283:
218:, who served as the president of Brazil during the periods of 1930–1945 and 1951–1954, had a fondness for the character. There are accounts that he wanted to turn Grandpa Indian into a Brazilian Christmas symbol, but there is little evidence that supports this claim. There have been reports that Vargas would have introduced Grandpa Indian in a stadium in Rio de Janeiro during a 1931 Christmas event, but the audience did not approve of the idea.
177:
2566:
144:
781:
252:
Grandpa Indian was portrayed by
Christovam de Camargo as an elderly gentleman who is "very friendly to the trees", adorned in "feathers of all the colors of the birds", and who generously bestows gifts upon Brazilian children. He is said to have died "purely due to heartbreak" after envious White
166:
festival in 1922. It is in this context that, at the end of the year 1932, around
Christmas time, a nationalist initiative arose to overthrow Santa Claus, introducing in his place an indigenous creation, Grandpa Indian. This campaign, led by writer Christovam de Camargo, began in the newspaper
134:
Depicted as an elderly gentleman who is "very friendly to the trees", adorned in "feathers of all the colors of the birds", who generously bestows gifts upon
Brazilian children, Grandpa Indian faced criticism and mockery upon his debut, and by 1938 he had virtually disappeared.
34:
151:
The Santa Claus tradition did not exist in Brazil in the 19th century. His popularity started to grow in the early 20th century, with an early representation of him, already in red and white garments, appearing in the 24 December 1904 edition of the
Brazilian magazine
602:
225:
showcased an encounter between Santa Claus and
Grandpa Indian. There were various accounts of people dressed as Grandpa Indian who brought gifts to children in the 1930s. In the 24 December 1932 edition of the
190:
launched a contest to reward the best image of
Grandpa Indian, and Christovam de Camargo himself presented his proposal in a manifesto. He stated that the belief in Santa Claus awakened, from a very young age,
269:
as his godparents. After spending a few weeks in heaven, he starts to miss Earth and asks to occasionally make visits. Jesus Christ then appears and suggests sending
Grandpa Indian to Brazil in his stead
691:
306:
began accepting articles declaring the character defeated. In 1937, he was mentioned in only one article, and in 1938 in just two articles, both ironically, and virtually disappeared. In 1952,
446:
314:
characterized the episode involving
Grandpa Indian as "an explosion of raw, naïve, and ridiculous nativism, similar to those patriots of the early 20th century who wanted to replace
1817:
131:, Santa Claus would be deemed a "ridiculous figure" and out of place in a "land of warmth and intense sunlight", where "this chilly and stern old man was becoming impertinent".
1812:
253:
individuals expelled him from his land. In an attempt to associate him with
Christianity, Grandpa Indian is believed to have arrived at the gates of the Catholic heaven.
2597:
592:
210:, Grandpa Indian was a product of nationalist intellectual groups, predominantly associated with right-wing political ideologies, and was informally appropriated by
1768:
2632:
2154:
1515:
1413:
1244:
681:
436:
1748:
537:
2143:
1950:
414:
241:
2024:
1753:
1468:
813:
2607:
1822:
1611:
1182:
1008:
2084:
1999:
158:. By 1908, Santa Claus had become synonymous with gift-giving, and in the 1930s he was firmly established among Brazilians. After
2602:
2224:
2019:
1914:
2617:
1928:
1311:
1090:
486:
2627:
2622:
1849:
1636:
1631:
1145:
936:
2004:
1708:
1254:
630:
566:
207:
186:
127:
2612:
374:["Grandpa Indian": frustrated nationalist attempt to dethrone "Santa Claus" in the 1930s (and similar ones)].
162:, Brazil witnessed the emergence of various nationalist cultural movements with diverse trends, particularly with the
387:
195:"; some Brazilian nationalists were unhappy about the imposition of American Christmas traditions. In February 1933,
916:
2160:
2149:
2069:
1921:
1842:
1661:
1418:
1306:
1020:
981:
785:
2176:
1962:
1884:
1802:
1795:
1698:
1581:
1003:
835:
230:
newspaper, a report stated that the figure was responsible for delivering gifts at a school in Rio de
Janeiro.
