grand jury, along with the
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The grand jury's functions were gradually made redundant by the development of
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3416:
3407:
3053:"Part IV: How The Grand Jury Transacts Business and its Relation To The Court"
2899:
2699:
1066:
911:
in August 1827 and the first Charter of Justice was issued on 24 August 1827.
892:
823:
815:
682:
645:
590:
545:
533:
141:
108:
2155:
2062:
1905:
1208:
long predates its more common English meaning of an ignorant person or dunce.
57:, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may
3788:
3773:
3753:
3748:
2793:
A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales: The Colonial Period, 1788–1900
2260:
1634:"History of the Grand Jury | Superior Court of California | County of Glenn"
1541:
1176:
848:
Criminal Procedure and Appeals (Consequential and Other Provisions) Act 2004
529:
61:
physical evidence or a person to testify. A grand jury is separate from the
17:
3639:
3249:
House of Commons. Reports from Committees, Vol 5, Session 7 Feb-6 Jul 1865
3005:
2477:
McDowell, R. B (1975). Moody, T.W.; Beckett, J.C.; Kelleher, J.V. (eds.).
850:(section 5: The Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 is repealed).
2623:. Toronto: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, law printer to the Queen. 1859
1144:
669:
638:
625:
level. The system was so-called as the grand jurors had to present their
614:
569:
491:
284:
allow citizens to circulate a petition in order to impanel a grand jury.
160:
indictment is not proven to the satisfaction of the grand jury, the word
153:
152:
instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutors, and
58:
3670:
1097:. Between 1792 and 1795 there was no property qualification for jurors.
1003:. Instead the police or private citizens could bring a complaint to the
3402:
3326:
3086:
2847:
2838:
2521:
2206:
1471:
British Cyclopedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law, and Politics
621:
in 1542. They mainly functioned as local government authorities at the
602:
577:
416:
386:
370:
362:
361:, though others note that the trial jury was brought to England by the
202:
81:
69:
46:
1998:
Wilson, Matthew J.; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Maruta, Takashi (October 2015).
641:, and on retiring they selected new members from the same background.
3332:
2936:. VUWLawRw 19; 29(2) Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 283
1034:
1025:
947:
819:
2829:
2198:
613:
in parts of the island under the control of the English government (
806:, as a subsidiary court structure below that of the Supreme Court.
2816:
Taylor, Greg (October 2001). "The Grand Jury of South Australia".
1426:
Bennett. Environmental Crime: Pollution and Wildlife Enforcement.
685:. Grand juries were eventually replaced by democratically elected
630:
365:, and a form of grand jury may have been used during the reign of
305:
240:
85:
62:
54:
2404:"The Grand Jury in England's Past and America's Present: Part I"
1400:
Diamond. Federal Grand Jury Practice and Procedure. 5th Edition.
3701:
3570:
3450:
3070:
655:
They were usually wealthy "country gentlemen" (i.e. landowners,
205:, Grand Juries also functioned as local government authorities:
104:
42:
3674:
3281:
2539:
Local Government in Liberal Democracies: An Introductory Survey
2376:"Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933"
136:
The mode of accusation is by a written statement of two types:
3040:. Vol. V. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. p. 426.
1492:(7th ed.). London, UK: Stevens & Haynes. p. 358.
1147:. A public meeting launched a petition with 550 names to the
1249:
Zapf, Patricia A.; Roesch, Ronald; Hart, Stephen D. (2009).
411:
The sheriff of every county was required to return to every
3116:
Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1895: Vol 1872–1886
2448:
Buchanan and Aikman. The History of Scotland. 1829. vol 6.
2040:
Vanoverbeke. Juries in the Japanese Legal System. 2015. pp
1152:
agitation for a local voice in government decision-making.
857:
maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the
2694:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 538–570.
2002:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publications. p. 134.
1609:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
629:
proposals and budgets in court for official sanction by a
3188:
Archives de Droit et de Legislation, Tome 5, 2nd Semestre
2338:
Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp
2303:
Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp
2290:
Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp
773:(1848–1866) when the latter were absorbed by the former.
470:
in magistrates' courts from 1848 onward when the (three)
2351:
Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p
2316:
Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p
2277:
Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p
1822:"Frequently Asked Questions About the Grand Jury System"
1473:. Vol. 2. London, UK: Orr & Smith. p. 591.
