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1246:, as they only recall information necessary for a task; for example, no preview thumbnails or graphical rendering of web pages. This allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned. But reaching this level takes some time because the command words may not be easily discoverable or
1335:
operating systems. The latter used to be implemented first because it allowed the developers to focus exclusively on their product's functionality without bothering about interface details such as designing icons and placing buttons. Designing programs this way also allows users to run the program in
674:
Entries may appear in a list to make space for text and details, or in a grid for compactness and larger icons with little space underneath for text. Variations inbetween exist, such as a list with multiple columns of items and a grid of items with rows of text extending sideways from the icon.
946:, manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC. In 1981, Xerox eventually commercialized the ideas from the Alto in the form of a new and enhanced system â the Xerox 8010 Information System â more commonly known as the
2638:
The efforts at Xerox PARC under the leadership of Alan Kay that drove the development of powerful bit-mapped display based user interfaces was key. In some ways, all we are doing here is extending this model to 3D and adding a new robust object collaboration
1241:
Since the commands available in command line interfaces can be many, complex operations can be performed using a short sequence of words and symbols. Custom functions may be used to facilitate access to frequent actions. Command-line interfaces are more
1113:. The goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business-oriented systems, and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.
1084:). Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants. Despite the GUIs advantages, many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept, citing hardware limits, and problems in finding compatible software.
2177:
The Visi On product was not intended for the home user. It was designed and priced for high-end corporate workstations. The hardware it required was quite a bit for 1983. It required a minimum of 512k of ram and a hard drive (5 megs of
745:
use the class of GUIs named post-WIMP. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse.
1136:). This interface ran as a separate task, meaning it was very responsive and, unlike other GUIs of the time, it didn't freeze up when a program was busy. Additionally, it was the first GUI to introduce something resembling
1375:), or for functional purposes only possible using three dimensions. For example, user switching is represented by rotating a cube with faces representing each user's workspace, and window management is represented via a
607:
have evolved to represent information stored in computers. This makes it easier for people with few computer skills to work with and use computer software. The most common combination of such elements in GUIs is the
375:
used in a retail store, airline self-ticket and check-in, information kiosks in a public space, like a train station or a museum, and monitors or control screens in an embedded industrial application which employ a
670:
in which the display represents a desktop, on which documents and folders of documents can be placed. Window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism.
2752:
Topological
Analysis of the Gibbs Energy Function (Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Correlation Data). Including a Thermodinamic Review and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Surfaces/Tie-lines/Hessian matrix
2121:
1331:, for example. Applications may also provide both interfaces, and when they do the GUI is usually a WIMP wrapper around the command-line version. This is especially common with applications designed for
341:
allows flexible structures in which the interface is independent of and indirectly linked to application functions, so the GUI can be customized easily. This allows users to select or design a different
386:
and handheld game systems also employ application specific touchscreen GUIs. Newer automobiles use GUIs in their navigation systems and multimedia centers, or navigation multimedia center combinations.
1272:, as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time. Command-line interfaces use modes only in limited forms, such as for current directory and
1265:
GUIs can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved about to different places during redesigns. Also, icons and dialog boxes are usually harder for users to script.
337:
that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold. The widgets of a well-designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users. A
1406:(ZUI) is a related technology that promises to deliver the representation benefits of 3D environments without their usability drawbacks of orientation problems and hidden objects. In 2006,
720:
typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available input devices. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer
352:
at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. Good GUI design relates to users more, and to system architecture less. Large widgets, such as
1250:. Also, using the command line can become slow and error-prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once. However,
356:, usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page, email message, or drawing. Smaller ones usually act as a user-input tool.
296:
The GUI is presented (displayed) on the computer screen. It is the result of processed user input and usually the main interface for human-machine interaction. The
1146:, accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign, was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system.
2118:
600:
A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information.
1307:
or typed command labels. While command-line or text-based applications allow users to run a program non-interactively, GUI wrappers atop them avoid the steep
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computers, but was never popular due to its high hardware demands. Nevertheless, it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of
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1848:
322:. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that the visual language introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks.
