390:
302:. The fragmentary hypothesis argued that fragments of varying lengths, rather than continuous documents, lay behind the Torah; this approach accounted for the Torah's diversity but could not account for its structural consistency, particularly regarding chronology. The supplementary hypothesis was better able to explain this unity: it maintained that the Torah was made up of a central core document, the Elohist, supplemented by fragments taken from many sources. The supplementary approach was dominant by the early 1860s, but it was challenged by an important book published by
33:
381:
prophets and the development of an ethical outlook, which he felt represented the pinnacle of Jewish religion; and the
Priestly source reflected the rigid, ritualistic world of the priest-dominated, post-exilic period. His work, notable for its detailed and wide-ranging scholarship and close argument, entrenched the "new documentary hypothesis" as the dominant explanation of Pentateuchal origins from the late 19th to the late 20th centuries.
198:(597–539 BCE), and rejected the existence of a substantial E source. They also called into question the nature and extent of the three other sources. Van Seters, Schmid, and Rendtorff shared many of the same criticisms of the documentary hypothesis, but were not in complete agreement about what paradigm ought to replace it. As a result, there has been a revival of interest in "fragmentary" and "
2214:
223:
202:" models, frequently in combination with each other and with a documentary model, making it difficult to classify contemporary theories as strictly one or another. Modern scholars also have given up the classical Wellhausian dating of the sources, and generally see the completed Torah as a product of the time of the Persian
1127:, p. 679, "Instead of a compilation of discrete sources collected and combined by a final redactor, the Pentateuch is seen as a sophisticated scribal composition in which diverse earlier traditions have been shaped into a coherent narrative presenting a creation-to-wilderness story of origins for the entity 'Israel.'"
350:, did not appear until 1894 and remains untranslated.) Crucially, this historical portrait was based upon two earlier works of his technical analysis: "Die Composition des Hexateuchs" ('The Composition of the Hexateuch') of 1876–77, and sections on the "historical books" (Judges–Kings) in his 1878 edition of
484:
Wellhausen used the sources of the Torah as evidence of changes in the history of
Israelite religion as it moved (in his opinion) from free, simple and natural to fixed, formal and institutional. Modern scholars of Israel's religion have become much more circumspect in how they use the Old Testament,
437:
Some scholars, following
Rendtorff, have come to espouse a fragmentary hypothesis, in which the Pentateuch is seen as a compilation of short, independent narratives, which were gradually brought together into larger units in two editorial phases: the Deuteronomic and the Priestly phases. By contrast,
465:
A revised neo-documentary hypothesis still has adherents, especially in North
America and Israel. This distinguishes sources by means of plot and continuity rather than stylistic and linguistic concerns, and does not tie them to stages in the evolution of Israel's religious history. Its resurrection
380:
Wellhausen's explanation of the formation of the Torah was also an explanation of the religious history of Israel. The
Yahwist and Elohist described a primitive, spontaneous, and personal world, in keeping with the earliest stage of Israel's history; in Deuteronomy, he saw the influence of the
445:
Some scholars use these newer hypotheses in combination with each other and with a documentary model, making it difficult to classify contemporary theories as strictly one or another. The majority of scholars today continue to recognise
Deuteronomy as a source, with its origin in the law-code
450:
as described by De Wette, subsequently given a frame during the exile (the speeches and descriptions at the front and back of the code) to identify it as the words of Moses. Most scholars also agree that some form of
Priestly source existed, although its extent, especially its end-point, is
315:
linked the four to an evolutionary framework: the
Yahwist and Elohist to a time of primitive nature and fertility cults, the Deuteronomist to the ethical religion of the Hebrew prophets, and the Priestly source to a form of religion dominated by ritual, sacrifice and law.
325:
257:. According to tradition, they were dictated by God to Moses, but when modern critical scholarship began to be applied to the Bible it was discovered that the Pentateuch was not the unified text one would expect from a single author. As a result, the
365:, Graf, and others, who in turn had built on earlier scholarship. He accepted Hupfeld's four sources and, in agreement with Graf, placed the Priestly work last. J was the earliest document, a product of the 10th century BCE and the court of
485:
not least because many have concluded that the Hebrew Bible is not a reliable witness to the religion of ancient Israel and Judah, representing instead the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient
Israelite community centered in
306:
in 1853, who argued that the
Pentateuch was made up of four documentary sources, the Priestly, Yahwist, and Elohist intertwined in Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers, and the stand-alone source of Deuteronomy. At around the same period,
466:
of an E source is probably the element most often criticised by other scholars, as it is rarely distinguishable from the classical J source and European scholars have largely rejected it as fragmentary or non-existent.