633:. Grand jurors were usually the largest local payers of
353:
Richard Helmholz traces the Grand Jury's origins to the
232:
Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
3186:"Loi Belge du 15 Mai 1838 Relative au Jury Expliquée".
2178:"The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law"
954:, but they were abolished with the introduction of the
430:
consisted of gentlemen of high standing in the county.
3082:"The Cape Colony — Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick — Question"
2466:. Vol. 6. Edinburgh: Thomas Ireland. p. 597.
2000:
Japan and Civil Jury Trials: The Convergence of Forces
1765:"1998, August 17: Clinton testifies before grand jury"
3207:. London: Houlston & Sons. pp. 146–147, 171.
1658:
Edwards, George John (1906). Ward, Richard H. (ed.).
1570:. Waterford City & County Council. Archived from
1445:"Book 4, Ch. 23: Of the Several Modes of Prosecution"
381:. In each shire, a body of important men were sworn (
2795:. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 56–59.
2439:
Treason Act 1945 (c. 44), section 2(2) and Schedule.
2144:"It's Time to Abolish Grand Juries Once and for All"
739:
the division in 1791 of Quebec, as it was then known
3955:
3887:
3824:
3709:
3589:
3531:
3436:
3316:
2648:"Timeline History of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court"
1963:
1961:
1694:"If It's Not a Runaway, It's Not a Real Grand Jury"
1230:"UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. John H. WILLIAMS, Jr"
700:, grand juries were abolished by section 27 of the
3222:
2778:The Establishment of Jury Trial in New South Wales
2581:Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament, 1969 c.15
2142:Shapiro, Chava; Clark, James (27 September 2023).
710:Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969
3229:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 364–365.
3216:
3214:
2408:Justice of the Peace 839 at 842 (24 October 1998)
1885:"Laws governing citizen grand juries in Oklahoma"
1451:. London, UK: Sanders & Benning. p. 586.
1104:were prescribed in the law of 1791 passed by the
1081:) summarising the charges to be presented to the
934:, when it was abolished by Act 17 of 1885 of the
3059:. Philadelphia: George T. Bisel Co. p. 124.
1719:Watkins, Eli; Kaufman, Ellie (31 October 2018).
1360:America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System
552:). The court consisted of three judges from the
1974:University of Pennsylvania East Asia Law Review
1535:
1533:
1501:
1499:
661:
207:
2101:from the original on 24 June 2021 – via
3686:
3293:
3150:. University of North Carolina Press. Ch. 1.
2862:"Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883"
2234:. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012.
1993:
1991:
1546:Civil Grand Jurors' Association of California
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
693:, as regards their administrative functions.
556:(Scotland's highest criminal court), of whom
65:, which do not preside over its functioning.
8:
1375:. Constitutional Rights and the Grand Jury.
757:when it was split off in 1784 to become the
3100:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2642:
2640:
2638:
2392:Kenny's Outlines of Criminal Law, 18th Ed,
2117:"Liberian Grand Jury Indicts Port Director"
2055:"Constitution of Liberia (1847), Section 7"
1747:"Newly Released Testimony Is Vintage Nixon"
1255:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 182.
664:and administered the law at petty sessions.
3693:
3679:
3671:
3300:
3286:
3278:
3037:Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition
2620:The consolidated statutes for Upper Canada
1108:and were maintained and re-enacted in the
1037:, i.e. imprisonable for 2 years or more).
961:The jury law of 1791 created an eight-man
3190:(in French). Bruxelles. 1841. p. 83.
2837:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2592:"The Royal Proclamation, October 7, 1763"
2483:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 2.
679:Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840
3135:. New York City: Cockcroft. p. 297.
2525:. House of Commons. col. 1676–1683.
2462:Aikman, James; Buchanan, George (1829).
672:and Protestants who were not members of
637:, and therefore tended to be the larger
3854:Racial discrimination in jury selection
2780:. Faculty of Law, University of Sydney.
2572:The Journal of Criminal Law 137 and 138
1221:
1188:
3999:History of local government in Ireland
3093:
3090:. House of Commons. col. 169–171.
2237:
1900:
1898:
1664:. University of Michigan: G.T. Bisel.