107:
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to project 3D GUI objects onto the screen. The use of 3D graphics has become increasingly common in mainstream operating systems (ex.
850:
to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1960s, researchers at the
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2422:
2401:
79:
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An Apple Lisa (1983) demonstrating the Lisa Office System (LisaOS), which featured Apple
Computer's first commercially available GUI
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126:
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682:, where images appear with a fixed height but variable length, and is typically implemented with the CSS property and parameter
86:
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1387:). In both cases, the operating system transforms windows on-the-fly while continuing to update the content of those windows.
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655:. The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices, graphics hardware, and positioning of the pointer.
543:
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1430:, where users can manipulate documents and windows with realistic movement and physics as if they were physical documents,
643:. Available commands are compiled together in menus, and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device. A
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210:, which are based on typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep
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Multi-row and multi-column layouts commonly found on the web are "shelf" and "waterfall". The former is found on
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2012:
1023:. These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows, and in various
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This section is about uniquely software 3D UIs. For both software and hardware 3D input/output devices, see
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2748:(PDF) by Farid BenHajji and Erik Dybner, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University
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There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI. For example, there are components like
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A graphical user interface (GUI) showing various elements: radio buttons, checkboxes, and other elements
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312:. Its goal is to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the underlying logical design of a stored
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Apple, Digital
Research, IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox's ideas to develop products, and IBM's
924:
along with a keyboard. These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for
917:
874:".) In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at
648:
305:
297:
31:
1390:
The GUI is usually WIMP-based, although occasionally other metaphors surface, such as those used in
1367:(MacOS)) to create attractive interfaces, termed eye candy (which includes, for example, the use of
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1024:
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1982:
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1681:
2241:"Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers"
2900:
2892:
2831:
2730:, Graphical User Interface gallery: over 5500 screenshots of GUI, application and icon history
2515:"3D Mailbox â 3-Dimensional Email Software. Bring e-mail to life! Email just got cool and fun"
2472:
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provide both a GUI and some level of a CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention.
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2397:"the iPad could finally spark demand for the hitherto unsuccessful tablet PC" --Eaton, Nick
2149:
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1974:
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1324:
1316:
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978:
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920:, who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay. The PARC GUI employs a
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939:, the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production.
551:
325:
The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as
304:
Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of
300:
popular on small mobile devices are an overlay of the visual output to the visual input.
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882:, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the
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230:
1986:
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introduced the first ZUI for television. Other innovations include the menus on the
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2426:
2093:
1708:
1360:
1337:
1259:
1041:
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893:, released in 1973. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.
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with fixed width but variable height per item is usually implemented by specifying
624:
421:
383:
334:
17:
1161:
screens, and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of
950:. These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts, including Lisp machines by
27:
User interface allowing interaction through graphical icons and visual indicators
2877:
1475:
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636:
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42:
1939:
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1849:"Off with Their HUDs!: Rethinking the Heads-Up Display in Console Game Design"
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display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the
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of the graphical elements. Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld
2759:
Innovative Ways to Use
Information Visualization across a Variety of Fields
1008:
specifications formed the basis of the GUIs used in
Microsoft Windows, IBM
2206:
2119:"Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human-Computer Interfaces"
1474:
In prose fiction, 3D GUIs have been portrayed as immersible environments,
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with, start, stop, and change its working parameters, through graphical
1262:
that represent and can trigger some of the system's available commands.
2811:
1583:
1427:
1423:
1376:
1189:
990:
809:
2080:
1511:' 3D file manager File System Navigator, a real-life file manager for
2244:
1978:
1443:
1349:
1150:
738:
733:
As of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems such as Apple's
2751:
2356:"Computers | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum"
2064:
333:. Typically, users interact with information by manipulating visual
2727:
2491:"What is a Graphical User Interface? Definition and FAQs | OmniSci"
1470:, even before certain technologies were feasible or in common use.
2764:
2094:"Reality-Based Interaction: A Framework for Post-WIMP Interfaces".