377:; P (what Wellhausen first named "Q") was a product of the priest-and-temple dominated world of the 6th century BCE; and the final redaction, when P was combined with JED to produce the Torah as we now know it.
434:(597–539 BCE), or the late monarchic period at the earliest. Van Seters also sharply criticized the idea of a substantial Elohist source, arguing that E extends at most to two short passages in Genesis.
397:
In the mid to late 20th century, new criticism of the documentary hypothesis formed. Three major publications of the 1970s caused scholars to reevaluate the assumptions of the documentary hypothesis:
264:
In the mid-18th century, some scholars started a critical study of doublets (parallel accounts of the same incidents), inconsistencies, and changes in style and vocabulary in the Torah. In 1780,
2224:
1881:
1319:
1407:
454:
The general trend in recent scholarship is to recognize the final form of the Torah as a literary and ideological unity, based on earlier sources, likely completed during the
373:, and had been combined by a redactor (editor) with J to form a document JE; D, the third source, was a product of the 7th century BCE, by 620 BCE, during the reign of
1601:
1275:
1298:
1711:
261:
of the Torah had been largely rejected by leading scholars by the 17th century, with many modern scholars viewing it as a product of a long evolutionary process.
151:, was almost universally accepted for most of the 20th century. It posited that the Pentateuch is a compilation of four originally independent documents: the
1557:
1430:
423:. These three authors shared many of the same criticisms of the documentary hypothesis, but were not in agreement about what paradigm ought to replace it.
1481:
275:'s "Conjectures" and others, formulated the "older documentary hypothesis": the idea that Genesis was composed by combining two identifiable sources, the
1732:
1578:
1536:
582:
The two-source hypothesis of Eichhorn was the "older" documentary hypothesis, and the four-source hypothesis adopted by Wellhausen was the "newer".
182:
The consensus around the classical documentary hypothesis has now collapsed. This was triggered in large part by the influential publications of
2076:
2011:
346:("Prolegomena to the History of Israel") in 1883, and the work is better known under that name. (The second volume, a synthetic history titled
283:("E"). These sources were subsequently found to run through the first four books of the Torah, and the number was later expanded to three when
1967:
1795:
2195:
2109:
2086:
2044:
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1979:
1956:
1935:
1912:
1891:
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1308:
1287:
1264:
1209:
1858:
362:
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475:
451:
uncertain. The remainder is called collectively non-Priestly, a grouping which includes both pre-Priestly and post-Priestly material.
342:
1902:
1753:
2055:
2016:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
2000:
1863:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1634:
1613:
1461:
1435:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1280:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
2097:
2218:
399:
2239:
389:
2065:
179:
in the 5th century BCE. The sources would have been joined at various points in time by a series of editors or "redactors".
1690:
442:, which posits that the Torah is the result of two major additions—Yahwist and Priestly—to an existing corpus of work.
2249:
370:
265:
2185:
439:
299:
199:
120:
502:
291:
as an additional source found only in Deuteronomy ("D"). Later still the Elohist was split into Elohist and
171:(c. 950 BCE). E was dated somewhat later, in the 9th century BCE, and D was dated just before the reign of
361:
Wellhausen's documentary hypothesis owed little to Wellhausen himself but was mainly the work of Hupfeld,
458:(539–333 BCE). A minority of scholars would place its final compilation somewhat later, however, in the
311:
argued that the Yahwist and Elohist were the earliest sources and the Priestly source the latest, while
431:
412:
195:
187:
1507:
The Formation of the Pentateuch: Bridging the Academic Cultures of Europe, Israel, and North America
2244:
211:
2172:
1197:
512:
507:
479:
459:
430:(c. 950 BCE) as posited by the documentary hypothesis. They instead dated J to the period of the
308:
207:
298:
These documentary approaches were in competition with two other models, the fragmentary and the
1606:
Wisdom and Torah: The Reception of 'Torah' in the Wisdom Literature of the Second Temple Period
1360:
Brettler, Marc Zvi (2004). "Torah: Introduction". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).
