73:
32:
175:
280:, when GQDs are dispersed in water. Their electronic structure depends sensitively on the crystallographic orientation of their edges, for example zigzag-edge GQDs with 7-8 nm diameter show a metallic behavior. In general, their energy gap decreases, when the number of graphene layers or the number of carbon atoms per graphene layer is increased.
316:
study in zebrafish larvae observed the alteration of 2116 gene expressions. These inconsistent findings may be attributed to the diversity of the used GQDs, as the related toxicity is dependent on particle size, surface functional groups, oxygen content, surface charges and impurities. Currently, the
307:
studies, based on cell cultures, show only marginal effects of GQDs on the viability of human cells. An in-depth look at the gene expression changes caused by GQDs with a size of 3 nm revealed that only one, namely the selenoprotein W, 1 out of 20 800 gene expressions was affected significantly
1888:
Kersting, David; Fasbender, Stefan; Pilch, Rabea; Kurth, Jennifer; Franken, André; Ludescher, Marina; Naskou, Johanna; Hallenberger, Angelika; Gall, Charlotte von; Mohr, Corinna J; Lukowski, Robert; Raba, Katharina; Jaschinski, Sandra; Esposito, Irene; Fischer, Johannes C; Fehm, Tanja; Niederacher,
325:
Presently, a range of techniques have been developed to prepare GQDs. These methods are normally classified into two groups top down and bottom up. Top down approaches applied different techniques to cut bulk graphitic materials into GQDs including graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, coal, carbon
298:
The toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles is a matter of ongoing research. The toxicity (both in vivo and cytotoxicity) of GQDs are related to a variety of factors including particle size, methods of synthesis, chemical doping and so on. Many authors claim, that GQDs are biocompatible and cause
275:
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) consist of one or a few layers of graphene and are smaller than 100 nm in size. They are chemically and physically stable, have a large surface to mass ratio and can be dispersed in water easily due to functional groups at the edges. The fluorescence emission of
353:, and the ultrasonic exfoliation method. Top down methods usually need intense purification as strong mixed acids are used in these methods. On the other hand, bottom up methods assemble GQDs from small organic molecules such as citric acid and glucose. These GQDs have better biocompatibility.
1143:
Zhu, Shoujun; Zhang, Junhu; Qiao, Chunyan; Tang, Shijia; Li, Yunfeng; Yuan, Wenjing; Li, Bo; Tian, Lu; Liu, Fang; Hu, Rui; Gao, Hainan; Wei, Haotong; Zhang, Hao; Sun, Hongchen; Yang, Bai (2011). "Strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications".
276:
GQDs can extend across a broad spectral range, including the UV, visible, and IR. The origin of GQD fluorescence emission is a subject of debate, as it has been related to quantum confinement effects, defect states and functional groups that might depend on the
1279:
Deng, Shun; Jia, Pan-Pan; Zhang, Jing-Hui; Junaid, Muhammad; Niu, Aping; Ma, Yan-Bo; Fu, Ailing; Pei, De-Sheng (September 2018). "Transcriptomic response and perturbation of toxicity pathways in zebrafish larvae after exposure to graphene quantum dots (GQDs)".
1372:
Tang, Libin; Ji, Rongbin; Cao, Xiangke; Lin, Jingyu; Jiang, Hongxing; Li, Xueming; Teng, Kar Seng; Luk, Chi Man; Zeng, Songjun; Hao, Jianhua; Lau, Shu Ping (2012). "Deep
Ultraviolet Photoluminescence of Water-Soluble Self-Passivated Graphene Quantum Dots".
1635:
Zhao, Jianhong; Tang, Libin; Xiang, Jinzhong; Ji, Rongbin; Yuan, Jun; Zhao, Jun; Yu, Ruiyun; Tai, Yunjian; Song, Liyuan (2014). "Chlorine doped graphene quantum dots: Preparation, properties, and photovoltaic detectors".
1946:
Thakur, Mukeshchand; Mewada, Ashmi; Pandey, Sunil; Bhori, Mustansir; Singh, Kanchanlata; Sharon, Maheshwar; Sharon, Madhuri (2016). "Milk-derived multi-fluorescent graphene quantum dot-based cancer theranostic system".
