211:
128:
2348:
31:
563:
327:. The basis of this association is that Saint Nicholas was noted for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes.
339:. They can be loosely classified in variations of an "Old Man" (Old Man Winter, Father Christmas) or a "child" or "girl" tradition. The "Old Man" is frequently syncretised with the hagiographical traditions of
198:
developed, beginning in the 1820s. The
American figure in turn had considerable influence on the various European traditions during the 19th and 20th centuries. In England, for example,
1599:
1594:
1550:
1936:
1297:
1195:
1026:
411:
2389:
1530:
210:
48:
151:. Mostly involving the figure of a bearded old man, the traditions have mutually influenced one another, and have adopted aspects from Christian
202:
gradually took on the attributes of the
American Santa Claus during the 19th century, the two characters eventually becoming indistinguishable.
1925:
1732:
453:
1806:
1535:
1250:
595:
1604:
1393:
964:
790:
226:
The origin of the
Christian gift-bringer figures in European folklore are clearly pre-Christian, more specifically connected with the
95:
1866:
486:
378:, a veiled blind old woman who on December 13 brings gifts to children, riding a donkey that tows a cart, accompanied by her helper
114:
1781:
567:
67:
2374:
2006:
1801:
1696:
507:
74:
1710:
1093:
872:
52:
2384:
1631:
1418:
1413:
927:
718:
1786:
1490:
1036:
273:
81:
2379:
698:
502:
63:
41:
1942:
1931:
1851:
1703:
1624:
1443:
1200:
1088:
802:
763:
519:
249:
299:
After
Christianization, the benign mid-winter gift-bringer was associated with the 4th-century Christian Saint
1958:
1744:
1666:
1584:
1577:
1480:
1363:
785:
617:
1083:
191:, a character initially associated with feasting and good cheer, though he was not originally a gift bringer.
1906:
1891:
1826:
1776:
1771:
1680:
1661:
1545:
1265:
814:
588:
374:(Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi, Mantova, Parma, Piacenza, Reggio Emilia, Verona, Trento, Udine) there is
1836:
1460:
1403:
652:
308:
1738:
1510:
1408:
1155:
758:
691:
1921:
1876:
1525:
1500:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1428:
1215:
1185:
1140:
1115:
88:
1896:
1871:
1811:
1717:
1683:
1651:
1540:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1433:
1423:
907:
723:
268:
140:
20:
127:
2351:
1856:
1470:
1353:
1292:
1287:
1270:
1230:
738:
645:
581:
367:
183:, there is a separate tradition of a young child or fairy-like being bringing presents, known as
478:
2011:
2001:
1861:
1766:
1672:
1617:
1314:
1180:
1160:
1073:
882:
809:
780:
768:
631:
482:
449:
336:
304:
231:
144:
2184:
2042:
1971:
1916:
1901:
1686:
1373:
1343:
1245:
1235:
1170:
986:
887:
470:
285:
199:
188:
1981:
2299:
2179:
2137:
2117:
2102:
1821:
1816:
1796:
1589:
1572:
1562:
1348:
1280:
1240:
1175:
1125:
1058:
743:
416:
281:
257:
219:
1016:
912:
387:
2230:
2092:
2037:
1911:
1841:
1791:
1638:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1210:
1150:
991:
959:
897:
867:
797:
471:
421:
399:
371:
340:
300:
180:
176:
175:). In German-speaking Europe and Latin Europe, it became associated with the Christian
2394:
2368:
2294:
2215:
2153:
1260:
1255:
1135:
1130:
1053:
775:
733:
686:
638:
395:
312:
2289:
2237:
2072:
1831:
1331:
1205:
862:
753:
713:
659:
156:
2319:
1996:
1991:
2329:
2304:
2225:
2205:
2200:
2174:
2127:
2107:
2057:
1438:
1225:
1165:
1145:
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1021:
971:
391:
355:
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263:
195:
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30:
2067:
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1881:
1368:
1309:
1275:
1068:
1048:
1001:
996:
892:
857:
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624:
375:
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354:, for example, there are Babbo Natale ("Father Christmas", a local version of
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2309:
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2077:
2052:
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1006:
981:
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155:, even before the modern period. In Eastern Slavic countries, the figure is
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2132:
1304:
562:
533:
2323:
2314:
2268:
2112:
1986:
1886:
1383:
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2016:
1063:
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320:
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1220:
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922:
703:
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289:
164:
2062:
748:
351:
293:
209:
2284:
1948:
666:
235:
227:
215:
168:
577:
303:. This association took place mainly in the territories of the
160:
24:
194:
From these
European traditions, the North American figure of
573:
335:
There are numerous traditions of
Christmas gift-bringers in
477:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
350:
In some countries, many traditions can co-exist. In
2277:
2246:
2193:
2167:
2146:
2025:
1970:
1957:
1755:
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1392:
1114:
1035:
946:
823:
677:
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
439:
437:
234:, and are often associated with the figure of
589:
284:dialect region) to Christianized versions of
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171:(and who sometimes also takes the form of a
534:"Santa Claus: The real man behind the myth"
448:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 385–387.
