388:
1099:
522:
1084:
982:
741:
of 70 °C (158 °F). In addition, engine oil was to be kept warmed in separate holding tanks, then added via hand-pumps to the aircraft engines shortly before launch. Once the aircraft were raised to flight deck level via the elevators, aircraft oil temperature could be maintained, if need be, through the use of electric pre-heaters plugged into power points on the flight deck. Otherwise, the aircraft could have been immediately catapult-launched as their engines would already have been at or near normal operating temperature.
930:
648:
open forecastle and the leading edge of her flight deck was uneven (mainly due to the blunt ends of her catapult tracks), but it did not appear likely that would have caused any undue air turbulence. Careful wind-tunnel studies using models confirmed this, but they also revealed that their long low island structure would generate a vortex over the flight deck in these tests when the ship yawed to port. This was considered to be an acceptable hazard when conducting air operations.
549:
40 mm (1.6 in) in order to give the elevators necessary structural strength and the critical uptakes greater splinter protection. Beneath the lower hangar was the main armored deck (or tween deck) where armor thickness varied from 60 mm (2.4 in) over the magazines to 40 mm (1.6 in) over the machinery spaces. Along the peripheries, it formed a 45 degree slope where it joined the lower portion of the waterline belt armor.
721:
between the two catapult tracks, below flight deck level but above the main armored deck. This positioning afforded them only light protection from potential battle damage. The insulated compartments were to be electrically heated to a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) in order to prevent ice from forming on the cylinder piping and control equipment as the compressed air was vented during launches.
24:
768:
429:, signed on 18 June 1935, allowed Germany to construct aircraft carriers with total displacement up to 38,500 tons, though Germany was limited to 35% of total British tonnage in any category of warship. The Kriegsmarine then decided to scale back Hadeler's design to 19,250 long tons (19,560 t), which would permit the construction of two ships within the 35% limit.
1056:) and was intended to serve aboard both carriers when completed. By October shipyard construction delays resulted in disbandment of the air group as it was considered too large and costly to maintain given the uncertainty over when the two vessels would be ready for sea trials. Instead, on 1 November that same year a single fighter squadron (
661:
hangar 172 m (564 ft) x 16 m (52 ft). The upper hangar had 6 m (20 ft) vertical clearance while the lower hangar had 0.3 m (1 ft 0 in) less headroom due to the ceiling braces. Total usable hangar space was 5,450 m (58,700 sq ft) with stowage for 43 aircraft: 20
713:- onto collapsible launch trolleys. The aircraft/trolley combination would then be lifted to flight deck level on the elevator and trundled along the rails to the catapult start points. When the catapults were triggered, a burst of compressed air would propel moveable slideways within the catapult track wells forward.
1001:
167 for the purpose of conducting further operational trials. By the time work on the carrier resumed two years later in May 1942, the Fi 167 was no longer considered adequate for its intended role and the
Technische Amt decided to replace it with a modified torpedo-carrying version of the Junkers Ju
1144:
With technical problems, such as the demand for newer planes specifically designed for carrier use, and the need for modernization, progress was delayed. The German naval staff hoped all these changes could be accomplished by April 1943, with the carrier's first sea trials taking place that August.
1140:
A, in 1936. She was laid down on 28 December that year, and launched on 8 December 1938. She was incomplete by April 1940, when a changed strategic situation led to work on her being suspended. By early 1942 the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare had been amply demonstrated, and
973:
revived, the surviving Bf 109 T-2s were withdrawn from front-line service in order to again prepare them for possible carrier duty. Seven T-2s were rebuilt to T-1 standards and handed over to the
Kriegsmarine on 19 May 1942. By December, a total of 48 Bf 109T-2s had been converted back into T-1s. 46
790:
starboard-side island housed the command and navigating bridges and charthouse. It also served as a platform for three searchlights, four domed stabilized fire-control directors and a large vertical funnel. To compensate for the weight of the island, the carrier's flight deck and hangars were offset
740:
To facilitate rapid catapult launches and eliminate the necessity of time-consuming engine warm-ups, up to eight aircraft were to be kept in readiness aboard the German carriers on their hangar decks by the use of steam pre-heaters. These would keep the aircraft engines at an operational temperature
1145:
By late
January 1943 Hitler had become so disenchanted with the Kriegsmarine, especially with what he perceived as the poor performance of its surface fleet, that he ordered all of its larger ships taken out of service and scrapped. As of 2 February 1943, construction on the carrier ended for good.
840:
guns mounted on sponsons located along the flight deck edges: four on the starboard side, six to port and one mounted on the ship's forecastle. In addition, seven 20 mm (0.79 in) MG C/30 guns were installed on single-mount platforms on either side of the carrier: four to port and three to
791:
0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) to port from her longitudinal axis. Design additions proposed in 1942 included a tall fighter-director tower, air search radar antennas and a curved cap for her funnel, the latter intended to keep smoke and exhaust gases away from the armored fighter-director cabin.