806:
Wu, Zhu Lian; Gao, Ming Xuan; Wang, Ting Ting; Wan, Xiao Yan; Zheng, Lin Ling; Huang, Cheng Zhi (2014). "A general quantitative pH sensor developed with dicyandiamide N-doped high quantum yield graphene quantum dots".
1101:
Fasbender, Stefan; Allani, Sonja; Wimmenauer, Christian; Cadeddu, Ron-Patrick; Raba, Katharina; Fischer, Johannes C.; Bulat, Bekir; Luysberg, Martina; Seidel, Claus A. M.; Heinzel, Thomas; Haas, Rainer (2017).
1671:
Wang, Shujun; Chen, Zhi-Gang; Cole, Ivan; Li, Qin (February 2015). "Structural evolution of graphene quantum dots during thermal decomposition of citric acid and the corresponding photoluminescence".
1058:
Shang, Weihu; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Mo; Fan, Zetan; Sun, Ying; Han, Mei; Fan, Louzhen (2014). "The uptake mechanism and biocompatibility of graphene quantum dots with human neural stem cells".
1582:
Li, Xueming; Lau, Shu Ping; Tang, Libin; Ji, Rongbin; Yang, Peizhi (2014). "Sulphur doping: A facile approach to tune the electronic structure and optical properties of graphene quantum dots".
1236:
Xie, Yichun; Wan, Bin; Yang, Yu; Cui, Xuejing; Xin, Yan; Guo, Liang-Hong (March 2019). "Cytotoxicity and autophagy induction by graphene quantum dots with different functional groups".
896:
Wimmenauer, Christian; Scheller, Julienne; Fasbender, Stefan; Heinzel, Thomas (2019). "Single-particle energy – and optical absorption – spectra of multilayer graphene quantum dots".
1539:
Li, Lingling; Wu, Gehui; Yang, Guohai; Peng, Juan; Zhao, Jianwei; Zhu, Jun-Jie (2013). "Focusing on luminescent graphene quantum dots: Current status and future perspectives".
1457:
Tang, Libin; Ji, Rongbin; Li, Xueming; Teng, Kar Seng; Lau, Shu Ping (2013). "Size-Dependent
Structural and Optical Characteristics of Glucose-Derived Graphene Quantum Dots".
1023:
Shen, Jianhua; Zhu, Yihua; Yang, Xiaoling; Li, Chunzhong (2012). "Graphene quantum dots: emergent nanolights for bioimaging, sensors, catalysis and photovoltaic devices".
563:
Campbell, Elizabeth; Hasan, Md Tanvir; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Roberto; Truly, Tate; Lee, Bong Han; Green, Kayla N.; Akkaraju, Giridhar; Naumov, Anton V. (October 2021).
1418:
Tang, Libin; Ji, Rongbin; Li, Xueming; Bai, Gongxun; Liu, Chao Ping; Hao, Jianhua; Lin, Jingyu; Jiang, Hongxing; Teng, Kar Seng; Yang, Zhibin; Lau, Shu Ping (2014).
1179:
Fasbender, Stefan; Zimmermann, Lisa; Cadeddu, Ron-Patrick; Luysberg, Martina; Moll, Bastian; Janiak, Christoph; Heinzel, Thomas; Haas, Rainer (19 August 2019).
667:
Wang, Dan; Chen, Jiang-Fen; Dai, Liming (2014). "Recent
Advances in Graphene Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Bioimaging from Cells through Tissues to Animals".
702:
Pan, Dengyu; Zhang, Jingchun; Li, Zhen; Wu, Minghong (2010). "Hydrothermal Route for
Cutting Graphene Sheets into Blue‐Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots".
289:
753:
Wang, Shujun; Cole, Ivan S.; Zhao, Dongyuan; Li, Qin (2016). "The dual roles of functional groups in the photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots".