1967:
596:
582:
574:
412:List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
126:
433:
390:("Child Jesus"), and in many parts of
1926:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
362:, a witch-like old lady that rides a
7:
506:(1920) (page 307) Available online:
394:and northeastern Italy (east of the
256:, the eight-legged horse of Odin in
53:adding citations to reliable sources
272:) traces the threatening or scary
16:Type of folkloric Christmas figures
402:is also celebrated on December 6.
14:
131:Christmas gift-bringers in Europe
2347:
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1802:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
1697:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
561:
29:
40:needs additional citations for
2390:Christmas traditions in Europe
1782:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
1711:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1094:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
873:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1:
1733:Christmas television specials
1632:The New Oxford Book of Carols
719:Annunciation to the shepherds
1787:Christmas and holiday season
274:companions of Saint Nicholas
187:. Early modern England had
159:. In Scandinavia, it is an
2411:
699:Adoration of the Shepherds
503:The Encyclopedia Americana
386:. In other areas there is
252:has also been compared to
18:
2342:
1943:WWE Tribute to the Troops
1704:A Visit from St. Nicholas
1625:The Oxford Book of Carols
1201:Feast of the Seven Fishes
764:Massacre of the Innocents
613:
370:'s eve. In some areas of
1745:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
230:(midwinter) festival in
64:"Christmas gift-bringer"
2375:Christmas gift-bringers
1907:Small Business Saturday
1777:Black Friday (shopping)
1772:Black Friday (partying)
1266:Nine Lessons and Carols
1196:Events and celebrations
568:Christmas gift-bringers
473:The Stations of the Sun
469:Hutton, Ronald (1996).
1551:Post-War United States
520:Collier's Encyclopedia
366:and brings candies on
309:German-speaking Europe
250:Santa Claus's reindeer
246:at the time of Yule.
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1600:Hit singles in the US
1595:Hit singles in the UK
1156:Carols by Candlelight
1084:Santa Claus' daughter
692:Adoration of the Magi
242:), the leader of the
214:An 1886 depiction of
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2385:Christmas characters
1892:Santa's Candy Castle
1216:Google Santa Tracker
570:at Wikimedia Commons
444:Roud, Steve (2006).