685:
class had three electrically operated elevators positioned along the flight-deck's center-line: one near the bow, abreast the forward end of the island; one amidships; and one aft. They were octagonal in shape, measuring 13 m (43 ft) x 14 m (46 ft), and were designed to transfer
544:
class's hull was divided into 19 watertight compartments, the standard division for all capital ships in the
Kriegsmarine. Their belt armor was to vary from 100 mm (3.9 in) over the machinery spaces and aft magazines, to 60 mm (2.4 in) over the forward magazines and tapered down
374:
demonstrated conclusively the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare. With Hitler's authorization, work resumed on the remaining carrier. Progress was again delayed, this time by the demand for newer planes specifically designed for carrier use and the need for modernizing the ship
803:
s were to be armed with separate high and low angle guns for AA and anti-ship defense at a time when most other major navies were switching to dual-purpose AA weapons and relying on escort ships to protect their carriers from surface threats. Her primary anti-shipping armament consisted of sixteen
758:
Two 4 m (13 ft) high, slitted steel wind barriers were installed afore the midships and forward elevators. These were designed to reduce wind velocity over the flight deck to a distance of approximately 40 m (130 ft) behind them. When not in use they could be lowered flush with
749:
Four arrester wires were positioned at the after end of the flight deck with two more emergency wires located afore and abaft of the amidships elevator. Original drawings show four additional wires fore and aft of the forward lift, possibly intended to allow recovery of aircraft over the bows, but
720:
Eighteen aircraft could have theoretically been launched at a rate of one every 30 seconds before exhausting the catapult air reservoirs. It would then have taken 50 minutes to recharge the reservoirs. The two large cylinders holding the compressed air were housed in insulated compartments located
660:
class's upper and lower hangars were long and narrow with unarmored sides and ends. Workshops, stores and crew quarters were located outboard of the hangars, a design feature similar to that of
British carriers. The upper hangar measured 185 m (607 ft) x 16 m (52 ft); the lower
647:
steel flight deck, overlaid with wooden planking, was 242 m (794 ft) long by 30 m (98 ft) wide at its maximum. It had a slight round down right aft and overhung the main superstructure but not the stern; being supported by steel girders. At the bow, the carriers were to have an
908:
Launches were practiced using a 20 m (66 ft) long barge-mounted pneumatic catapult, moored in the Trave River estuary. The
Heinkel-designed catapult, built by Deutsche Werke Kiel (DWK), could accelerate aircraft to speeds of 145 km/h (90 mph) depending on wind conditions. Test
828:
Primary AA protection came from 12 10.5 cm (4.1 in) guns, paired in six turrets positioned three afore and three aft of the carrier's island. Potential blast damage to planes sited on the flight deck when these guns fired to port was an unavoidable risk and would have limited any flight
731:
aircraft would normally launch via catapult. Rolling take-offs would be performed only in an emergency or if the catapults were inoperable due to battle damage or mechanical failure. Whether this practice would have been strictly adhered to or later modified, based on actual air trials and combat
716:
As each plane lifted off, its launch trolley would reach the end of the slideway but remain locked in place until the tow attachment cables were released. Once the slideways were retracted back into the catapult track wells and the tow cables unhooked, the launch trollies would be manually pushed
311:
This lack of clarity led to features such as cruiser-type guns for commerce raiding and defense against
British cruisers, that were either eliminated from or not included in American and Japanese carrier designs. American and Japanese carriers, designed along the lines of task-force defense, used
1002:
87D. Ten Ju 87C-0 pre-production aircraft were built and sent to the testing facilities at
Rechlin and TravemĂĽnde where they underwent extensive service trials, including catapult launches and simulated deck landings. Of the 170 Ju 87C-1 ordered, only a few saw completion, suspension of work on
957:
or State
Ministry of Aviation) requested that Messerschmitt's Augsburg design bureau draw up plans for a carrier-borne version of the Bf 109E fighter, to be designated Bf 109T (the "T" standing for Träger or Carrier). By December 1940, the RLM decided to complete only seven carrier-equipped Bf
548:
Horizontal armor protection against aerial bombs and plunging shellfire started with the flight deck, which acted as the main strength deck. The armor was generally 20 mm (0.79 in) thick except for those areas around the elevator shafts and funnel uptakes where thickness increased to
812:
Chief
Engineer Hadeler had originally planned for only eight such weapons on the carriers, four on each side in single mountings. However, the Naval Armaments Office misinterpreted his proposal to save space by pairing them and instead doubled the number of guns to 16, resulting in a need for
698:
were installed at the forward end of the flight deck for power-assisted launches. They were 23 m (75 ft) long and designed to accelerate a 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) fighter to a speed of approximately 140 km/h (87 mph) and a 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) bomber to
625:
where, due to the carrier's high freeboard and difficulty in maneuvering at speeds below 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph), gusting winds might push the ship into the canal sides. In an emergency, the units could have been used to steer the ships at speeds under 12 knots (22 km/h;
916:
The catapult test program began in April 1940 and, by early May, 36 launches had been conducted, all carefully documented and filmed for later study: 17 by Arado Ar 197s, 15 by modified Junkers Ju 87Bs and four using a modified Messerschmitt Bf 109D. Further testing followed, and by June
892:
s flight deck and simulated deck landings were then conducted over an arresting cable strung width-wise across the airstrip. The cable was attached to an electromechanical braking device manufactured by DEMAG (Deutsche Maschinenfabrik A.G. Duisburg). Testing began in March 1938 using the
308:. They were planned after a thorough study of Japanese carrier designs. German naval architects ran into difficulties due to lack of experience in building such vessels, the realities of carrier operations in the North Sea and the lack of overall clarity in the ships' mission objectives.
905:. Later, a stronger braking winch was supplied by Atlas-Werke of Bremen and this allowed heavier aircraft, such as the Fieseler Fi 167 and Junkers Ju 87, to be tested. After some initial problems, Luftwaffe pilots performed 1,500 successful braked landings out of 1,800 attempted.
717:
forward onto recovery platforms, lowered to the forecastle on "B" deck, then rolled back into the upper hangar for re-use via a secondary set of rails. When not in use, the catapult tracks were to be covered with sheet metal fairings to protect them from harsh weather.
626:
14 mph) and, if the ships' main engines were rendered inoperable, could propel the vessel at a speed of 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) in calm seas. When not in use, they were to be retracted into their vertical shafts and protected by water-tight covers.
613:
calculated radius of action was 9,600 miles (15,400 km) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). However, wartime experience on ships with similar power plants showed such estimates were highly inaccurate, and actual operational ranges tended to be much lower.
440:
announced that Germany would construct aircraft carriers to strengthen the Kriegsmarine. A Luftwaffe officer, a naval officer, and a constructor visited Japan in the autumn of 1935 to obtain flight deck equipment blueprints and inspect the Japanese aircraft carrier
949:
fighters, and 13 Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers. This was later changed to 30 Bf 109 fighters and 12 Ju 87 dive-bombers as carrier doctrine in Japan, Great Britain and the United States shifted away from purely reconnaissance duties toward offensive combat missions.
736:
could have launched their aircraft without need for turning the ship into the wind or under conditions where the prevailing winds were too light to provide enough lift for her heavier aircraft. They could also have launched and landed aircraft simultaneously.