1502:
Li, Xueming; Lau, Shu Ping; Tang, Libin; Ji, Rongbin; Yang, Peizhi (2013). "Multicolour light emission from chlorine-doped graphene quantum dots".
853:
Ritter, Kyle A; Lyding, Joseph W (2009). "The influence of edge structure on the electronic properties of graphene quantum dots and nanoribbons".
1984:"Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide Dots-Based "Turn-OFF" H2O2, Au(III), and "Turn-OFF–ON" Hg(II) Sensors as Logic Gates and Molecular Keypad Locks"
90:
45:
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properties induced by the quantum confinement effect and edge effect. They have possible applications in treatment of
Alzheimer's disease,
1818:"Multifunctional graphene quantum dots for combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy coupled with cancer cell tracking applications"
185:
1181:"The Low Toxicity of Graphene Quantum Dots is Reflected by Marginal Gene Expression Changes of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells"
228:
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59:
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studies observe a distinct decrease of cell viability and the induction of autophagy after exposure of the cells to GQDs and one
109:
455:
Ghosh, Shampa; Sachdeva, Bhuvi; Sachdeva, Punya; Chaudhary, Vishal; Rani, Gokana Mohana; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2022-10-01).
94:
116:
1708:
Güçlü, A. D; Potasz, P; Hawrylak, P (2011). "Electric-field controlled spin in bilayer triangular graphene quantum dots".
267:
effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.
934:
Ou, Lingling; Song, Bin; Liang, Huimin; Liu, Jia; Feng, Xiaoli; Deng, Bin; Sun, Ting; Shao, Longquan (31 October 2016).
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only low toxicity as they are just composed of organic materials, which should lead to an advantage over semiconductor
428:
123:
1857:
Kumawat, Mukesh Kumar; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Gurung, Raju B; Srivastava, Rohit (2017). "Graphene
Quantum Dots from
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105:
51:
457:"Graphene quantum dots as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of Alzheimer's disease"
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406:
386:
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1420:"Deep Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Emission and Photoresponse in Layered N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots"
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1104:"Uptake dynamics of graphene quantum dots into primary human blood cells following in vitro exposure"
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Graphene quantum dots are studied as an advanced multifunctional material due to their unique
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Wang, Shujun; Cole, Ivan S.; Li, Qin (2016). "The toxicity of graphene quantum dots".
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literature is insufficient to draw conclusions about the potential hazards of GQDs.
565:"Graphene quantum dot formulation for cancer imaging and redox-based drug delivery"
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1899:: subcellular localization and uptake of graphene quantum dots into solid tumors"
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1861:: Application in Near-Infrared Bioimaging and Intracellular Nanothermometry".
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Materials
Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
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Bogireddy, Naveen Kumar Reddy; Barba, Victor; Agarwal, Vivechana (2019).
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Lu, Huiting; Li, Wenjun; Dong, Haifeng; Wei, Menglian (September 2019).
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Thakur, Mukeshchand; Kumawat, Mukesh Kumar; Srivastava, Rohit (2017).
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1325:"Assessment of the toxic potential of graphene family nanomaterials"
259:. Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable
19:"GQD" redirects here. For the radio station with callsign GQD, see
1722:
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assisted hydrothermal method (MAH), the Soft-Template method, the
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in primary human hematopoietic stem cells. On the contrary, other
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s
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25:
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Dieter; Neubauer, Hans; Heinzel, Thomas (27 September 2019).
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black and carbon fibres. These techniques mainly include
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623:"Graphene quantum dots from chemistry to applications"
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
621:Tian, P.; Tang, L.; Teng, K.S.; Lau, S.P. (2018).
569:Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
16:Graphene nanoparticle with a size less than 100 nm
1459:Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
669:Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
507:"Graphene quantum dots redefine nanobiomedicine"
1763:"Graphene Quantum Dots for Optical Bioimaging"
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41:This article has multiple issues.