141:Christmas traditions
49:improve this article
1897:Santa Claus Village
1812:Christmas Mountains
1718:Journey of the Magi
724:Baptism of the Lord
540:. December 22, 2009
269:Deutsche Mythologie
179:. In some parts of
21:Christmas worldwide
2380:Christian folklore
2007:Twelve-dish supper
1857:Jews and Christmas
1807:Christmas Lectures
1536:American Civil War
1271:NORAD Tracks Santa
647:Saint Nicholas Day
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2002:Thirteen desserts
1922:Virginia O'Hanlon
1767:Advent Conspiracy
1681:Films (Christmas,
1673:A Christmas Carol
1618:Carols for Choirs
1161:Cavalcade of Magi
1141:Boar's Head Feast
810:Star of Bethlehem
781:Nativity of Jesus
769:flight into Egypt
654:St. Stephen's Day
566:Media related to
523:(1986) (Page 414)
455:978-0-140-51554-1
337:European folklore
331:European folklore
305:Holy Roman Empire
286:household spirits
232:Germanic paganism
145:European folklore
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1937:Winter festivals
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1089:Santa's reindeer
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301:Nicholas of Myra
200:Father Christmas
189:Father Christmas
163:-like figure or
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57:
33:
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2300:Pickled herring
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2189:
2180:Cranberry sauce
2163:
2142:
2118:Red velvet cake
2103:Poppy seed roll
2021:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1932:White Christmas
1822:Christmas truce
1817:Christmas seals
1797:Christmas creep
1759:
1757:
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1652:
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1388:
1241:Lord of Misrule
1176:Christmas Peace
1126:Advent calendar
1116:
1110:
1059:Knecht Ruprecht
1039:
1037:
1031:
953:
949:
942:
831:
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744:Herod the Great
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417:St Nicholas Day
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282:Austro-Bavarian
258:Norse mythology
220:Georg von Rosen
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34:
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2235:
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2233:
2231:Smoking Bishop
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
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2177:
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2110:
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2045:
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2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1912:Super Saturday
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Giving Tuesday
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Christmas club
1789:
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1639:Piae Cantiones
1635:
1628:
1621:
1611:
1605:Music charts (
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1587:
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1580:
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1233:
1228:
1223:
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1213:
1208:
1203:
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1188:
1183:
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1158:
1153:
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1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:Père Fouettard
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1040:Saint Nicholas
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Grandpa Indian
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
968:
967:
960:Saint Nicholas
956:
954:
947:
944:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Old Man Winter
895:
890:
885:
883:Miner's figure
880:
875:
870:
868:Kallikantzaros
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
824:
821:
820:
818:
817:
812:
807:
806:
805:
798:Nativity scene
795:
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633:Children's Day
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619:Blue Christmas
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556:External links
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422:Christmas gift
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177:Saint Nicholas
