407:(script files) can be used repeatedly to automate routine operations such as initializing a set of programs when a system is restarted. Batch mode use of shells usually involves structures, conditionals, variables, and other elements of programming languages; some have the bare essentials needed for such a purpose, others are very sophisticated programming languages in and of themselves. Conversely, some programming languages can be used interactively from an operating system shell or in a purpose-built program.
333:
468:
31:
344:
597:
Interoperability programmes and purpose-designed software lets
Windows users use equivalents of many of the various Unix-based GUIs discussed below, as well as Macintosh. An equivalent of the OS/2 Presentation Manager for version 3.0 can run some OS/2 programmes under some conditions using the OS/2
233:
to describe it. In a 1965 document, the shell is defined as "a common procedure called automatically by the supervisor whenever a user types in some message at his console, at a time when he has no other process in active execution under console control. This procedure acts as an interface between
201:
systems. The interpreter would execute one of a number of predefined commands, one of which would be to run a user program. Common commands would log the user on and off the system, allocate, free, and manipulate devices and files, and query various pieces of information about the system or a user
719:
Mr Pouzin created a program called RUNCOM that helped users automate tedious and repetitive commands. That program, which he described as a "shell" around the computer's whirring innards, gave inspiration—and a name—to an entire class of software tools, called command-line shells, that still lurk
425:
A command-line interpreter may offer a history function, so that the user can recall earlier commands issued to the system and repeat them, possibly with some editing. Since all commands to the operating system had to be typed by the user, short command names and compact systems for representing
581:
Desktop applications are also considered shells, as long as they use a third-party engine. Likewise, many individuals and developers dissatisfied with the interface of
Windows Explorer have developed software that either alters the functioning and appearance of the shell or replaces it entirely.
402:
A feature of many command-line shells is the ability to save sequences of commands for re-use. A data file can contain sequences of commands which the CLI can be made to follow as if typed in by a user. Special features in the CLI may apply when it is carrying out these stored instructions. Such
369:
can send codes representing keystrokes to a command interpreter program running on the computer; the command interpreter parses the sequence of keystrokes and responds with an error message if it cannot recognize the sequence of characters, or it may carry out some other program action such as
180:
Most operating system shells fall into one of two categories – command-line and graphical. Command-line shells provide a command-line interface (CLI) to the operating system, while graphical shells provide a graphical user interface (GUI). Other possibilities, although not so
181:
common, include a voice user interface and various implementations of a text-based user interface (TUI) that are not CLI, such as text-based menu systems. The relative merits of CLI- and GUI-based shells are often debated. Many computer users use both depending on the task to be performed.
610:"Shell" is also used loosely to describe application software that is "built around" a particular component, such as web browsers and email clients, in analogy to the shells found in nature. Indeed, the (command-line) shell encapsulates the operating system
398:
can be defined, using either a special local keystroke that is never passed on but always interpreted by the local system. The program becomes modal, switching between interpreting commands from the keyboard or passing keystrokes on as data to be processed.
1086:
393:
program has a number of commands for controlling a link to a remote computer system. Since the commands to the program are made of the same keystrokes as the data being sent to a remote computer, some means of distinguishing the two are required. An
125:
in just the same way as it is used by other application programs. A shell manages the user–system interaction by prompting users for input, interpreting their input, and then handling output from the underlying operating system (much like a
578:, which was the shell for the 3.x series of Microsoft Windows, and which in fact shipped with later versions of Windows of both the 95 and NT types at least through Windows XP. The interfaces of Windows versions 1 and 2 were markedly different.
133:
In addition to shells running on local systems, there are different ways to make remote systems available to local users; such approaches are usually referred to as remote access or remote administration. Initially available on
1079:
1072:
265:
in the first version of Unix. While simpler than the
Multics shell, it contained some innovative features, which have been carried forward in modern shells, including the use of < and > for input and output
802:
You can run commands on one or hundreds of computers with a single PowerShell command. Windows PowerShell supports remote computing by using various technologies, including WMI, RPC, and WS-Management.
509:, respectively, as well as of one or multiple programs providing the functionality to start installed applications, to manage open windows and virtual desktops, and often to support a widget engine.