808:
SK C/28 guns paired in eight armored casemates. These were mounted, two each, at the four corners of the carriers' upper hangar deck, positions that raised the possibility the guns would be washed out in heavy seas, especially those in the forward casemates.
824:
SK C/33 guns mounted on sponsons just below flight deck level. But the structural modifications needed to accommodate such a change were judged too difficult and time-consuming, requiring major changes to the ship's design, and the matter was shelved.
1094:, mid-1941. The improved "Atlantic bow", the two empty openings for the 15cm (5.9-inch) gun casemates (just below and forward of the funnel), the telescoping masts and the ends of the twin catapult tracks on the flight deck are all visible.
1013:
might be completed. As the Fieseler Fi 167 was now considered obsolete, the Technische Amt requested that Junkers modify the Ju 87D-4 into a carrier-borne torpedo-bomber/recon plane to be designated Ju 87E-1. But when all further work on
1232:
class with the official designations C and D. Both these carriers were planned to be operational by 1943. However, by the end of 1938, this plan was changed to only build these two carriers plus any further units as smaller carriers.
410:) for nine years when he was appointed to draft preliminary designs for an aircraft carrier in April 1934. Hadeler's first design was a 22,000-long-ton (22,000 t) ship that could carry 50 aircraft and steam at 35
1276:
As almost all the existing aircraft types being considered for carrier use by the Third Reich were powered by various Daimler-Benz or Junkers-designed inverted V12 liquid-cooled engines, unlike either the U.S. Navy or
1190:
construction. The hull, completed only up to the armored deck, sat rusting on its slipway until 28 February 1940, when Admiral Raeder ordered her broken up and scrapped. Scrapping was completed four months later.
575:
s stability but they also gave her an added degree of anti-torpedo protection and increased her operating range because selected compartments were designed to store approximately 1500 additional tons of fuel oil.
1033:
would not be commissioned for at least another two years, Messerschmitt was unofficially told to shelve the projected fighter design. No prototype of the carrier-borne version of the plane was ever constructed.
609:(150,000 kW) and propel the carrier at a top speed of 35 knots (40 mph; 65 km/h). With a maximum bunkerage capacity of 5000 tons of fuel oil (prior to the addition of bulges in 1942), the
585:
s straight-stemmed prow was rebuilt in early 1940 with the addition of a more sharply angled "Atlantic prow", intended to improve overall seakeeping. This added 5.2 m (17 ft) to her overall length.
545:
to 30 mm (1.2 in) at the bows. Stern armor was kept at 80 mm (3.1 in) to protect the steering gear. Inboard of the main armor belt was a 20 mm (0.79 in) anti-torpedo bulkhead.
560:
original length-to-beam ratio was 9.26:1, resulting in a slender silhouette. However, in May 1942, the accumulating top-weight of recent design changes required the addition of deep bulges to each side of
333:'s waning interest all conspired against the carriers. A shortage of workers and materials slowed construction still further and, in 1939, Raeder reduced the number of ships from four to two. Even so, the
732:
experience is open to question, especially given the limited capacity of the air reservoirs and the long recharging times necessary between launches. One advantage of such a system, however, was that the
2190:
312:
supporting cruisers for surface firepower, which allowed flight operations to continue without disruption and reduced the chances of exposure to risks that surface action would have entailed.
500:-class ships were the first two in the plan. Hitler approved the construction program on 1 March 1939. In 1938, a second carrier, ordered under the provisional name "B", was laid down at the
621:
were to be installed in the forward bow of the ship along the center-line. These were intended to assist in berthing the ship in harbor and also in negotiating narrow waterways such as the
1009:
Work on developing a torpedo-carrying version of the Ju 87D for anti-shipping sorties in the Mediterranean had already commenced in early 1942 when the possibility again arose that
375:
in light of wartime developments. Hitler's disenchantment with the performance of the Kriegsmarine's surface units led to a final stoppage of work. The ship was captured by the
1063:
Later, a dive bomber squadron was added, 4./186, equipped with Ju 87Bs under Cpt. Blattner. Six months after, in July 1939, a second fighter squadron was formed, 5./186, under
496:
to a point where it could challenge the British Royal Navy in the North Sea. Under Plan Z, by 1945 as part of the balanced force the navy would have four carriers; the pair of
1159:. The ship was subsequently raised by the Soviets and was used for target practice and sunk in 1947. Her wreck was discovered in 2006 by Polish researchers in the Baltic off
702:
A dual set of rails led back from the catapults to the forward and midship elevators. In the hangars, aircraft were to be hoisted by crane - a method also proposed for the
2262:
2183:
945:
class was that of a seagoing scouting platform and her initial planned air group reflected that emphasis: 20 Fieseler Fi 167 biplanes for scouting and torpedo attack, 10
432:
The design staff decided that the new carrier would need to be able to defend itself against surface combatants, which necessitated armor protection to the standard of a
882:- began a lengthy program of testing prototype carrier aircraft. This included performing simulated carrier landings and take-offs and training future carrier pilots.
2711:
2427:
387:
3597:
2719:
2176:
1257:
532:, June 1940, displaying her newly rebuilt bow. Also visible are her 15 cm casemate guns, before their removal to defend occupied Norway. The photo is marked
750:
these may have been deleted from the ship's final configuration. To assist with night landings, the arrester wires were to be illuminated with neon lights.
3100:
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in May 1940 resulting in cancellation of the entire order. Existing aircraft and those airframes in process were eventually converted back into Ju 87B-2s.
1098:
521:
3067:
2407:
3062:
1083:
402:
began to examine the possibility of building an aircraft carrier. Wilhelm Hadeler had been Assistant to the Professor of Naval Construction at the
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s hull, decreasing that ratio to 8.33:1 and giving her the widest beam of any carrier designed prior to 1942. The bulges served mainly to improve
2759:
2701:
2365:
2255:
1018:
was halted for good in February 1943, the entire order was canceled. None of the Ju 87Ds converted to carry a torpedo were used operationally.