426:
Van Seters and Schmid both forcefully argued that the Yahwist source could not be dated to the
2191:
2105:
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2019:
1996:
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1822:
1801:
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1654:
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1487:
1457:
1438:
1415:
1392:
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1304:
1283:
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1205:
570:
522:
333:
258:
203:
148:
1816:
1189:
537:
517:
284:
32:
167:
sources, frequently referred to by their initials. The first of these, J, was dated to the
1342:
Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism
527:
404:
351:
303:
292:
250:
238:
183:
164:
147:). A version of the documentary hypothesis, frequently identified with the German scholar
140:
128:
97:
69:
17:
2149:
2131:
2120:
1452:
Frei, Peter (2001). "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary". In Watts, James (ed.).
2254:
2138:
1644:
1385:
455:
420:
242:
191:
132:
101:
93:
89:
1924:"The Problem of "Literary Unity" from the Perspective of the Study of Oral Traditions"
2233:
2161:
The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding Its Promulgation and Acceptance
2142:
2102:
To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application
312:
288:
160:
85:
76:
62:
55:
2057:
Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources
324:
194:
in the mid-1970s, who argued that J was to be dated no earlier than the time of the
1671:
Kaiser, Christ, and Canaan: The Religion of Israel in Protestant Germany, 1871–1918
227:
2034:
1837:
1774:
1669:
1648:
1624:
1362:
1340:
1254:
374:
272:
254:
206:(probably 450–350 BCE), although some would place its production as late as the
144:
175:, in the 7th or 8th century BCE. Finally, P was generally dated to the time of
569:
The reasons behind the rejection are covered in more detail in the article on
124:
2225:
Wikiversity – The King James Version according to the documentary hypothesis
1201:
486:
246:
136:
119:) is one of the models used by biblical scholars to explain the origins and
2213:
1410:. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.).
1412:
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
533:
2176:
2136:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.
1454:
Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch
1276:"Biblical Scholarship on the European Continent, in the UK, and Ireland"
427:
366:
280:
276:
269:
168:
156:
152:
48:
41:
1256:
The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis
1505:. In Gertz, Jan C.; Levinson, Bernard M.; Rom-Shiloni, Dalit (eds.).
490:
447:
172:
1502:
237:(or Pentateuch) is collectively the first five books of the Bible:
388:
323:
234:
222:
221:
31:
340:('History of Israel, Vol 1'). The second edition was printed as
1501:
Gertz, Jan C.; Levinson, Bernard M.; Rom-Shiloni, Dalit (2017).
176:
1859:"The Study of Law and Ethics in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament"
850:
848:
846:
530:, Jewish scholar who was critical of the documentary hypothesis
393:
Distribution of Torah sources proposed by R. E. Friedman (1997)
2014:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1861:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1433:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1278:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
27:
Hypothesis to explain the origins and composition of the Torah
707:
705:
1387:
Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations
2036:
A Prophet Like Moses: Prophecy, Law, and Israelite Religion
1626:
The Composition of the Narrative Books of the Old Testament
734:
732:
1776:
Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays
692:
690:
688:
419:("The Tradition-Historical Problem of the Pentateuch") by
2154:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.
2125:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.
2012:"Questions of the 'History of Israel' in Recent Research"
1650:
How to Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
1259:. Anchor Yale Reference Library. Yale University Press.
1147:
1145:
988:
986:
877:
875:
797:
795:
634:
632:
602:
600:
598:
417:
Das überlieferungsgeschichtliche Problem des Pentateuch
1734:
Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch
619:
617:
615:
2100:. In Haynes, Stephen R.; McKenzie, Steven L. (eds.).
1970:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
663:
661:
659:
36:
Diagram of the 20th century documentary hypothesis:
1503:"Convergence and Divergence in Pentateuchal Theory"
786:
1384:
1361:
1926:. In Person, Raymond F.; Rezetko, Robert (eds.).
1713:Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction
369:; E was from the 9th century BCE in the northern
1901:Patzia, Arthur G.; Petrotta, Anthony J. (2010).