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1282:Journal of Hazardous Materials
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1875:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01893
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429:Carbon nanotube quantum dot
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910:10.1016/j.spmi.2019.106171
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328:electron beam lithography
2000:10.1021/acsomega.9b00858
1924:10.1088/1361-6528/ab2cb4
419:Cadmium-free quantum dot
1638:Applied Physics Letters
1146:Chemical Communications
1025:Chemical Communications
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1471:10.1002/ppsc.201200131
724:10.1002/adma.200902825
681:10.1002/ppsc.201400219
407:biosensors fabrication
106:"Graphene quantum dot"
242:Graphene quantum dots
21:Anthorn Radio Station
397:lighter converters,
383:photothermal therapy
345:transformation, the
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1834:2017RSCAd...7.5251T
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2043:Quantum dots
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89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1955:: 468–477.
1694:10072/69171
1679:: 304–313.
1613:10397/34914
1525:10397/34810
1480:10397/32222
1396:10397/28413
1288:: 146–158.
1244:: 198–209.
650:10397/80356
633:: 221–258.
357:Application
321:Preparation
2032:Categories
904:: 106171.
575:: 102408.
517:: 110651.
435:References
379:bioimaging
367:electronic
303:. Several
271:Properties
117:newspapers
46:improve it
1988:ACS Omega
1803:196617689
1787:1613-6829
1748:119211816
1723:1104.3108
1584:Nanoscale
1541:Nanoscale
1060:Nanoscale
946:(1): 57.
918:198435346
809:Nanoscale
755:Nanoscale
605:235075216
589:1549-9642
547:213861659
531:1873-0191
489:252188554
481:2233-4998
347:microwave
343:catalytic
52:talk page
2038:Graphene
2018:31460168
1969:27287144
1933:31239418
1893:in vitro
1795:31304647
1622:24699893
1569:23579482
1489:96410135
1444:24848545
1424:ACS Nano
1405:22559247
1375:ACS Nano
1359:24673908
1310:47013910
1302:29883909
1266:58555272
1258:30573083
1223:31427693
1166:21584323
1088:24740121
1045:22410424
972:27799056
883:19219032
837:24589665
793:26731007
740:39981399
732:20217780
689:53120598
597:34015513
539:32204078
413:See also
310:in vitro
305:in vitro
250:graphene
2009:6648105
1911:Bibcode
1897:ex vivo
1830:Bibcode
1728:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1592:Bibcode
1549:Bibcode
1350:6350507
1214:6700176
1193:Bibcode
1116:Bibcode
1068:Bibcode
998:Bibcode
963:5088662
863:Bibcode
817:Bibcode
763:Bibcode
712:Bibcode
363:optical
314:in vivo
131:scholar
2016:
2006:
1967:
1931:
1891:"From
1801:
1793:
1785:
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1673:Carbon
1620:
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133:
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1799:S2CID
1767:Small
1744:S2CID
1718:arXiv
1485:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1262:S2CID
914:S2CID
736:S2CID
685:S2CID
601:S2CID
543:S2CID
485:S2CID
138:JSTOR
124:books
2014:PMID
1965:PMID
1929:PMID
1791:PMID
1783:ISSN
1618:PMID
1565:PMID
1440:PMID
1401:PMID
1355:PMID
1298:PMID
1254:PMID
1219:PMID
1162:PMID
1084:PMID
1041:PMID
968:PMID
879:PMID
833:PMID
789:PMID
728:PMID
593:PMID
585:ISSN
535:PMID
527:ISSN
477:ISSN
395:LEDs
371:spin
292:and
246:GQDs
110:news
2004:PMC
1996:doi
1957:doi
1919:doi
1895:to
1871:doi
1838:doi
1775:doi
1736:doi
1689:hdl
1681:doi
1654:doi
1642:105
1608:hdl
1600:doi
1557:doi
1520:hdl
1512:doi
1475:hdl
1467:doi
1432:doi
1391:hdl
1383:doi
1345:PMC
1337:doi
1290:doi
1286:357
1246:doi
1209:PMC
1201:doi
1154:doi
1124:doi
1076:doi
1033:doi
1006:doi
958:PMC
948:doi
906:doi
902:132
871:doi
825:doi
779:hdl
771:doi
720:doi
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645:hdl
635:doi
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519:doi
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340:C60
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