1186:
began in 1938 but was halted on 19 September 1939 because, now that Germany was at war with Great Britain and France, priority had shifted to
2691:
2213:
2073:
1904:
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2271:
1755:
1247:
3602:
2696:
981:
2874:
3607:
3275:
2552:
1854:
1278:
2879:
3592:
2422:
2248:
1873:
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2945:
2384:
2298:
2282:
407:
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2083:
Faulkner, Marcus (2012). "The Kriegsmarine and the Aircraft Carrier: The Design and Operational Purpose of the Graf Zeppelin".
442:
2579:
2412:
2334:
1025:, the older Bf 109T carrier-borne fighter was considered obsolete. By September 1942 detailed plans for the new fighter, the
1958:
Reynolds, Clark G. (January 1967). "Hitler's Flattop: The End of the Beginning". United States Naval Institute Proceedings.
3510:
2584:
2417:
1179:
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45:
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of these were stationed at Pillau in East Prussia and reserved for use aboard the carrier. By February 1943, all work on
436:. A battery of sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) guns were deemed sufficient to defend the ship from destroyers. In 1935,
3236:
3209:
3183:
3169:
2774:
2524:
2495:
2479:
710:
703:
599:
426:
305:
202:
1116:
s two aircraft carriers had been fitful from the start due to a shortage of welders and delays in obtaining materials.
3484:
3137:
3042:
2920:
2889:
2754:
2306:
465:
1067:
Gerhard Kadow and partly staffed with pilots culled from 6./186. By August the three squadrons were reorganised into
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heavy cruisers. Their four sets of geared turbines, connected to four shafts, were expected to produce 200,000
3335:
3151:
3109:
3086:
2996:
2834:
2794:
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2620:
2462:
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1141:
on 13 May 1942, with Hitler's authorization, the German Naval Supreme Command ordered work resumed on the carrier.
361:
962:
had ceased back in April and there appeared to be little likelihood she would then be commissioned any time soon.
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3176:
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3016:
3011:
3001:
2819:
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2516:
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1242:
618:
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languished for the next two years in various Baltic ports. On 25 April 1945, she was scuttled at Stettin (now
879:
353:) was continued tentatively but suspended in 1940. The air unit scheduled for her was disbanded at that time.
337:
trained its first unit of pilots for carrier service and readied it for flight operations. With the advent of
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1963:
1928:
403:
1923:
Israel, Ulrich H.-J. (2003). ""Flugdeck klar!" Deutsche Trägerflugzeuge bis 1945". Flieger Revue Extra.
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planes were first hoisted by crane onto collapsible launch carriages in the same manner as intended on
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2883:
2624:
2545:
2443:
934:
670:
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class's power plant was to consist of 16 La Mont high-pressure boilers, similar to those used in the
257:
224:
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s launch scheduled for the end of the following year, the Luftwaffe's experimental test facility at
23:
3515:
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3411:
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415:
2022:
Whitley, M.J. (July 1984). "Warship 31: Graf Zeppelin, Part 1". London: Conway Maritime Press Ltd.
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3459:
3444:
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2100:
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s designation before launch). Had it been completed, the aircraft carrier could have been named
1160:
1198:
never named a vessel before it was launched, so it was only given the designation "B" ("A" was
3520:
3449:
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1993:
1900:
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increased ammunition stowage and more electrically operated hoists to service them. Later in
3454:
3434:
3117:
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2829:
2724:
2402:
2153:
2092:
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s construction, some consideration was given to deleting these guns and replacing them with
448:
371:
290:
260:
228:
97:
3289:
3243:
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2139:
2040:
1976:
1941:
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ceased, the T-2s were deployed to Norway. At the end of 1941, when interest in completing
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248:
244:
188:
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1847:
Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present. An Illustrated Encyclopedia (Rev Ed)
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837:
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471:
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195:
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Carl Dreessen: "Die deutsche FlottenrĂĽstung." Mittler & Sohn. Hamburg 2000. p. 101
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989:, the fifth of 12 pre-production machines, banks through the clouds on a test flight.
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501:
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266:
234:
181:
1281:, who both generally preferred air-cooled radial engines for their carrier aircraft.
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238:
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Mueller, William B. (March 2018). "Hitler's Carrier". Sea Classics, Vol. 51, no.3.
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1060:) was created, 6./186, and placed under the command of Cpt. Heinrich Seeliger.
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606:
462:
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1997:
461:
was laid down on 28 December 1936, on the slipway that had recently held the
3425:
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class's secondary AA defenses consisted of 11 twin 37 mm (1.5 in)
321:
2066:
Freedom of the Seas: The Story of Hitler's Aircraft Carrier - Graf Zeppelin
2005:
447:. The Germans also unsuccessfully attempted to examine the British carrier
2160:
Spiegel Online International article dated 27-7-2006. Retrieved 20-9-2010.
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1152:
1091:
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had ceased and the aircraft were returned to Luftwaffe service in April.
1899:. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
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was suspended in May 1940, the 12 completed Fi 167s were organized into
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officials were fully satisfied with the catapult system's performance.
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2015:
Flugzeugträger Graf Zeppelin: Das Original, Das Modell, Die Flugzeuge
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109T-1s and to finish the remainder as land-based T-2s since work on
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torpedo bombers, 18 in the lower hangar, two in the upper hangar; 13
489:
301:
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in Kiel in 1938, with a planned launch date on 1 July 1940. Work on
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520:
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1992:(2). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 129–158.
1951:
Sea Eagles - The Operational History of the Messerschmitt Bf 109T
1052:, on Rugia Island near Burg. It was composed of three squadrons (
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2343:
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1984:
Schenk, Peter (2008). "German Aircraft Carrier Developments".
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In late 1938, the Technische Amt RLM (Technical Office of the
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rearmament program after Germany and Great Britain signed the
1071:
under the command of Major Walter Hagen in anticipation that
1105:
in September 1937, with her armored deck under construction
2158:
Rediscovered – Hitler's Showpiece Aircraft Carrier Found."
341:, priorities shifted to U-boat construction; one carrier,
155:
14,816 km (8,000 nmi) at 19 knots (35 km/h)
1209:
in honor of the World War I leader of the naval airships
1075:
would be ready for service trials by the summer of 1940.