1296:
1232:
1209:
1205:
1173:
1053:
1040:
1035:
986:
942:
The first commercially available computer with a GUI was the 1979
813:
687:
557:
2653:"Designing User Experience for Virtual Reality (VR) applications"
1880:
1524:
has scenes of police officers using specialized 3D data systems.
1512:
1311:
of the command-line, which requires commands to be typed on the
1154:
1072:
was released in 1983, and various windowing systems existed for
1009:
943:
464:
2768:
1185:
1168:
The GUIs familiar to most people as of the mid-late 2010s are
1096:
1073:
734:
526:
507:
234:
36:
2571:
CES Unveiled@NY â07: Point and click coming to set-top boxes?
167:
2761:
by Ryan Erwin
Digital marketing specialist (CLLAX) (2022-05)
2522:
1760:"The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? (Part 2)"
1733:"The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? (Part 1)"
1157:, Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for
1091:
which introduced the Apple
Macintosh during the telecast of
2331:"With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype"
896:
The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as
170:
2611:
Smith, David A.; Kay, Alan; Raab, Andreas; Reed, David P.
2440:"The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means"
1967:
164:
2755:â University of Alicante (Reyes-Labarta et al. 2015â18)
816:
to facilitate communication between computer programs.
2710:
Evolution of
Graphical User Interface in last 50 years
1963:"Graphical user interfaces: Graphical user interfaces"
1038:. Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms.
757:, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a
610:
windows, icons, text fields, canvases, menus, pointer
268:) are preferred), or not including flat screens like
179:
805:(translucent information devices at the eye level).
2923:
2891:
2868:
2845:
2802:
225:The actions in a GUI are usually performed through
161:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2423:Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad
1703:
1701:
2388:, (February 19, 2007) Retrieved February 19, 2007
1180:interfaces for desktop and laptop computers, and
237:players, portable media players, gaming devices,
206:. In many applications, GUIs are used instead of
2139:"Pygmalion: A Creative Programming Environment".
870:. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as "
359:A GUI may be designed for the requirements of a
218:(CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a
2613:"Croquet â A Collaboration System Architecture"
1355:Many environments and games use the methods of
1153:and later in 2010 with the introduction of the
363:as application-specific GUIs. Examples include
272:because the term is restricted to the scope of
2264:Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture
1426:, which was similar to Project Looking Glass,
1068:GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s. The
647:facilitates the interactions between windows,
2780:
2192:A Windows Retrospective, PC Magazine Jan 2009
2161:Xerox Star user interface demonstration, 1982
2106:"A Creative Programming Environment, Remixed"
623:The WIMP style of interaction uses a virtual
8:
842:in 1963, widely held as the first graphical
2039:"Mobile UX Design: List View and Grid View"
2013:"What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?"
662:, all these elements are modeled through a
2787:
2773:
2765:
1344:Three-dimensional graphical user interface
639:organized in windows and represented with
30:"GUI" redirects here. For other uses, see
2590:"Metisse â New Looking Glass Alternative"
582:List of graphical user interface elements
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1813:". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
1434:, which is built for collaboration, and
866:manipulated with a then-new device: the
568:
291:
138:
2069:IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
1645:
1537:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.
826:History of the graphical user interface
394:
249:tends not to be applied to other lower-
1619:Transportable Applications Environment
935:). This effort culminated in the 1973
2740:In The Beginning Was The Command Line
2678:"Object-Oriented GUIs are the Future"
1634:Vector-based graphical user interface
1258:) interfaces present users with many
1237:A modern Command-Line Interface (CLI)
7:
2220:Sandberg-Diment, Erik (1984-12-25).
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2716:The men who really invented the GUI
2461:"Chapter 2: Mobile Devices in 2011"
2329:Washington Post (August 24, 1995).
2298:Grote, Patrick (October 29, 2006).
1930:Nielsen, Jakob (January 29, 2012).
1828:PC Magazine Encyclopedia. pcmag.com
1291:GUI wrappers find a way around the
712:Smaller app mobile devices such as
371:(POS) touchscreens at restaurants,
2399:The iPad/tablet PC market defined?