1604:. In Schipper, Bernd; Teeter, D. Andrew (eds.).
1321:Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative
489:and devoted to the exclusive worship of the god
268:, building on the work of the French doctor and
1928:Empirical Models Challenging Biblical Criticism
536:, a similar theory for the construction of the
1797:Josiah's Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement
1383:Campbell, Antony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (1993).
965:
893:
854:
650:
470:The Torah and the history of Israel's religion
295:("P") sources, increasing the number to four.
320:Wellhausen and the new documentary hypothesis
8:
1815:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
1136:
1112:
750:
438:scholars such as John Van Seters advocate a
2163:by Gary N. Knoppers, Bernard M. Levinson".
2078:The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary
1755:Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms
1509:. Vol. 44. Mohr Siebeck. p. 481.
1064:
1016:
953:
929:
917:
738:
711:
696:
679:
1538:Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map
1124:
762:
2165:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1517:Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus
1224:
1040:
905:
1839:The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century
1028:
1004:
977:
881:
866:
837:
825:
638:
623:
606:
594:
549:
358:('Introduction to the Old Testament').
279:("J"; also called the Yahwist) and the
1992:Introduction to reading the Pentateuch
1236:
1175:
1163:
1151:
992:
801:
210:(333–164 BCE), after the conquests of
2151:Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte
1904:Pocket Dictionary of Biblical Studies
1456:. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 6.
1297:Barton, John; Muddiman, John (2010).
941:
813:
774:
348:Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte
218:History of the documentary hypothesis
127:, the first five books of the Bible:
7:
1100:
1088:
1076:
723:
667:
1431:"Changes in Pentateuchal Criticism"
1052:
476:History of ancient Israel and Judah
2133:Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels
1818:Biblical History and Israel's Past
1471:Friedman, Richard Elliott (1997).
343:Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels
226:11th-century CE manuscript of the
25:
1836:Nicholson, Ernest Wilson (2003).
1194:Jews and Judaism in World History
2212:
400:Abraham in History and Tradition
356:Einleitung in das Alte Testament
1535:Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003).
1190:"The world of the Hebrew Bible"
2018:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1972:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1865:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1585:. Cambridge University Press.
1437:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1282:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1139:, pp. 206–207, 224 n. 49.
753:, pp. 206–207, 224 fn.49.
560:for the documentary hypothesis
61:Dtr2: later (6th century BCE)
54:Dtr1: early (7th century BCE)
1:
2143:full text at sacred-texts.com
1577:Kawashima, Robert S. (2010).
1188:Lupovitch, Howard N. (2010).
411:("The So-Called Yahwist") by
2159:Whisenant, Jessica (2010). "
2096:Viviano, Pauline A. (1999).
2081:. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.
2054:Thompson, Thomas L. (2000).
1794:Monroe, Lauren A.S. (2011).
1668:Kurtz, Paul Michael (2018).
2190:. Oxford University Press.
2187:The Early History of Heaven
2148:Wellhausen, Julius (1894).
2130:Wellhausen, Julius (1883).
2119:Wellhausen, Julius (1878).
2039:. Oxford University Press.
1974:. Mercer University Press.
1922:Person, Raymond F. (2016).
1842:. Oxford University Press.
1800:. Oxford University Press.
1773:Miller, Patrick D. (2000).
1737:. Mercer University Press.
1710:McDermott, John J. (2002).
1623:Kratz, Reinhard G. (2005).
1600:Kratz, Reinhard G. (2013).
1581:. In Hendel, Ronald (ed.).
1480:Gaines, Jason M.H. (2015).
1414:. Oxford University Press.
1368:. Oxford University Press.
1345:. Oxford University Press.
1303:. Oxford University Press.
787:Campbell & O'Brien 1993
556:hence the alternative name
2271:
2184:Wright, J. Edward (2002).
2033:Stackert, Jeffrey (2014).
1966:Ruddick, Eddie L. (1990).
1951:. Hendrickson Publishers.
1483:The Poetic Priestly Source
1339:Berman, Joshua A. (2017).