379:
at the end of the war and sunk as a target ship in 1947.
878:
facilities of the Third Reich, with the headquarters at
345:, was broken up on the slipway while work on the other,
1828:
Without Wings: The Story of Hitler's Aircraft Carrier
1519:
1517:
694:
Two Deutsche Werke compressed air-driven telescoping
139:
Geared turbines, 200,000 hp (150,000 kW), four screws
1048:
formed its first carrier-based air unit, designated
16:
Kriegsmarine aircraft carrier class, built 1936–1943
3493:
3420:
3362:
3303:
3252:
3220:
3197:
3160:
3116:
3055:
3025:
2964:
2908:
2853:
2742:
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2710:
2684:
2644:
2613:
2572:
2536:
2507:
2470:
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2436:
2383:
2164:
A video with photos of the unfinished Graf Zeppelin
885:The runway was painted with a contoured outline of
488:presented an ambitious shipbuilding program called
1178:The contract to build the ship was awarded to the
315:A combination of political infighting between the
1866:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
2114:Graf Zeppelin: Einziger Deutscher Flugzeugträger
1228:planned two additional aircraft carriers of the
874:See) on the Baltic coast - one of the four such
778:s superstructure in relation to the flight deck.
724:It was intended from the outset that all of the
686:aircraft weighing up to 5.5 tons between decks.
1864:Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger (1980).
1953:. Walton on Thames: Air Research Publications.
1021:By May 1942, when work was ordered resumed on
759:the deck to allow aircraft to pass over them.
3094:
2359:
2256:
2184:
2013:Wagner, Richard & Manfred Wilske (2007).
1540:
1538:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1420:
1418:
1416:
8:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1258:List of ship classes of the Second World War
841:starboard. These guns were later changed to
1705:
1703:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1406:
1404:
1402:
619:Voith-Schneider cycloidal propeller-rudders
3101:
3087:
3079:
2739:
2467:
2433:
2366:
2352:
2344:
2263:
2249:
2241:
2191:
2177:
2169:
2064:Burke, Stephen & Adam Olejnik (2010).
1810:Encyclopedia of Warships 42: Graf Zeppelin
1468:
1466:
1464:
1029:, were completed. When it became apparent
669:C dive bombers in the upper hangar and 10
3110:German naval ship classes of World War II
2050:Warship 33, Vol IX: Graf Zeppelin, Part 2
1801:The German Aircraft Carrier Graf Zeppelin
709:of the United States Navy, but rejected
1356:
1354:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1269:
1037:On 1 August 1938, four months prior to
360:, the pursuit of the German battleship
2135:
2124:
2036:
2025:
1972:
1961:
1937:
1926:
18:
3598:Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carriers
1253:List of naval ship classes of Germany
1128:German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin
7:
2052:. London: Conway Maritime Press Ltd.
1916:Jane's Naval History of World War II
1868:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1334:Gardiner & Chesneau, pp. 226–227
1248:List of aircraft carriers of Germany
115:262.5 m (861 ft 3 in)
325:, disputes within the ranks of the
123:31.5 m (103 ft 4 in)
2116:. Hamburg: Verlag Koehler/Mittler.
1887:. New York: Doubleday and Company.
1819:WWII Fact Files: Aircraft Carriers
1803:. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing Ltd.
1155:, Poland), ahead of the advancing
131:7.6 m (24 ft 11 in)
14:
508:was launched on 8 December 1938.
1885:The Warplanes of the Third Reich
22:
1378:Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 220
1360:Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 227
1307:Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 226
829:activity during an engagement.
2335:List of naval ships of Germany
1918:. New York: Collins Reference.
1849:. London: Brockhampton Press.
1523:Wagner & Wilske, pp. 54–56
673:fighters in the upper hangar.
269:E dive bombers/torpedo bombers
1:
2112:Israel, Ulrich H.-J. (1994).
1949:Marshall, Francis L. (1994).
1180:Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft
699:130 km/h (81 mph).
408:Technische Universität Berlin
394:is launched, 8 December 1938.
46:Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft
2272:Aircraft carriers of Germany
1821:. New York: Arco Publishing.
851:Flight testing at TravemĂĽnde
470:. The ship was built by the
427:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
356:The role of aircraft in the
306:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
293:planned in the mid-1930s by
2428:Naval regions and districts
3624:
3603:Proposed aircraft carriers
2232:List of Kriegsmarine ships
1897:German Warships: 1815–1945
1808:Breyer, Siegfried (2004).
1799:Breyer, Siegfried (1989).
1756:"Geschichte - DER SPIEGEL"
1125:
955:Reichsluftfahrtministerium
822:10.5 cm (4.1 in)
189:10.5 cm (4.1 in)
3608:Proposed ships of Germany
3549:
2332:
2278:
2229:
2209:
1914:Ireland, Bernard (1998).
1243:List of aircraft carriers
941:The expected role of the
492:which would build up the
196:3.7 cm (1.5 in)
88:
36:
21:
3593:Aircraft carrier classes
2203:-class aircraft carriers
2097:10.1177/0968344512455974
1845:Chesneau, Roger (1998).
1745:Chesneau, pp. 76-77, 190
806:15 cm (5.9 in)
282:-class aircraft carriers
203:2 cm (0.79 in)
182:15 cm (5.9 in)
2735:Battles and engagements
2091:(4). SagePub: 492–516.
2068:. Stephen Burke Books.
1883:Green, William (1979).
1830:. Trafford Publishing.
1826:Burke, Stephen (2007).
630:Flight deck and hangars
406:in Charlottenburg (now
383:Design and construction
147:35 knots (65 km/h)
89:General characteristics
3068:Awards and decorations
2134:Cite journal requires
2048:Whitley, M.J. (1985).
2035:Cite journal requires
1971:Cite journal requires
1936:Cite journal requires
1495:Whitley (1985), p. 155
1458:Whitley (1985), p. 159
1424:Whitley (1985), p. 157
1106:
1095:
990:
938:
779:
537:
395:
368:attack on Pearl Harbor
62:4 (originally c. 1937)
3063:Uniforms and insignia
2702:Patrol boat flotillas
2697:Minesweeper flotillas
1986:Warship International
1817:Brown, David (1977).