253:
a string... which is replaced by a character string return value before the command line containing it is executed. Active functions are often used... to implement command-language macros.
459:, where data files are represented as if they were paper documents on a desk, and application programs similarly have graphical representations instead of being invoked by command names.
426:
program options were common. Short names were sometimes hard for a user to recall, and early systems lacked the storage resources to provide a detailed on-line user instruction guide.
1122:
2000:
704:
440:
A graphical user interface (GUI) provides means for manipulating programs graphically, by allowing for operations such as opening, closing, moving and resizing
1947:
130:). Since the operating system shell is actually an application, it may easily be replaced with another similar application, for most operating systems.
754:
82:(GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation. It is named a shell because it is the outermost layer around the operating system.
1012:
843:
169:–based graphical user interfaces (GUIs). On Microsoft Windows, Remote Desktop Protocol can be used to provide GUI remote access, and since
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1043:
386:) but third-party interfaces were also often available, providing additional features or functions such as menuing or remote program execution.
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loading an application program, listing files, logging in a user and many others. Operating systems such as UNIX have a large variety of
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815:
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1995:
1970:
1940:
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621:, a shell is a piece of software that is an "empty" expert system without the knowledge base for any particular application.
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being a baseline. Some operating systems had only a single style of command interface; commodity operating systems such as
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characters typed on a keyboard to provide instructions and data to the operating system, interactively. For example, a
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The purpose of such a procedure is to create a medium of exchange into which one could activate any procedure,
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Application programs may also implement a command-line interface. For example, in Unix-like systems, the
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for accessing the file management functions of the operating system. Older versions also include
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conceived the idea of "using commands somehow like a programming language," and coined the term
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attached to the computer directly. Shells are actually special applications that use the kernel
74:'s services to a human user or other programs. In general, operating system shells use either a
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Computer program that exposes an operating system's services to a human user or other programs
216:
Louis Pouzin, The SHELL: A Global Tool for
Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System
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1956:
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422:, enabling the interpreter to expand commands based on a few characters input by the user.
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Early interactive systems provided a simple command-line interpreter as part of the
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211:. Hereafter, for simplification, we shall refer to that procedure as the "SHELL".
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915:"The SHELL: A Global Tool for Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System"
871:"The SHELL: A Global Tool for Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System"
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63:
34:
A graphical interface similar to one from the late 1980s, which features a
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can be used for text-based remote access via WMI, RPC, and WS-Management.
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console messages and subroutine ." This system was first implemented by
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669: – provides a rudimentary process management interface
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British
Computer Society: The BCS glossary of ICT and computing terms
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90:
Operating systems provide various services to their users, including
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programs with different commands, syntax and capabilities, with the
54:, in which the user can type commands as if they were sitting at a
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Modern versions of the
Microsoft Windows operating system use the
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or come separately, even as a set of loosely coupled utilities.
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193:. This interpreter might be called by different names, such as
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acts as the windowing system, and the shell consists of the
249:, a key concept in all later shells. This is defined as
614:. These are also sometimes referred to as "wrappers".
448:
between windows. Graphical shells may be included with
209:
as if it were called from the inside of another program
157:
systems and
Microsoft Windows. On Unix-like systems,
590:
is a good example of the former sort of application.
141:, which provided text-based UIs for each active user
106:, and operating system monitoring and configuration.
594:
and Emerge
Desktop are good examples of the latter.
303:, introduced in 1973. From there the idea spread to
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2079:
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2009:
1963:
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1386:
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1195:
1131:
1114:
995:
117:, even if a shell communicates with the user via
474:operation performed on a group of files between
251:
205:
1007:
1005:
1003:
720:below the surface of modern operating systems.
281:system, demonstrated in December, 1968 at the
149:connected to the mainframe via serial line or
42:, a shaped window (oclock) as well as several
1941:
1800:
1080:
845:DECSystem 10 Operating System Commands Manual
489:Graphical shells typically build on top of a
361:(CLI) is an operating system shell that uses
161:is usually used for text-based shells, while
8:
730:
728:
410:Several command-line shells, such as Xonsh,
455:Most graphical user interfaces develop the
285:in San Francisco, in what has been called
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2076:
1948:
1934:
1926:
1807:
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1400:
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1087:
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842:Digital Equipment Corporation (Aug 1977).