966:Barton & Muddiman 2010
894:Barton & Muddiman 2010
855:Barton & Muddiman 2010
651:Patzia & Petrotta 2010
473:
18:Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis
2139:Project Gutenberg edition
2104:. Westminster John Knox.
2075:Van Seters, John (2015).
1758:. Westminster John Knox.
1752:McKim, Donald K. (1996).
1692:Re-Reading the Scriptures
1689:Levin, Christoph (2013).
1514:Gmirkin, Russell (2006).
446:produced at the court of
2010:Ska, Jean Louis (2014).
1989:Ska, Jean-Louis (2006).
1948:How the Bible is Written
1945:Rendsburg, Gary (2019).
1556:Houston, Walter (2013).
469:
440:supplementary hypothesis
338:Geschichte Israels, Bd 1
121:composition of the Torah
1731:McEntire, Mark (2008).
1579:"Sources and Redaction"
1429:Carr, David M. (2014).
1406:Carr, David M. (2007).
1253:Baden, Joel S. (2012).
503:Authorship of the Bible
86:Deuteronomistic history
2240:Documentary hypothesis
2219:Documentary hypothesis
1907:. InterVarsity Press.
1880:Patrick, Dale (2013).
1364:The Jewish Study Bible
1318:Berlin, Adele (1994).
409:Der sogenannte Jahwist
394:
329:
230:
113:documentary hypothesis
108:
44:(10th–9th century BCE)
1857:Otto, Eckart (2014).
1274:Barton, John (2014).
392:
385:Critical reassessment
327:
225:
72:(6th–5th century BCE)
35:
2221:at Wikimedia Commons
1473:Who Wrote the Bible?
432:Babylonian captivity
413:Hans Heinrich Schmid
196:Babylonian captivity
188:Hans Heinrich Schmid
1115:, pp. 206–207.
1055:, pp. 133–135.
363:Eduard Eugène Reuss
212:Alexander the Great
2250:Biblical criticism
2122:Geschichte Israels
2098:"Source Criticism"
1486:. Fortress Press.
1391:. Fortress Press.
513:Books of the Bible
508:Biblical criticism
480:Origins of Judaism
460:Hellenistic period
395:
330:
309:Karl Heinrich Graf
231:
208:Hellenistic period
109:
2217:Media related to
2197:978-0-19-534849-1
2111:978-0-664-25784-2
2088:978-0-567-65880-7
2046:978-0-19-933645-6
2025:978-3-525-54022-0
1981:978-0-86554-373-7
1958:978-1-68307-197-6
1937:978-0-88414-149-5
1914:978-0-8308-6702-8
1893:978-0-8272-0566-6
1886:. Chalice Press.
1872:978-3-525-54022-0
1849:978-0-19-925783-6
1828:978-0-8028-6260-0
1807:978-0-19-977536-1
1786:978-1-84127-142-2
1779:. A&C Black.
1765:978-0-664-25511-4
1744:978-0-88146-101-5
1723:978-0-8091-4082-4
1716:. Pauline Press.
1702:978-3-16-152207-9
1681:978-3-16-155496-4
1660:978-0-7432-3587-7
1629:. A&C Black.
1602:"Rewriting Torah"
1592:978-1-139-49278-2
1569:978-0-334-04385-0
1548:978-0-567-39136-0
1527:978-0-567-13439-4
1493:978-1-5064-0046-4
1444:978-3-525-54022-0
1421:978-0-19-528880-3
1398:978-1-4514-1367-0
1375:978-0-19-529751-5
1352:978-0-19-065880-9
1331:978-1-57506-002-6
1310:978-0-19-958024-8
1289:978-3-525-54022-0
1266:978-0-300-15263-0
1211:978-0-203-86197-4
1204:. pp. 5–10.
1137:Greifenhagen 2003
1113:Greifenhagen 2003
869:, pp. 38–39.
751:Greifenhagen 2003
714:, pp. 41–43.
571:Mosaic authorship
523:Mosaic authorship
371:Kingdom of Israel
334:Julius Wellhausen
328:Julius Wellhausen
259:Mosaic authorship
204:Achaemenid Empire
149:Julius Wellhausen
51:(9th century BCE)
16:(Redirected from
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1695:. Mohr Siebeck.
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1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
981:
980:, p. 40–41.
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
908:, p. 24–25.