1812:. Gdansk: A.J. Press.
1718:Whitley (1984), p. 30
1442:Whitley (1984), p. 31
1163:, at the head of the
1101:
1086:
984:
932:
770:
711:as too time-consuming
671:Messerschmitt Bf 109T
524:
404:Technische Hochschule
390:
3556:Single ship of class
3511:M-class minesweepers
3485:Uncompleted projects
2895:Norway & Denmark
2444:Imperial German Navy
1109:Construction on the
947:Messerschmitt Bf 109
258:Messerschmitt Me 155
225:Messerschmitt Bf 109
168:306 flight personnel
3516:F-class escort ship
3056:Uniforms and awards
1069:Trägergruppe II/186
1044:s launch date, the
478:. Two years later,
65:2 (revised c. 1938)
3521:Auxiliary cruisers
2437:Predecessor groups
1107:
1096:
1050:Trägergruppe I/186
991:
939:
780:
538:
504:dockyard in Kiel.
396:
3575:
3574:
3118:Aircraft carriers
3076:
3075:
3051:
3050:
2725:Sea defense zones
2692:Surface flotillas
2680:
2679:
2652:Aircraft carriers
2457:
2456:
2341:
2340:
2238:
2237:
2075:978-0-9564790-0-6
1906:978-0-87021-790-6
1837:978-1-4251-2216-4
1387:Gröner, pp. 71–72
1058:Trägerjagdstaffel
999:Erprobungsstaffel
358:Battle of Taranto
291:aircraft carriers
284:were four German
275:
274:
28:Aircraft carrier
3615:
3336:Type 1936A(Mob)/
3103:
3096:
3089:
3080:
2760:Bismarck sinking
2740:
2662:Commerce raiders
2631:U-boat flotillas
2468:
2434:
2408:Personnel Office
2403:Naval War Office
2368:
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2018:
2017:. Neckar-Verlag.
2009:
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1282:
1274:
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1184:Flugzeugträger B
1132:Work started on
1115:
1043:
891:
868:Erprobungsstelle
861:
819:
789:
777:
771:The position of
730:
690:Launch catapults
646:
584:
574:
567:
559:
484:(Grand Admiral)
398:After 1933, the
372:Battle of Midway
347:Flugzeugträger A
343:Flugzeugträger B
217:Complement of 43
212:Aircraft carried
98:Aircraft carrier
26:
19:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3545:
3531:Marinefährprahm
3489:
3416:
3358:
3299:
3248:
3216:
3199:Pre-dreadnought
3193:
3156:
3112:
3107:
3077:
3072:
3047:
3021:
2960:
2904:
2849:
2840:Sydney-Kormoran
2729:
2706:
2676:
2640:
2609:
2568:
2532:
2503:
2453:
2432:
2418:Type commanders
2413:Fleet commander
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2111:
2082:
2076:
2063:
2060:
2058:Further reading
2047:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2012:
1983:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:Ireland, p. 176
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:Reynolds, p. 47
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:Marshall, p. 24
1651:
1647:
1643:Marshall, p. 16
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:Reynolds, p. 46
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:Marshall, p. 23
1543:
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1368:
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1359:
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1348:Reynolds, p. 44
1347:
1338:
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1329:
1325:Reynolds, p. 43
1324:
1320:
1316:Reynolds, p. 42
1315:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1239:
1222:
1202:
1176:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1081:
1041:
987:Fieseler Fi 167
927:
889:
876:Erprobungstelle
859:
853:
817:
797:
787:
775:
765:
756:
747:
728:
707:-class carriers
692:
679:
663:Fieseler Fi 167
654:
644:
637:
632:
611:Graf Zeppelins'
592:
582:
572:
565:
557:
519:
514:
385:
300:as part of the
249:torpedo bombers
245:Fieseler Fi 167
68:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
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3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3254:Light cruisers
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3238:Admiral Hipper
3234:
3226:
3224:
3222:Heavy cruisers
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
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2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Pierres Noires
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Horten Harbour
2777:
2775:Denmark Strait
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
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2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2636:U-boat regions
2633:
2628:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2538:Light cruisers
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:Admiral Hipper
2522:
2513:
2511:
2509:Heavy cruisers
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
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2227:
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2224:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2149:
2148:External links
2146:
2145:
2144:
2136:|journal=
2118:
2109:
2085:War in History
2080:
2074:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2037:|journal=
2019:
2010:
1981:
1973:|journal=
1955:
1946:
1938:|journal=
1920:
1911:
1905:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1856:1-86019-87-5-9
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1218:Flugzeugträger
1215:
1211:Peter Strasser
1207:Peter Strasser
1175:
1172:Flugzeugträger
1169:
1138:Flugzeugträger
1126:Main article:
1123:
1118:
1080:
1079:Ships in class
1077:
926:
923:
855:In 1937, with
852:
849:
796:
793:
764:
761:
755:
752:
746:
745:Arresting gear
743:
734:Graf Zeppelins
726:Graf Zeppelins
691:
688:
678:
675:
653:
650:
636:
633:
631:
628:
601:Admiral Hipper
591:
588:
518:
515:
513:
510:
472:Deutsche Werke
384:
381:
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50:Deutsche Werke
43:
39:
38:
37:Class overview
34:
33:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Vorpostenboot
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3364:Torpedo boats
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:Capital ships
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:Graf Zeppelin
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Mediterranean
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Bay of Biscay
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Landing craft
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Torpedo boats
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:Smaller craft
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:Capital ships
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Flag officers
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:Graf Zeppelin
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2215:Graf Zeppelin
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:Graf Zeppelin
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Graf Zeppelin
2152:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Gröner, Erich