1301:
2592:
2124:
2109:
2044:
1994:
1989:
1898:
1879:
1763:
1483:
1032:
806:
406:
310:
spoke of "xenophobic improvisations like that nonsense of 'Grandpa Indian' replacing Santa Claus". In 1954,
282:
372:""Vovô Índio": frustrada tentativa nacionalista de desbancar "Papai Noel" na década de 30 (e outras afins)"
236:
reported in 1935 that Grandpa Indian delivered gifts to orphaned children. This action was promoted by the
2054:
1678:
1621:
1166:
870:
271:
237:
1956:
1728:
1626:
1373:
976:
909:
266:
211:
114:
110:
109:
among the Brazilian population. The dissemination of the character in the 1930s took place through the
2637:
2139:
2094:
1743:
1718:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1646:
1433:
1403:
1358:
1333:
509:
232:
2642:
2114:
2089:
2029:
1935:
1901:
1869:
1758:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1651:
1641:
1125:
941:
333:
94:
199:
magazine featured an art by Euclides da Fonseca as the winning depiction of Grandpa Indian in the
2569:
2074:
1688:
1571:
1510:
1505:
1488:
1448:
956:
863:
799:
529:
2229:
2219:
2079:
1984:
1890:
1835:
1532:
1398:
1378:
1291:
1100:
1027:
998:
986:
849:
713:
410:
379:
307:
215:
2402:
2260:
2189:
2134:
2119:
1904:
1591:
1561:
1463:
1453:
1388:
1204:
1105:
521:
441:
2199:
2517:
2397:
2355:
2335:
2320:
2039:
2034:
2014:
1807:
1790:
1780:
1566:
1498:
1458:
1393:
1343:
1276:
961:
745:
479:[90 years ago, Grandpa Indian was the Brazilian attempt to dethrone Santa Claus].
439:[Brazil once had Grandpa Indian as a competitor to Santa Claus; get to know him].
311:
192:
163:
143:
1234:
1130:
302:
Grandpa Indian was the target of criticism and mockery from the very beginning. In 1936,
286:
Mockery involving Grandpa Indian; it is suggested the character would give the children "
2448:
2310:
2255:
2129:
2059:
2009:
1856:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1428:
1368:
1177:
1115:
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338:
222:
176:
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2512:
2433:
2371:
1478:
1473:
1353:
1348:
1271:
993:
951:
904:
856:
533:
295:
173:. On 28 November, this newspaper published a manifesto in defense of Grandpa Indian.
510:"Empire by emulation: Brazilian business elites encounter the U.S. department store"
2507:
2455:
2290:
2049:
1549:
1423:
1080:
971:
931:
877:
262:
2537:
2214:
2209:
525:
625:
561:
214:. It is generally believed that Camargo created the character of Grandpa Indian.
2547:
2522:
2443:
2423:
2418:
2392:
2345:
2325:
2275:
1656:
1443:
1383:
1363:
1323:
1318:
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1189:
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320:
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653:
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383:
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1596:
1229:
1224:
1199:
1155:
1095:
946:
822:
315:
33:
2350:
1522:
477:"Há 90 anos, Vovô Índio era a tentativa brasileira de destronar Papai Noel"
780:
371:
2541:
2532:
2486:
2330:
2204:
2104:
1601:
1555:
1296:
1150:
1135:
1070:
1055:
1044:
261:. Several angels sympathize with Grandpa Indian, and he is baptized with
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
101:) is a character conceived in the 1930s with the intention of replacing
2476:
2471:
2376:
2340:
2265:
2234:
1281:
1120:
1060:
926:
686:
658:
597:
258:
169:
154:
118:
2481:
2438:
2428:
2064:
1942:
1438:
1408:
1194:
1140:
921:
287:
2280:
966:
291:
281:
175:
142:
564:[THE FABLES OF GRANDPA INDIAN by CHRISTOVAM DE CAMARGO].
2502:
2166:
884:
401:
Bowler, Gerry (2020). "Culture Wars". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).
795:
147:
An early Brazilian representation of Santa Claus, December 1904
481:
437:"Brasil já teve Vovô Índio concorrente de Papai Noel; conheça"
257:
greets him, but laments he cannot gain entry, having not been
791:
628:[REPLACEMENT OF SANTA CLAUS WITH GRANDPA INDIAN].
587:
585:
562:"O FABULARIO DE VÔVÔ INDIO de CHRISTOVAM DE CAMARGO"
16:
Character conceived to replace Santa Claus in Brazil
2495:
2464:
2411:
2385:
2364:
2243:
2188:
2175:
1973:
1868:
1779:
1610:
1332:
1253:
1164:
1041:
895:
80:
72:
67:
59:
51:
43:
26:
430:
428:
426:
470:
468:
466:
464:
221:In 1939, a theatrical production for children in
595:[Shall we have a Brazilian Christmas?].