2222:"Value of Windowing is Questioned"
2001:"The ViewTouch restaurant system".
1454:also make use of 3D GUI elements.
603:A series of elements conforming a
241:and smaller household, office and
25:
1961:Martinez, Wendy L. (2011-02-23).
1682:"How to pronounce GUI in English"
1660:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman.
666:to produce a simulation called a
2804:Natural-language user interfaces
2722:Graphical User Interface Gallery
2306:. DotJournal.com. Archived from
1658:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1303:software applications and their
1089:released a television commercial
958:(which presented the concept of
761:, especially used together with
550:
536:
518:
499:
485:
471:
457:
442:
428:
414:
400:
196:interact with electronic devices
157:
41:
2207:"Magic Desk I for Commodore 64"
1394:, 3dwm, File System Navigator,
627:to represent the position of a
282:Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
52:needs additional citations for
2651:Purwar, Sourabh (2019-03-04).
2569:November 11, 2006. Dan Moren.
2459:Hanson, Cody W. (2011-03-17).
2239:Friedman, Ted (October 1997).
1811:Graphical User Interface (GUI)
1589:Object-oriented user interface
1295:versions (CLI) of (typically)
1252:windows, icons, menus, pointer
1224:Comparison to other interfaces
884:Smalltalk programming language
686:. A waterfall layout found on
202:and visual indicators such as
1:
2827:Conversational user interface
2724:, screenshots of various GUIs
1379:-style flipping mechanism in
1315:. By starting a GUI wrapper,
1076:operating systems (including
993:was released in 1983 for the
954:and other manufacturers, the
862:(NLS), which used text-based
396:Sample graphical environments
2746:3D Graphical User Interfaces
2385:Ryerson Review of Journalism
2037:Babich, Nick (30 May 2020).
1762:. Microsoft.com Operations.
1735:. Microsoft.com Operations.
1569:Human factors and ergonomics
316:, a design discipline named
2734:The Real History of the GUI
2195:. Ziff Davis. January 2009.
2108:, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge.
1436:compositing window managers
1371:underneath windows and the
1327:and visual indicators of a
852:Stanford Research Institute
714:personal digital assistants
629:pointing device's interface
573:Layers of a GUI based on a
308:programming in the area of
2995:
2728:Marcin Wichary's GUIdebook
2465:Library Technology Reports
2410:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1787:"Graphical user interface"
1558:General Graphics Interface
1553:Distinguishable interfaces
1347:
823:
705:
616:) paradigm, especially in
585:
579:
378:real-time operating system
310:humanâcomputer interaction
288:GUI and interaction design
76:"Graphical user interface"
29:
2962:Graphical user interfaces
2941:Multimodal user interface
2931:Text-based user interface
2847:Graphical user interfaces
2302:Pirates of Silicon Valley
2268:New York University Press
1885:Linux Information Project
1462:3D GUIs have appeared in
365:automated teller machines
1932:"Browser and GUI Chrome"
916:was later introduced by
149:graphical user interface
2883:Tangible user interface
2360:www.computerhistory.org
1501:The 1993 American film
1229:Command-line interfaces
926:windows, icons, menus,
872:The Mother of All Demos
755:Human interface devices
216:command-line interfaces
2936:Natural user interface
2860:Zooming user interface
2258:Friedman, Ted (2005).
1709:"Command line vs. GUI"
1624:User experience design
1594:Organic user interface
1579:Natural user interface
1543:Console user interface
1396:File System Visualizer
1293:command-line interface
1268:WIMPs extensively use
1238:
1065:
1046:
724:, collectively termed
722:interaction techniques
684:display: inline-block;
577:
449:Windows on an example
373:self-service checkouts
301:
144:
2967:Software architecture
2924:Other user interfaces
2870:Touch user interfaces
2822:Voice user interfaces
2620:croquetconsortium.org
2137:Smith, David (1975).
1629:User interface design
1420:Project Looking Glass
1274:environment variables
1236:
1057:
1044:
844:computer-aided design
586:Further information:
572:
530:tiling window manager
339:modelâviewâcontroller
295:
142:
2063:Van Dam, A. (2000).