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1875:0-87021-913-8
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:Breyer, p. 14
1765:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1736:Breyer, p. 32
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1709:Breyer, p. 55
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1688:Breyer, p. 73
1685:
1682:
1679:Breyer, p. 72
1676:
1673:
1670:Green, p. 169
1667:
1664:
1661:Breyer, p. 69
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1634:Israel, p. 65
1631:
1628:
1625:Breyer, p. 67
1622:
1619:
1616:Breyer, p. 66
1613:
1610:
1607:Israel, p. 66
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1589:Breyer, p. 48
1586:
1583:
1580:Breyer, p. 44
1577:
1574:
1571:Breyer, p. 43
1568:
1565:
1562:Breyer, p. 18
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:Breyer, p. 54
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:Breyer, p. 52
1478:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:Breyer, p. 33
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:Gröner, p. 72
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1369:Gröner, p. 71
1366:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:Graf Zeppelin
1227:
1224:In 1937, the
1219:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1200:Graf Zeppelin
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1165:Hel Peninsula
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Graf Zeppelin
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:, ordered as
1135:
1134:Graf Zeppelin
1129:
1122:
1121:Graf Zeppelin
1119:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1103:Graf Zeppelin
1100:
1093:
1089:
1088:Graf Zeppelin
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:Graf Zeppelin
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1039:Graf Zeppelin
1035:
1032:
1031:Graf Zeppelin
1028:
1024:
1023:Graf Zeppelin
1019:
1017:
1016:Graf Zeppelin
1012:
1011:Graf Zeppelin
1007:
1005:
1004:Graf Zeppelin
1000:
996:
995:Graf Zeppelin
993:When work on
988:
983:
979:
977:
976:Graf Zeppelin
972:
971:Graf Zeppelin
968:
967:Graf Zeppelin
965:When work on
963:
961:
960:Graf Zeppelin
956:
951:
948:
944:
943:Graf Zeppelin
936:
931:
924:
922:
920:
914:
912:
911:Graf Zeppelin
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:Heinkel He 50
888:
887:Graf Zeppelin
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
857:Graf Zeppelin
850:
848:
846:
845:
839:
835:
834:Graf Zeppelin
830:
826:
823:
816:
815:Graf Zeppelin
810:
807:
802:
801:Graf Zeppelin
794:
792:
785:
784:Graf Zeppelin
774:
773:Graf Zeppelin
769:
762:
760:
754:Wind barriers
753:
751:
744:
742:
738:
735:
727:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
706:
700:
697:
689:
687:
684:
683:Graf Zeppelin
676:
674:
672:
668:
667:Junkers Ju 87
664:
659:
658:Graf Zeppelin
651:
649:
642:
641:Graf Zeppelin
634:
629:
627:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
602:
597:
596:Graf Zeppelin
589:
587:
581:
580:Graf Zeppelin
577:
571:
570:Graf Zeppelin
564:
563:Graf Zeppelin
555:
554:Graf Zeppelin
550:
546:
543:
542:Graf Zeppelin
535:
531:
527:
526:Graf Zeppelin
523:
516:
511:
509:
507:
506:Graf Zeppelin
503:
502:Germaniawerft
499:
498:Graf Zeppelin
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
468:
464:
460:
459:Graf Zeppelin
455:
453:
452:
446:
445:
439:
435:
434:heavy cruiser
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
392:Graf Zeppelin
389:
382:
380:
378:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
354:
352:
351:Graf Zeppelin
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
313:
309:
307:
303:
299:
296:
295:Grand Admiral
292:
289:
288:
283:
281:
280:Graf Zeppelin
268:
267:Junkers Ju 87
264:
262:
259:
255:
252:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
235:Junkers Ju 87
232:
230:
226:
222:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
210:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:33,550 tonnes
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
58:
55:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:Graf Zeppelin
25:
20:
3588:Kriegsmarine
3541:Sperrbrecher
3536:Siebel ferry
3337:
3329:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3237:
3230:
3210:
3177:
3170:
3145:
3138:
3126:
3125:
2946:Rösselsprung
2835:St. Lawrence
2815:Point Judith
2800:Nerva Island
2795:Ligurian Sea
2712:Shore Forces
2672:Sail barques
2657:Escort ships
2651:
2605:Patrol boats
2600:Attack boats
2585:Minesweepers
2561:
2553:
2546:
2525:
2517:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2449:Reichsmarine
2393:High Command
2385:Organization
2376:Kriegsmarine
2374:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2302: (1942)
2299:
2291:
2290:
2286: (1915)
2283:
2220:
2214:
2200:
2199:
2155:
2127:cite journal
2113:
2088:
2084:
2065:
2049:
2028:cite journal
2014:
1989:
1985:
1964:cite journal
1950:
1929:cite journal
1915:
1896:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1697:Green, p. 88
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1553:Burke, p. 86
1549:
1532:Burke, p. 87
1528:
1477:
1472:Brown, p. 10
1438:
1429:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1272:
1229:
1226:Kriegsmarine
1225:
1223:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1196:Kriegsmarine
1195:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1161:Władysławowo
1148:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1120:
1111:Kriegsmarine
1110:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1065:Oberleutnant
1064:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
992:
975:
970:
966:
964:
959:
954:
952:
942:
940:
918:
915:
910:
907:
899:Arado Ar 195
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
856:
854:
844:Flakvierling
842:
833:
831:
827:
814:
811:
800:
798:
783:
781:
772:
757:
748:
739:
733:
725:
723:
719:
715:
704:
701:
693:
682:
680:
657:
655:
640:
638:
616:
610:
600:
595:
593:
579:
578:
569:
562:
553:
551:
547:
541:
539:
533:
525:
505:
497:
494:Kriegsmarine
493:
486:Erich Raeder
479:
474:shipyard in
466:
458:
457:The keel of
456:
450:
443:
438:Adolf Hitler
431:
424:
400:Kriegsmarine
397:
391:
377:Soviet Union
362:
355:
350:
349:(christened
346:
342:
339:World War II
334:
331:Adolf Hitler
327:Kriegsmarine
326:
320:
317:Kriegsmarine
316:
314:
310:
298:Erich Raeder
287:Kriegsmarine
285:
279:
278:
276:
239:dive bombers
205:SK C/30 guns
198:SK C/30 guns
191:SK C/33 guns
184:SK C/28 guns
104:Displacement
29:
3568:Conversions
3328:Type 1936A/
3295:Spähkreuzer
3231:Deutschland
3211:Deutschland
3202:battleships
3171:Scharnhorst
3043:La Rochelle
2956:Zitronnella
2820:River Plate
2750:Barents Sea
2720:Naval bases
2645:Other craft
2589:Auxiliaries
2518:Deutschland
2497:Deutschland
2481:Scharnhorst
1433:Brown, p. 9
847:mountings.