903:
897:
896:, p. 18–19.
891:
885:
879:
870:
864:
858:
852:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
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784:
778:
772:
766:
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727:
721:
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621:
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583:
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574:
567:
561:
554:
538:Synoptic Gospels
518:Dating the Bible
428:Solomonic period
285:Wilhelm de Wette
169:Solomonic period
21:
2270:
2269:
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2263:
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2259:
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2209:
2204:
2198:
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2095:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2003:
1995:. Eisenbrauns.
1988:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1856:
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1667:
1661:
1645:Kugel, James L.
1643:
1637:
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1616:
1599:
1593:
1583:Reading Genesis
1576:
1570:
1555:
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1382:
1376:
1359:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1324:. Eisenbrauns.
1317:
1311:
1296:
1290:
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1267:
1252:
1248:
1243:
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1231:
1223:
1219:
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1187:
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1123:
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1111:
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1071:
1065:Van Seters 2015
1063:
1059:
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1027:
1023:
1017:Van Seters 2015
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
954:Wellhausen 1894
952:
948:
940:
936:
930:Wellhausen 1883
928:
924:
918:Wellhausen 1878
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
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820:
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808:
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793:
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773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
739:Van Seters 2015
737:
730:
722:
718:
712:Van Seters 2015
710:
703:
697:Van Seters 2015
695:
686:
682:, p. viii.
680:Van Seters 2015
678:
674:
666:
657:
649:
645:
637:
630:
622:
613:
605:
596:
592:
587:
586:
581:
577:
568:
564:
555:
551:
546:
528:Umberto Cassuto
499:
482:
472:
462:(333–164 BCE).
405:John Van Seters
387:
352:Friedrich Bleek
322:
304:Hermann Hupfeld
287:identified the
266:Johann Eichhorn
220:
184:John Van Seters
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2268:
2266:
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2207:External links
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2171:(4): 679–681.
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1559:The Pentateuch
1553:
1547:
1541:. Bloomsbury.
1532:
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1520:. Bloomsbury.
1511:
1498:
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1477:
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1300:The Pentateuch
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1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1210:
1180:
1178:, p. 182.
1168:
1166:, p. 272.
1156:
1154:, p. 271.
1141:
1129:
1125:Whisenant 2010
1117:
1105:
1103:, p. 609.
1093:
1091:, p. 457.
1081:
1079:, p. 605.
1069:
1057:
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1021:
1009:
997:
995:, p. 260.
982:
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910:
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886:
871:
859:
842:
830:
828:, p. 246.
818:
806:
804:, p. 113.
791:
779:
767:
763:McDermott 2002
755:
743:
728:
726:, p. 436.
716:
701:
684:
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670:, p. 434.
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2002:9781575061221
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1930:. SBL Press.
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1636:9780567089205
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1562:. SCM Press.
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1262:
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1251:
1250:
1245:
1239:, p. 52.
1238:
1233:
1230:
1227:, p. 24.
1226:
1225:Stackert 2014
1221:
1218:
1213:
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1199:
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1097:
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1073:
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1067:, p. 77.
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:Thompson 2000
1037:
1034:
1031:, p. 49.
1030:
1025:
1022:
1019:, p. 42.
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:, p. 51.
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
968:, p. 20.
967:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
944:, p. 41.
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
911:
907:
906:Friedman 1997
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
884:, p. 38.
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
857:, p. 19.
856:
851:
849:
847:
843:
840:, p. 31.
839:
834:
831:
827:
822:
819:
816:, p. 13.
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
744:
741:, p. 12.
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
699:, p. 41.
698:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
664:
662:
660:
656:
653:, p. 37.
652:
647:
644:
641:, p. 41.
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
616:
612:
609:, p. 40.
608:
603:
601:
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589:
579:
576:
572:
566:
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313:Wilhelm Vatke
310:
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296:
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289:Deuteronomist
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161:Deuteronomist
158:
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126:
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118:
114:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
78:
77:Deuteronomist
74:
71:
67:
64:
63:Deuteronomist
60:
57:
56:Deuteronomist
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2186:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2132:
2121:
2101:
2077:
2056:
2035:
2015:
1991:
1971:
1947:
1927:
1903:
1882:
1862:
1838:
1821:. Eerdmans.