1847:Greg Wilson (2006).
1686:Cambridge Dictionary
1614:Text entry interface
1599:Rich web application
1110:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1059:HP LX System Manager
1034:, such as macOS and
1025:desktop environments
1013:Presentation Manager
918:David Canfield Smith
680:image search engines
306:software application
61:improve this article
32:Gui (disambiguation)
2972:American inventions
2915:Positional tracking
2310:on November 7, 2006
2247:on October 5, 1999.
2019:. 14 September 2020
1861:on January 19, 2010
1414:, the menus on the
1329:desktop environment
886:, which ran on the
846:program. It used a
702:Post-WIMP interface
668:desktop environment
596:Desktop environment
270:volumetric displays
254:types of interfaces
243:industrial controls
227:direct manipulation
18:Graphical interface
2893:3D user interfaces
2742:by Neal Stephenson
2576:2011-11-08 at the
2404:2011-02-01 at the
2226:The New York Times
2173:"VisiCorp Visi On"
2124:2020-08-07 at the
2104:Lieberman, Henry.
2017:IONOS Digitalguide
1942:on August 25, 2012
1560:(software project)
1515:operating systems.
1458:In science fiction
1398:, 3D Mailbox, and
1239:
1149:In 2007, with the
1066:
1047:
1006:Common User Access
763:keyboard shortcuts
660:personal computers
618:personal computers
578:
451:Wayland compositor
302:
251:display resolution
204:secondary notation
198:through graphical
145:
2949:
2948:
2832:Virtual assistant
2688:on 10 August 2014
2277:978-0-8147-2740-9
2260:"Chapter 5: 1984"
2081:10.1109/38.814559
1999:Bisson, Giselle.
1887:. October 1, 2004
1667:978-1-4058-8118-0
1609:Theme (computing)
1448:Augmented reality
1281:operating systems
1202:Windows 10 Mobile
1170:Microsoft Windows
1132:(which contained
1032:operating systems
999:Microsoft Windows
995:IBM PC compatible
973:in 1984, and the
912:. The concept of
878:and specifically
856:Douglas Engelbart
799:virtual keyboards
759:computer keyboard
220:computer keyboard
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2984:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2698:
2697:
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2684:. Archived from
2673:
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2635:
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2622:. Archived from
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2009:
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1958:
1952:
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1938:. Archived from
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1881:"GUI definition"
1877:
1871:
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1868:
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1857:. Archived from
1844:
1838:
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1835:
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1696:
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1678:
1672:
1671:
1650:
1509:Silicon Graphics
1319:can intuitively
1138:Virtual Desktops
1093:Super Bowl XVIII
985:, and Commodore
979:Digital Research
944:PERQ workstation
858:, developed the
803:head-up displays
767:pointing devices
697:
685:
664:desktop metaphor
653:windowing system
588:WIMP (computing)
575:windowing system
554:
540:
522:
503:
489:
475:
461:
446:
432:
418:
404:
280:research at the
278:computer science
262:head-up displays
186:), is a form of
182:
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132:
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69:
45:
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2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
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2910:Finger tracking
2905:virtual reality
2887:
2864:
2841:
2817:Dialogue system
2798:
2796:User interfaces
2793:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2675:
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2661:
2659:
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2578:Wayback Machine
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2406:Wayback Machine
2396:
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2349:
2339:
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2335:Washington Post
2328:
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2128:, October 2012.
2126:Wayback Machine
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1809:Levy, Steven. "
1808:
1804:
1795:
1793:
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1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1765:Microsoft Learn
1758:
1757:
1753:
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1738:Microsoft Learn
1731:
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1531:
1521:Minority Report
1488:Neal Stephenson
1466:literature and
1464:science fiction
1460:
1452:virtual reality
1385:Windows Flip 3D
1353:
1346:
1289:
1231:
1226:
1178:X Window System
1107:'s noted novel
1087:In 1984, Apple
1052:
1015:, and the Unix
966:) in 1983, the
964:window controls
928:pointing device
922:pointing device
836:Ivan Sutherland
833:
828:
822:
752:
710:
704:
695:
683:
635:, and presents
631:, most often a
605:visual language
598:
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511:X Window System
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361:vertical market
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2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:by Clive Akass
2713:
2705:
2704:External links
2702:
2700:
2699:
2668:
2643:
2603:
2592:. 29 June 2004
2581:
2559:
2535:
2506:
2482:
2451:
2431:
2421:Bright, Peter
2414:
2390:
2378:Mather, John.