635:Flight deck
536:("secret").
481:GroĂźadmiral
329:itself and
3582:Categories
3475:Type XXIII
3426:submarines
3349:Type 1936C
3344:Type 1936B
3318:Type 1934A
3305:Destroyers
3277:Königsberg
2951:Wunderland
2909:Operations
2875:Baltic Sea
2805:North Cape
2770:Casablanca
2614:Submarines
2580:Destroyers
2554:Königsberg
1793:References
1090:moored at
864:TravemĂĽnde
623:Kiel Canal
463:battleship
418:; 40
165:1,720 crew
160:Complement
136:Propulsion
3562:Cancelled
3480:Type XXVI
3465:Type XVII
3354:Type 1942
3323:Type 1936
3313:Type 1934
3033:Cherbourg
3012:28 Jan 44
3007:26 Apr 44
2997:14 Feb 44
2987:13 May 42
2982:27 Mar 42
2884:Constanța
2880:Black Sea
2854:Campaigns
2825:Sept-ĂŽles
2790:La Ciotat
2765:Caribbean
2685:Flotillas
2105:108704626
1998:0043-0374
1264:Footnotes
1046:Luftwaffe
919:Luftwaffe
696:catapults
677:Elevators
590:Machinery
467:Gneisenau
449:HMS
414:(65
335:Luftwaffe
322:Luftwaffe
81:Cancelled
73:Completed
3470:Type XXI
3460:Type XIV
3445:Type VII
3178:Bismarck
3146:Seydlitz
3017:9 Feb 45
3002:1 Nov 44
2992:6 Jun 42
2977:8 May 41
2972:4 Apr 41
2869:2nd H.T.
2865:1st H.T.
2861:Atlantic
2489:Bismarck
2316:Seydlitz
1895:(1990).
1237:See also
1157:Red Army
1153:Szczecin
1054:Staffeln
925:Aircraft
872:E-Stelle
795:Armament
370:and the
363:Bismarck
319:and the
261:fighters
247:biplane
229:fighters
175:Armament
42:Builders
3506:R boats
3501:E-boats
3450:Type IX
3440:Type II
3422:U-boats
3412:Ausland
3407:Type 44
3402:Type 41
3397:Type 40
3392:Type 39
3387:Type 37
3382:Type 35
3377:Type 24
3372:Type 23
3284:Leipzig
3263:Gazelle
3038:Curaçao
2965:Actions
2941:Neuland
2931:Lofoten
2899:Hartmut
2743:Battles
2621:U-boats
2562:Leipzig
2006:1647131
1220:C and D
1092:Stettin
880:Rechlin
870:See or
838:SK C/30
652:Hangars
451:Furious
56:Planned
3455:Type X
3435:Type I
3338:Narvik
3330:Narvik
3026:Sieges
2921:Berlin
2916:Bastia
2845:Ushant
2830:Someri
2397:Plan Z
2103:
2072:
2004:
1996:
1903:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1188:U-boat
1027:Me 155
935:Bf 109
903:Ar 197
763:Island
603:-class
534:Geheim
512:Design
490:Plan Z
366:, the
302:Plan Z
112:Length
3494:Other
3270:Emden
2936:Nauru
2625:types
2564:class
2556:class
2547:Emden
2528:class
2520:class
2499:class
2491:class
2483:class
2463:Ships
2310:class
2294:class
2101:S2CID
1289:Notes
1279:IJNAF
1203:'
1114:'
1042:'
890:'
860:'
818:'
788:'
776:'
729:'
705:Essex
645:'
583:'
573:'
566:'
558:'
444:Akagi
412:knots
265:28 Ă—
256:15 Ă—
243:20 Ă—
233:13 Ă—
223:10 Ă—
201:28 Ă—
194:22 Ă—
187:12 Ă—
180:16 Ă—
152:Range
144:Speed
128:Draft
3139:Jade
2926:Juno
2308:Jade
2140:help
2070:ISBN
2041:help
2002:OCLC
1994:ISSN
1977:help
1942:help
1901:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1194:The
901:and
832:The
799:The
782:The
681:The
656:The
639:The
617:Two
594:The
552:The
540:The
530:Kiel
517:Hull
476:Kiel
425:The
416:km/h
277:The
253:1942
220:1939
120:Beam
94:Type
2785:Ist
2093:doi
937:T-1
607:shp
528:at
422:).
420:mph
3584::
3152:II
2323:II
2131::
2129:}}
2125:{{
2099:.
2089:19
2087:.
2032::
2030:}}
2026:{{
2000:.
1990:45
1988:.
1968::
1966:}}
1962:{{
1933::
1931:}}
1927:{{
1702:^
1537:^
1516:^
1500:^
1486:^
1463:^
1447:^
1415:^
1401:^
1353:^
1339:^
1296:^
1213:.
1167:.
985:A
933:A
913:.
897:,
454:.
237:C
227:T
48:,
3565:V
3559:X
3553:S
3428:)
3424:(
3290:M
3244:P
3189:O
3184:H
3133:I
3102:e
3095:t
3088:v
2901:)
2897:(
2886:)
2882:(
2871:)
2867:/
2863:(
2627:)
2623:(
2591:)
2587:(
2399:)
2395:(
2367:e
2360:t
2353:v
2300:I
2284:I
2264:e
2257:t
2250:v
2221:B
2192:e
2185:t
2178:v
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2142:)
2138:(
2107:.
2095::
2078:.
2043:)
2039:(
2008:.
1979:)
1975:(
1944:)
1940:(
1909:.
1878:.
1859:.
1840:.
1758:.
1174:B
866:(
786:s
643:s
556:s
84:2
76:0
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