1358:"Law on the Books: Shield and Sword".
879:in 1844. Its function was to consider
2692:Essays in the History of Canadian Law
1628:
1626:
1595:, House of Commons, 19 February 1833.
1540:Jameson, Marianne (26 October 2004).
1486:"Book 3, Chapter VII: The Grand Jury"
798:for a short period in the 1820s. The
767:Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands
419:(or more precisely the commission of
99:The grand jury (from the French word
7:
3263:Gfactor and Bricker (17 July 2006).
2421:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th Ed.
1745:Totenberg, Nina (10 November 2011).
1344:(2nd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota:
997:. There was no public prosecutor or
786:courts formally ended the practice.
605:, grand juries were active from the
258:to represent the state in the case.
201:From the 17th century until 1898 in
76:, prominent modern examples include
2994:Revue internationale de droit pénal
1853:Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003).
1790:Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003).
1449:Commentaries on the Laws of England
909:Secretary of State for the Colonies
691:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
397:in 1215 on demand of the nobility.
2913:McLintock, Alexander Hare (1966).
2216:from the original on 24 June 2021.
1941:Fukurai, Hiroshi (4 August 2017).
1922:from the original on 29 March 2019
1043:tribunal de police correctionnelle
875:The grand jury was established in
802:(UK) enabled the establishment of
25:
3612:Evidence law in the United States
2818:American Journal of Legal History
1947:Cornell International Law Journal
1506:Fukurai, Hiroshi (January 2011).
946:Grand juries were established in
490:The grand jury was introduced in
226:Grand juries in the United States
78:grand juries in the United States
3419:
3221:Walker, James W. St. G. (1993).
3171:Oudot, Charles-François (1845).
2480:The Church of Ireland, 1869–1969
2186:University of Chicago Law Review
1413:Judicial Council of California.
1124:Under the administration of the
652:judging the less serious cases.
249:in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913
3963:Fully Informed Jury Association
3087:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2915:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
2866:Government of Western Australia
2522:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1542:"History of Civil Grand Juries"
245:A grand jury investigating the
3466:Deferred prosecution agreement
3265:"Who invented the grand jury?"
3175:. Paris: Joubert. p. 327.
2749:"Who invented the grand jury?"
2679:. University of Toronto Press.
2430:Treason Act, 1708 (7 Ann c 21)
2329:22 & 23 Vict. c. 17, s. l.
2176:Helmholzt, Richard H. (1983).
1913:Congressional Research Service
1490:Principles of the Criminal Law
907:, obtained the consent of the
714:Parliament of Northern Ireland
107:, sometimes called a petty or
1:
3118:. Cape Town: J.C. Juta. 1895.
2631:– via Internet Archive.
2259:Turley, Hugh (January 2007).
1861:School of Law. Archived from
1855:"Power to abolish Grand Jury"
1798:School of Law. Archived from
1110:Code des DĂ©lits et des Peines
407:Inquests in England and Wales
300:, under the influence of the
278:Office of Independent Counsel
49:—empowered by law to conduct
2962:. Vol. 28. London, UK:
2536:Chandler, J. A, ed. (1993).
2517:"Select Committee Moved For"
2511:Isaac Butt, Member for
2265:Hyattsville Life & Times
956:Code of Criminal Instruction
617:), that was followed by the
476:Justices Protection Act 1848
3051:Edwards, George J. (1906).
3021:, 10 Cape L.J. p.216 (1893)
1484:Harris, Seymour F. (1896).
1252:Forensic Psychology and Law
1235:Legal Information Institute
741:, at the Ottawa river into
32:Grand jury (disambiguation)
4030:
2960:Records of the Cape Colony
1692:Roots, Roger (1999–2000).
794:The grand jury existed in
771:Colony of Vancouver Island
763:Colony of British Columbia
730:Royal Proclamation of 1763
702:Courts of Justice Act 1924
659:, farmers and merchants):
404:
223:
191:
80:, and to a lesser extent,
29:
3864:Scientific jury selection
3625:
3581:Presentence investigation
3414:
3129:Forsyth, William (1878).
2979:South African Law Journal
2964:William Clowes & Sons
2900:10.1080/01440368708530896
2700:10.3138/9781442670051-014
2652:The Courts of Nova Scotia
2542:. Routledge. p. 31.