2371:
2347:
2321:
2290:
2276:
2250:
2231:
2212:
2198:
2182:
2164:
2153:
2150:The first GUIs
2142:
2130:
2117:Salha, Nader.
2110:
2097:
2086:
2055:
2029:
2004:
1992:
1973:(2): 119â133.
1953:
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1516:
1499:
1480:William Gibson
1459:
1456:
1408:Hillcrest Labs
1345:
1342:
1309:learning curve
1305:text-based UIs
1288:
1285:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1216:for handheld (
1163:mobile devices
1051:
1050:Popularization
1048:
1021:window manager
971:Macintosh 128K
860:On-Line System
832:
829:
824:Main article:
821:
818:
783:pointing stick
751:
748:
706:Main article:
703:
700:
645:window manager
592:Window manager
580:Main article:
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231:mobile devices
212:learning curve
208:text-based UIs
188:user interface
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2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:Dayton, Tom.
2672:
2669:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2629:on 2007-09-27
2625:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2525:on 2019-07-21
2524:
2520:
2519:3dmailbox.com
2516:
2510:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
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2462:
2455:
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2448:. 2011-07-05.
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2107:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:"Beyond WIMP"
2059:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
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1767:
1766:
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1728:
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1714:
1713:Computer Hope
1710:
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1698:
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1600:
1597:
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1585:
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1577:
1575:
1574:Look and feel
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Computer icon
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:Jurassic Park
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Enlightenment
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:PlayStation 2
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Microsoft Bob
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:Windows Vista
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
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1310:
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1302:
1298:
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1282:
1277:
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1271:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:Windows Phone
1195:
1194:BlackBerry OS
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Kickstart 1.0
1127:
1124:, along with
1123:
1120:released the
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:George Orwell
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:running on a
1060:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
929:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:radio buttons
903:
899:
894:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
831:Early efforts
830:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
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749:
747:
744:
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736:
731:
729:
728:
723:
719:
715:
709:
701:
699:
696:column-width:
693:
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638:
634:
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583:
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545:
539:
534:
531:
528:
521:
516:
512:
509:
502:
497:
494:
488:
483:
480:
479:Enlightenment
474:
469:
466:
460:
455:
452:
445:
440:
437:
431:
426:
423:
417:
412:
409:
403:
398:
395:
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385:
381:
379:
374:
370:
369:point of sale
366:
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109:
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99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2846:
2837:Voice search
2736:by Mike Tuck
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2682:OpenMCT Blog
2681:
2671:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:
2646:
2637:
2631:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2619:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2584:
2567:Macworld.com
2566:
2562:
2551:. Retrieved
2548:Download.com
2547:
2544:"3D Mailbox"
2538:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:the original
2518:
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:
2485:
2471:(2): 11â23.
2468:
2464:
2454:
2443:
2434:
2427:Ars Technica
2417:
2409:
2393:
2383:
2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2301:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2263:
2253:
2245:the original
2234:
2225:
2215:
2201:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2156:
2145:
2133:
2113:
2100:
2089:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1995:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1935:
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1911:www.catb.org
1910:
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2956:Categories
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2662:2022-05-06
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2553:2022-07-14
2529:2022-07-14
2500:2022-01-26
2365:2017-04-02
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1916:2020-04-03
1833:2019-06-12
1796:2019-05-09
1772:2024-01-30
1745:2024-01-30
1718:2020-04-03
1691:2020-04-03
1641:References
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1432:Croquet OS
1218:smartphone
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864:hyperlinks
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