435:Balloussier, Anna Virginia (24 December 2019).
690:(in Portuguese). 24 December 1932. p. 1.
601:(in Portuguese). 28 November 1932. p. 1.
807:
684:[Grandpa Indian among the children].
8:
662:(in Portuguese). 11 February 1933. p. 6
624:Camargo, Christovam de (11 December 1932).
240:, an institution that preceded the current
2185:
814:
800:
792:
626:"SUBSTITUIÇÃO DE PAPÁ NOEL POR VOVÔ INDIO"
32:
2598:Anti-American sentiment in South America
193:the spirit of subservience and imitation
552:
349:
752:[BRAZILIANIZING SANTA CLAUS].
540:from the original on 22 December 2023.
390:from the original on 21 December 2023.
23:
2633:Fictional indigenous Brazilian people
2144:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
694:from the original on 22 December 2023
605:from the original on 22 December 2023
489:from the original on 23 December 2022
449:from the original on 23 December 2022
38:Grandpa Indian by Euclides da Fonseca
7:
514:History of Retailing and Consumption
113:press, whose movement was rooted in
184:On 11 December 1932, the newspaper
593:"Vamos fazer um Natal brasileiro?"
560:Edmundo, Luiz (25 December 1934).
475:Veiga, Edison (23 December 2021).
376:Revista Internacional d'Humanitats
105:in Brazil. His aim was to inflate
14:
125:in the 1934 Christmas edition of
2565:
2564:
2020:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
1915:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
779:
403:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas
2000:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
1929:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1312:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1091:Legend of the Christmas Spider
682:"Vovô Indio entre as creanças"
1:
1951:Christmas television specials
1850:The New Oxford Book of Carols
937:Annunciation to the shepherds
720:[CHRISTMAS OF 1952].
526:10.1080/2373518X.2021.1935112
2005:Christmas and holiday season
726:(in Portuguese). p. 146
758:(in Portuguese). p. 24
750:"ABRASILEIRANDO PAPAI-NOEL"
121:undertones. According to a
2659:
917:Adoration of the Shepherds
656:[GRANDPA INDIAN].
634:(in Portuguese). p. 9
570:(in Portuguese). p. 1
508:Woodard, James P. (2021).
405:(1st ed.). New York:
274:to well-behaved children.
2608:Anti-Portuguese sentiment
2560:
2161:WWE Tribute to the Troops
1922:A Visit from St. Nicholas
1843:The Oxford Book of Carols
1419:Feast of the Seven Fishes
982:Massacre of the Innocents
831:
370:Papiane, Matheus (2024).
238:Public Force of São Paulo
208:Leandro Pereira Gonçalves
31:
1963:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2603:Anti-European sentiment
2125:Small Business Saturday
1995:Black Friday (shopping)
1990:Black Friday (partying)
1484:Nine Lessons and Carols
1414:Events and celebrations
407:Oxford University Press
206:According to historian
68:In-universe information
2618:Christianity in Brazil
1769:Post-War United States
299:
181:
148:
98:
1818:Hit singles in the US
1813:Hit singles in the UK
1374:Carols by Candlelight
1302:Santa Claus' daughter
910:Adoration of the Magi
285:
267:Mary, mother of Jesus
180:Christovam de Camargo
179:
146:
115:Brazilian nationalism
55:Christovam de Camargo
2628:Christmas traditions
2623:Christmas characters
2110:Santa's Candy Castle
1434:Google Santa Tracker
788:at Wikimedia Commons
716:(20 December 1952).
233:O Estado de S. Paulo
107:patriotic sentiments
2115:Santa Claus Village
2030:Christmas Mountains
1936:Journey of the Magi
942:Baptism of the Lord
334:Brazilian mythology
272:to distribute gifts
63:Euclides da Fonseca
21:Fictional character
2613:Christian folklore
2225:Twelve-dish supper
2075:Jews and Christmas
2025:Christmas Lectures
1754:American Civil War
1489:NORAD Tracks Santa
865:Saint Nicholas Day
714:Queiroz, Rachel de
300:
182:
149:
2580:
2579:
2556:
2555:
2220:Thirteen desserts
2140:Virginia O'Hanlon
1985:Advent Conspiracy
1899:Films (Christmas,
1891:A Christmas Carol
1836:Carols for Choirs
1379:Cavalcade of Magi
1359:Boar's Head Feast
1028:Star of Bethlehem
999:Nativity of Jesus
987:flight into Egypt
872:St. Stephen's Day
784:Media related to
748:(10 April 1954).