2244:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2089:"Constitution of Liberia"
1968:Fukurai, Hiroshi (2011).
1172:Immunity from prosecution
576:named Sir John Inglis of
480:Criminal Justice Act 1948
256:general power of attorney
3132:History of Trial by Jury
2932:Powles, Michèle (1999).
2888:Journal of Legal History
1827:American Bar Association
1704:(4): 821. Archived from
1605:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
853:The Australian state of
800:New South Wales Act 1823
732:that a faithful copy of
704:, but they persisted in
554:High Court of Justiciary
53:, investigate potential
3201:George, Claude (1904).
3146:Donovan, James (2010).
1638:www.glenn.courts.ca.gov
1568:"Grand Jury Collection"
1512:Chicago-Kent Law Review
950:in 1791 under the name
759:Colony of New Brunswick
708:until abolished by the
696:After the formation of
523:Jacobite rising of 1745
338:Constitution of Liberia
3888:Specific jurisdictions
3523:Statute of limitations
3318:Criminal investigation
2919:New Zealand Government
2776:Bennett, J.M. (1961).
2654:. 2004. Archived from
1463:Partington, Charles F.
1388:HL Deb, 17 July 1812,
1019:), who was one of the
971:(a subdivision of the
932:responsible government
895:was introduced in the
666:
583:His Majesty's advocate
274:President Bill Clinton
250:
212:
111:(from the French word
3461:Criminal jurisdiction
3006:10.3917/ridp.721.0525
2596:The Solon Law Archive
2232:www.history-world.org
1771:. This Day in History
1439:Bayly, John Bethune;
1332:Black, Henry Campbell
1305:: 126. Archived from
1162:Blue-ribbon committee
1130:justices of the peace
1100:The functions of the
1065:, in order to get an
1015:(the director of the
585:possessed before the
516:misprision of treason
508:Act of the Parliament
502:with England, by the
468:committal proceedings
375:William the Conqueror
316:in public officials.
244:
3849:Peremptory challenge
3839:Death-qualified jury
3501:Inquisitorial system
3438:Criminal prosecution
3378:Reasonable suspicion
3353:Exigent circumstance
2956:Theal, George McCall
2791:Woods, G.D. (2002).
2267:– via DC Dave.
1859:University of Dayton
1796:University of Dayton
1792:"State Grand Juries"
1698:Creighton Law Review
1548:(Reference material)
1167:Examining magistrate
1126:Sierra Leone Company
1106:Constituent Assembly
1007:established in each
1005:Justice of the Peace
769:(1853–1863) and the
751:Prince Edward Island
568:(presiding member).
367:Æthelred the Unready
30:For other uses, see
4014:Deliberative groups
3518:Preliminary hearing
2658:on 17 October 2013.
2065:on 17 January 2010.
1915:. 10 January 2019.
1865:on 17 February 2007
1574:on 30 November 2022
1441:Blackstone, William
1312:on 26 February 2015
881:bills of indictment
864:Judicature Act 1874
668:From 1691 to 1793,
611:Lordship of Ireland
498:, a year after the
385:) to report to the
359:Henry II of England
357:in 1166, an Act of
355:Assize of Clarendon
3989:Criminal procedure
3844:Jury questionnaire
3816:Summary jury trial
3801:Jury sequestration
3779:Jury nullification
3722:Citizens' assembly
3446:Adversarial system
3388:Search and seizure
3358:Knock-and-announce
3309:Criminal procedure
3076:, Member for
2380:Legislation.gov.uk
2121:Maritime Executive
1149:Colonial Secretary
1075:bill of indictment
1000:juge d'instruction
619:Kingdom of Ireland
474:Acts, such as the
446:clerk of the peace
319:From 1945 to 1972
310:Kensatsu Shinsakai
251:
247:Arcadia Hotel fire
194:Citizens' assembly
3971:
3970:
3900:England and Wales
3759:Jury instructions
3704:-related articles
3668:
3667:
3650:Wikimedia Commons
3597:Criminal defenses
3532:Charges and pleas
3456:Bill of attainder
3393:Search of persons
3270:The Straight Dope
3157:978-0-8078-3363-6
2802:978-1-86287-439-8
2754:The Straight Dope
2549:978-0-415-08875-6
2009:978-1-78347-918-4
1671:978-0-404-09113-2
1616:978-1-107-05565-0
1262:978-0-470-57039-5
1102:jury d’accusation
1091:tribunal criminel
1083:jury d'accusation
1079:acte d'accusation
1071:directeur du jury
1059:jury d'accusation
1055:directeur de jury
1017:jury d'accusation
1013:directeur du jury
995:jury d'accusation
963:jury d'accusation
952:jury d'accusation
844:Western Australia
674:Church of Ireland
422:oyer and terminer
401:England and Wales
51:legal proceedings
16:(Redirected from
4021:
4009:Direct democracy
4004:Local government
3859:Strike for cause
3811:Juror misconduct
3764:Specific finding
3710:Primary articles
3695:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3383:Right to silence
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3091:
3080:(19 June 1879).