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66: –
65:
61:
60:Find sources:
54:
50:
44:
43:
38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
22:
2290:Gefilte fish
2238:Ponche crema
2073:Melomakarono
1941:
1832:Cyber Monday
1737:
1702:
1671:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1613:Music books
1606:
1444:Nazi Germany
1336:
1332:Secret Santa
1319:
1206:Flying Santa
948:
913:Tió de Nadal
863:Korvatunturi
714:Annunciation
680:Christianity
661:Sol Invictus
542:. Retrieved
537:
528:
518:
514:
501:
497:
472:
464:
445:
388:Gesù bambino
383:
379:
349:
334:
307:, including
298:
267:
262:
248:
225:
193:
157:Father Frost
148:
135:A number of
134:
111:
105:October 2012
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
2305:Roast goose
2226:Mulled wine
2206:Champurrado
2201:Apple cider
2175:Bread sauce
2128:Szaloncukor
2108:Pumpkin pie
2058:Gingerbread
2012:Smörgåsbord
1653:Other media
1491:Philippines
1481:New Zealand
1364:Twelve Days
1321:Räuchermann
1276:Nutcrackers
1226:Las Posadas
1186:Decorations
1166:Christingle
1106:Zwarte Piet
1101:Snegurochka
1022:Sinterklaas
972:Santa Claus
396:Piave river
392:Switzerland
376:Santa Lucia
356:Santa Claus
345:Saint Basil
317:Czech lands
264:Jacob Grimm
196:Santa Claus
153:hagiography
2369:Categories
2033:Candy cane
1982:Joulupöytä
1882:Pikkujoulu
1546:New Mexico
1395:By country
1369:Wassailing
1310:Poinsettia
1117:Traditions
1069:Mrs. Claus
1049:Belsnickel
1002:Julemanden
997:Joulupukki
928:Wenceslaus
893:North Pole
858:Jack Frost
848:Christkind
803:Neapolitan
626:Boxing Day
544:2009-12-27
428:References
364:broomstick
358:) and the
185:Christkind
75:newspapers
19:See also:
2320:Tourtière
2310:Romeritos
2247:Dumplings
2194:Beverages
2098:Pecan pie
2088:Panettone
2083:Pampushka
2078:Mince pie
2053:Fruitcake
1997:Réveillon
1877:NFL games
1872:NBA games
1867:In August
1837:Economics
1607:Billboard
1461:Indonesia
1404:Australia
1379:Yule goat
1354:Stockings
1288:Ornaments
1017:Père Noël
1012:Olentzero
1007:Noel Baba
982:Ded Moroz
938:Yule Lads
878:Mari Lwyd
729:Bethlehem
606:Christmas
384:Castaldòn
244:Wild Hunt
137:Midwinter
2353:Category
2324:meat pie
2315:Stuffing
2269:Varenyky
2138:Yule log
2113:Qurabiya
1987:Julebord
1960:Food and
1887:SantaCon
1852:El Gordo
1739:Yule Log
1511:Scotland
1424:Ethiopia
1409:Colombia
1384:Yule log
1338:Spanbaum
1315:Pyramids
1181:Crackers
1079:Sack Man
965:folklore
933:Yule cat
838:Badalisc
828:folklore
739:Epiphany
538:NBC News
406:See also
380:Castaldo
368:Epiphany
325:Slovakia
254:Sleipnir
147:involve
2259:Pierogi
2254:Hallaca
2159:Borscht
2123:Stollen
2093:Pavlova
2068:Makówki
2048:Cozonac
2017:Wigilia
1902:Scrooge
1862:In July
1760:society
1692:Poetry
1526:Ukraine
1501:Romania
1466:Ireland
1456:Iceland
1451:Hungary
1439:Germany
1429:Finland
1419:England
1414:Denmark
1374:Windows
1305:Piñatas
1293:Parades
1246:Markets
1231:Letters
1221:Hampers
1064:Krampus
903:Perchta
843:Caganer
321:Hungary
315:, the
290:kobolds
280:of the
278:Krampus
240:Wodanaz
206:Origins
89:scholar
2330:Turkey
2264:Tamale
2221:Kissel
2211:Eggnog
2168:Sauces
2154:Menudo
2133:Turrón
2043:Cookie
2026:Sweets
1992:Kūčios
1973:Dinner
1847:Grinch
1758:modern
1725:Tomten
1684:Santa,
1667:novels
1585:Operas
1573:Carols
1541:Hawaii
1521:Sweden
1516:Serbia
1506:Russia
1496:Poland
1486:Norway
1476:Mexico
1434:France
1349:Stamps
1344:Szopka
1236:Lights
1191:Didukh
1027:Others
977:Befana
923:Vertep
786:in art
754:Joseph
704:Advent
485:
481:–118.
452:
360:Befana
311:, the
165:tomten
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
2063:Kutia
1962:drink
1590:Songs
1564:Music
1471:Italy
1327:Seals
1281:dolls
1211:Gifts
1151:Cards
1054:Elves
918:Turoń
888:Nisse
853:Grýla
749:Jesus
352:Italy
294:elves
96:JSTOR
82:books
2395:Odin
2285:Carp
2147:Soup
2038:Cake
1949:Xmas
1578:list
1359:Tree
1298:list
759:Mary
668:Yule
483:ISBN
450:ISBN
343:and
323:and
236:Odin
228:Yule
216:Odin
173:goat
169:Yule
68:news
2295:Ham
825:In
479:117
398:),
382:or
296:).
218:by
161:elf
143:in
139:or
51:by
2371::
1928:")
1924:("
1756:In
678:In
536:.
436:^
347:.
319:,
292:,
260:.
2326:)
2322:(
1727:"
1723:"
1720:"
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1695:"
1689:)
1609:)
597:e
590:t
583:v
547:.
509:.
491:.
458:.
288:(
266:(
238:(
222:.
118:)
112:(
107:)
103:(
93:·
86:·
79:·
72:·
45:.
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