485:(in Portuguese).
445:(in Portuguese).
416:978-0-19-883146-4
378:(in Portuguese).
308:Rachel de Queiroz
88:
87:
2650:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2403:Redcurrant sauce
2192:
2186:
2181:
2155:Winter festivals
1905:Christmas horror
1872:
1783:
1614:
1469:Meals and feasts
1389:Christmas jumper
1336:
1307:Santa's reindeer
1259:
1205:Father Christmas
1169:
1126:Santa's workshop
1047:
1009:in later culture
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
825:
816:
809:
802:
793:
783:
768:
767:
765:
763:
746:Freyre, Gilberto
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
650:
644:
643:
641:
639:
631:Correio da Manhã
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
589:
580:
579:
577:
575:
567:Correio da Manhã
557:
542:
541:
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
472:
459:
458:
456:
454:
442:Folha de S.Paulo
432:
421:
420:
398:
392:
391:
367:
304:Correio da Manhã
201:Correio da Manhã
187:Correio da Manhã
128:Correio da Manhã
47:11 December 1932
44:First appearance
36:
24:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2552:
2518:Pickled herring
2491:
2460:
2407:
2398:Cranberry sauce
2381:
2360:
2336:Red velvet cake
2321:Poppy seed roll
2239:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2150:White Christmas
2040:Christmas truce
2035:Christmas seals
2015:Christmas creep
1977:
1975:
1969:
1870:
1864:
1781:
1775:
1612:
1606:
1459:Lord of Misrule
1394:Christmas Peace
1344:Advent calendar
1334:
1328:
1277:Knecht Ruprecht
1257:
1255:
1249:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1049:
1045:
1037:
962:Herod the Great
897:
891:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
827:
823:
820:
776:
771:
761:
759:
744:
743:
739:
729:
727:
718:"NATAL DE 1952"
712:
711:
707:
697:
695:
680:
679:
675:
665:
663:
652:
651:
647:
637:
635:
623:
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618:
608:
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591:
590:
583:
573:
571:
559:
558:
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550:
548:Primary sources
545:
507:
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502:
492:
490:
482:BBC News Brasil
474:
473:
462:
452:
450:
434:
433:
424:
417:
409:. p. 576.
400:
399:
395:
369:
368:
351:
347:
330:
318:with sugarcane
312:Gilberto Freyre
280:
250:
242:Military Police
164:Modern Art Week
141:
39:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2654:
2646:
2645:
2640:
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2600:
2595:
2593:1932 in Brazil
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2553:
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2505:
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2493:
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2479:
2474:
2468:
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2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:Smoking Bishop
2441:
2436:
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2413:
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2240:
2238:
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2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2130:Super Saturday
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Giving Tuesday
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:Christmas club
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:Piae Cantiones
1853:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1823:Music charts (
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
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1799:
1798:
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1501:
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1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Père Fouettard
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1258:Saint Nicholas
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:Grandpa Indian
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1178:Saint Nicholas
1174:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Old Man Winter
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Miner's figure
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Kallikantzaros
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
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2291:Melomakarono
2159:
2050:Cyber Monday
1955:
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1834:
1831:Music books
1824:
1662:Nazi Germany
1554:
1550:Secret Santa
1537:
1424:Flying Santa
1209:
1131:Tió de Nadal
1081:Korvatunturi
932:Annunciation
898:Christianity
879:Sol Invictus
760:. Retrieved
753:
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728:. Retrieved
721:
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696:. Retrieved
685:
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664:. Retrieved
657:
654:"VÔVÔ INDIO"
648:
636:. Retrieved
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491:. Retrieved
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212:Integralists
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2638:Integralism
2523:Roast goose
2444:Mulled wine
2424:Champurrado
2419:Apple cider
2393:Bread sauce
2346:Szaloncukor
2326:Pumpkin pie
2276:Gingerbread
2230:Smörgåsbord
1871:Other media
1709:Philippines
1699:New Zealand
1582:Twelve Days
1539:Räuchermann
1494:Nutcrackers
1444:Las Posadas
1404:Decorations
1384:Christingle
1324:Zwarte Piet
1319:Snegurochka
1240:Sinterklaas
1190:Santa Claus
762:21 December
730:21 December
698:21 December
666:21 December
638:21 December
609:21 December
574:21 December
520:(1): 9–34.