1817:
1796:
1775:
1754:
1733:
1712:
1691:
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1649:
1625:
1605:
1582:
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1537:
1516:
1506:
1482:
1475:. HarperOne.
1472:
1453:
1434:
1411:
1386:
1363:
1341:
1320:
1299:
1279:
1255:
1246:Bibliography
1232:
1220:
1193:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1043:, p. 8.
1036:
1029:Viviano 1999
1024:
1012:
1005:Viviano 1999
1000:
978:Viviano 1999
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
882:Viviano 1999
867:Viviano 1999
862:
838:Patrick 2013
833:
826:Ruddick 1990
821:
809:
789:, p. 1.
782:
777:, p. 6.
770:
765:, p. 1.
758:
746:
719:
675:
646:
639:Viviano 1999
626:, p. 4.
624:Gmirkin 2006
607:Viviano 1999
578:
565:
557:
552:
483:
464:
453:
444:
436:
425:
416:
408:
398:
396:
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360:
355:
347:
341:
337:
331:
297:
263:
232:
228:Hebrew Bible
181:
116:
112:
110:
29:
1883:Deuteronomy
1237:Wright 2002
1176:Miller 2000
1164:Gaines 2015
1152:Gaines 2015
993:Gaines 2015
802:Berlin 1994
375:King Josiah
273:Jean Astruc
255:Deuteronomy
173:King Josiah
145:Deuteronomy
81:R: redactor
2245:Hypotheses
2234:Categories
2067:9004119434
942:Kugel 2008
814:Baden 2012
775:Kugel 2008
590:References
474:See also:
336:published
125:Pentateuch
88:(books of
2060:. BRILL.
1968:"Elohist"
1608:. BRILL.
1408:"Genesis"
1202:Routledge
1101:Otto 2014
1089:Carr 2014
1077:Otto 2014
724:Carr 2014
668:Carr 2014
487:Jerusalem
332:In 1878,
247:Leviticus
137:Leviticus
65:historian
58:historian
2177:23044597
1647:(2008).
1198:Abingdon
1053:Ska 2014
534:Q Source
497:See also
293:Priestly
277:Jehovist
165:Priestly
70:Priestly
367:Solomon
281:Elohist
270:exegete
251:Numbers
239:Genesis
157:Elohist
153:Jahwist
141:Numbers
129:Genesis
49:Elohist
42:Yahwist
2194:
2175:
2108:
2085:
2064:
2043:
2022:
1999:
1978:
1955:
1934:
1911:
1890:
1869:
1846:
1825:
1804:
1783:
1762:
1741:
1720:
1699:
1678:
1657:
1633:
1612:
1589:
1566:
1545:
1524:
1490:
1460:
1441:
1418:
1395:
1372:
1349:
1328:
1307:
1286:
1263:
1208:
491:Yahweh
448:Josiah
415:, and
253:, and
243:Exodus
190:, and
163:, and
143:, and
133:Exodus
98:Samuel
94:Judges
90:Joshua
2255:Torah
2173:JSTOR
544:Notes
235:Torah
102:Kings
2192:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1206:ISBN
558:JEDP
478:and
233:The
177:Ezra
123:(or
111:The
84:DH:
75:D†:
68:P*:
2169:130
403:by
354:'s
47:E:
40:J:
2236::
2167:.
2141:;
1200::
1196:.
1192:.
1144:^
985:^
874:^
845:^
794:^
731:^
704:^
687:^
658:^
631:^
614:^
597:^
493:.
407:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
214:.
186:,
159:,
155:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
117:DH
100:,
96:,
92:,
2200:.
2179:.
2114:.
2091:.
2070:.
2049:.
2028:.
2005:.
1984:.
1961:.
1940:.
1917:.
1896:.
1875:.
1852:.
1831:.
1810:.
1789:.
1768:.
1747:.
1726:.
1705:.
1684:.
1663:.
1639:.
1618:.
1595:.
1572:.
1551:.
1530:.
1496:.
1466:.
1447:.
1424:.
1401:.
1378:.
1355:.
1334:.
1313:.
1292:.
1269:.
1214:.
956:.
932:.
920:.
573:.
115:(
104:)
20:)
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