3067:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3028:
3022:
3019:Cape Law Journal
3016:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2644:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2515:(8 March 1861).
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2261:"The Grand Jury"
2256:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1834:on 24 April 2011
1830:. Archived from
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:"Jury, Trial by"
1459:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1341:A Law Dictionary
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1296:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1209:
1193:
1141:Governor Kennedy
1134:quarter sessions
1021:arrondissement's
991:procureur-syndic
977:jury de jugement
804:quarter sessions
706:Northern Ireland
698:Irish Free State
504:Treason Act 1708
413:quarter sessions
237:
140:in solemn form (
55:criminal conduct
21:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3951:
3883:
3834:Change of venue
3820:
3705:
3699:
3669:
3664:
3621:
3585:
3566:Peremptory plea
3560:Nolo contendere
3527:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3368:Pretextual stop
3363:Miranda warning
3312:
3311:(investigation)
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3173:Théorie du Jury
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975:) and a 12-man
944:
936:Cape Parliament
905:New South Wales
890:
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859:Crimes Act 1958
840:South Australia
796:New South Wales
792:
734:Laws of England
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687:county councils
599:
564:) was elected
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196:
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68:Originating in
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11:
5:
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3935:Jury selection
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3808:
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3746:
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3719:
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3707:
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3666:
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3507:Nolle prosequi
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3380:
3375:
3373:Probable cause
3370:
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3338:Arrest warrant
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2894:(2): 167–177.
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2824:(4): 468–516.
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2757:. 18 July 2006
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2123:. 23 July 2015
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1415:1 January 1974
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1114:Special juries
1063:arrondissement
1047:arrondissement
1033:) or a crime (
987:arrondissement
968:arrondissement
943:
940:
901:Richard Bourke
889:
886:
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791:
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779:nolle prosequi
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646:trials by jury
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3554:Information
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3539:Alford plea
3479:Extradition
3000:: 525–550.
2839:2440/109282
2627:31 December
2496:3 September
2103:ClientEarth
2075:Article 1,
1889:Ballotpedia
1769:History.com
1095:departement
982:departement
973:departement
897:Cape Colony
888:Cape Colony
877:New Zealand
871:New Zealand
784:Nova Scotia
737:driver for
726:Nova Scotia
650:magistrates
609:during the
607:Middle Ages
536:), 12 from
457:magistrates
395:Magna Carta
314:misfeasance
270:impeachment
188:Legislative
182:misfeasance
74:Middle Ages
72:during the
18:Grand juror
3978:Categories
3744:Petit jury
3737:Indictment
3732:Grand jury
3717:Jury trial
3645:WikiSource
3630:Wiktionary
3549:Indictment
3496:Indictment
3484:Grand jury
3427:Law portal
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2761:17 October
2365:Offences".
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1268:2 December
1216:References
1067:indictment
985:. In each
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824:Parramatta
683:Isaac Butt
546:Linlithgow
538:Haddington
534:Midlothian
405:See also:
192:See also:
169:billa vera
142:indictment
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3905:Hong Kong
3789:Embracery
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3754:Jury fees
3749:Jury duty
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3635:Wikibooks
3348:Detention
3096:cite book
3078:Gateshead
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1177:Sortition
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670:Catholics
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570:Subpoenas
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3607:Evidence
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