493:21 December
453:21 December
255:Saint Peter
160:World War I
111:Integralist
103:Santa Claus
81:Nationality
60:Designed by
2643:Patriotism
2587:Categories
2251:Candy cane
2200:Joulupöytä
2100:Pikkujoulu
1764:New Mexico
1613:By country
1587:Wassailing
1528:Poinsettia
1335:Traditions
1287:Mrs. Claus
1267:Belsnickel
1220:Julemanden
1215:Joulupukki
1146:Wenceslaus
1111:North Pole
1076:Jack Frost
1066:Christkind
1021:Neapolitan
844:Boxing Day
755:O Cruzeiro
723:O Cruzeiro
345:References
321:aguardente
99:Vovô Índio
95:Portuguese
52:Created by
2538:Tourtière
2528:Romeritos
2465:Dumplings
2412:Beverages
2316:Pecan pie
2306:Panettone
2301:Pampushka
2296:Mince pie
2271:Fruitcake
2215:Réveillon
2095:NFL games
2090:NBA games
2085:In August
2055:Economics
1825:Billboard
1679:Indonesia
1622:Australia
1597:Yule goat
1572:Stockings
1506:Ornaments
1235:Père Noël
1230:Olentzero
1225:Noel Baba
1200:Ded Moroz
1156:Yule Lads
1096:Mari Lwyd
947:Bethlehem
824:Christmas
534:237898019
384:1516-5485
316:port wine
248:Tradition
203:contest.
123:chronicle
84:Brazilian
2571:Category
2542:meat pie
2533:Stuffing
2487:Varenyky
2356:Yule log
2331:Qurabiya
2205:Julebord
2178:Food and
2105:SantaCon
2070:El Gordo
1957:Yule Log
1729:Scotland
1642:Ethiopia
1627:Colombia
1602:Yule log
1556:Spanbaum
1533:Pyramids
1399:Crackers
1297:Sack Man
1183:folklore
1151:Yule cat
1056:Badalisc
1046:folklore
957:Epiphany
692:Archived
603:Archived
538:Archived
487:Archived
447:Archived
388:Archived
328:See also
259:baptized
76:Catholic
73:Religion
2477:Pierogi
2472:Hallaca
2377:Borscht
2341:Stollen
2311:Pavlova
2286:Makówki
2266:Cozonac
2235:Wigilia
2120:Scrooge
2080:In July
1978:society
1910:Poetry
1744:Ukraine
1719:Romania
1684:Ireland
1674:Iceland
1669:Hungary
1657:Germany
1647:Finland
1637:England
1632:Denmark
1592:Windows
1523:Piñatas
1511:Parades
1464:Markets
1449:Letters
1439:Hampers
1282:Krampus
1121:Perchta
1061:Caganer
687:O Globo
659:O Malho
598:O Globo
288:rattles
278:Decline
228:O Globo
197:O Malho
170:O Globo
155:O Malho
139:History
119:fascist
2548:Turkey
2482:Tamale
2439:Kissel
2429:Eggnog
2386:Sauces
2372:Menudo
2351:Turrón
2261:Cookie
2244:Sweets
2210:Kūčios
2191:Dinner
2065:Grinch
1976:modern
1943:Tomten
1902:Santa,
1885:novels
1803:Operas
1791:Carols
1759:Hawaii
1739:Sweden
1734:Serbia
1724:Russia
1714:Poland
1704:Norway
1694:Mexico
1652:France
1567:Stamps
1562:Szopka
1454:Lights
1409:Didukh
1245:Others
1195:Befana
1141:Vertep
1004:in art
972:Joseph
922:Advent
532:
413:
382:
294:, and
292:arrows
2281:Kutia
2180:drink
1808:Songs
1782:Music
1689:Italy
1545:Seals
1499:dolls
1429:Gifts
1369:Cards
1272:Elves
1136:Turoń
1106:Nisse
1071:Grýla
967:Jesus
530:S2CID
296:clubs
117:with
2503:Carp
2365:Soup
2256:Cake
2167:Xmas
1796:list
1577:Tree
1516:list
977:Mary
886:Yule
764:2023
732:2023
700:2023
668:2023
640:2023
611:2023
576:2023
495:2023
455:2023
411:ISBN
380:ISSN
265:and
2513:Ham
1043:In
522:doi
324:".
2589::
2146:")
2142:("
1974:In
896:In
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298:".
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191:"
93:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