814:Digital Equipment Corporation (Nov 1980).
46:windows. In the lower right we can see a
1048:. Pearson Education. 2005. p. 135.
382:came with a standard command interface (
696:
558:as their shell. Windows Shell provides
1030:"Restart Mission Control in OS X Lion"
273:The graphical shell first appeared in
70:is a computer program that exposes an
109:Most operating system shells are not
7:
98:management (running and terminating
457:metaphor of an "electronic desktop"
25:
784:Wheeler, Sean (14 October 2018).
328:List of command-line interpreters
318:in 1983, then became ubiquitous.
299:(PARC), where it appeared on the
295:brought the concept to the Xerox
2052:Object-oriented operating system
153:, remote access has extended to
2062:Supercomputer operating system
283:Fall Joint Computer Conference
1:
113:interfaces to the underlying
2037:Just enough operating system
2022:Distributed operating system
1915:Comparison of command shells
1013:"The Life Cycle of a Daemon"
968:Honeywell, inc. (Feb 1983).
632:Comparison of command shells
291:. Engelbart’s colleagues at
245:Multics also introduced the
2150:User space and kernel space
602:in versions of Windows NT.
501:, the shell consists of an
293:Stanford Research Institute
159:Secure Shell protocol (SSH)
2489:
2057:Real-time operating system
759:AIX 6.1 Information Center
705:"The Internet's fifth man"
637:Human–computer interaction
539:
433:
325:
128:read–eval–print loop, REPL
2253:Multilevel feedback queue
2248:Fixed-priority preemptive
2032:Hobbyist operating system
2027:Embedded operating system
1910:
1822:
1032:. OSXDaily. Nov 23, 2011.
944:"The Origin of the Shell"
889:"The Origin of the Shell"
823:. pp. CMND-1–CMND-16
817:TOPS-10 MONITOR INTERNALS
786:"Running Remote Commands"
755:"Operating system shells"
546:Windows shell replacement
297:Palo Alto Research Center
2296:General protection fault
2047:Network operating system
2001:User features comparison
1260:IRIX Interactive Desktop
735:Raymond, Eric S. (ed.).
572:graphical user interface
436:Graphical user interface
339:, a CLI shell in Windows
238:and an unnamed man from
80:graphical user interface
2042:Mobile operating system
1749:Resolution independence
971:Multics Common Commands
642:Internet Explorer shell
600:environmental subsystem
444:, as well as switching
420:command-line completion
288:The Mother of All Demos
2145:Loadable kernel module
996:Xonsh Official Website
528:, SystemUIServer, and
486:
359:command-line interface
354:
340:
255:
213:
76:command-line interface
59:
2213:Process control block
2179:Computer multitasking
2017:Disk operating system
1453:Project Looking Glass
717:, December 13, 2013,
470:
346:
335:
33:
2473:Desktop environments
2384:Virtual tape library
1976:Forensic engineering
1531:Motif Window Manager
1096:Desktop environments
685:programming language
673:Read–eval–print loop
450:desktop environments
2393:Supporting concepts
2379:Virtual file system
1744:Painter's algorithm
1162:Java Desktop System
683:for an interpreted
560:desktop environment
350:, a widely adopted
322:Command-line shells
2316:Segmentation fault
2164:Process management
977:. pp. 1-1–1-2
507:Wayland compositor
493:. In the case of
487:
355:
341:
225:operating system,
119:peripheral devices
60:
2450:
2449:
2306:Memory protection
2277:Memory management
2271:
2270:
2263:Shortest job next
2158:
2157:
1957:Operating systems
1923:
1922:
1782:
1781:
1652:
1651:
1327:
1326:
1055:978-0-13-147957-9
536:Microsoft Windows
518:Quartz Compositor
463:Unix-like systems
412:Bash (Unix shell)
311:in 1980, and the
275:Douglas Engelbart
221:In 1964, for the
175:PowerShell Remote
48:terminal emulator
16:(Redirected from
2480:
2405:Computer network
2169:
2077:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1809:
1802:
1795:
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1774:Windowing system
1729:Desktop metaphor
1401:
1361:Plasma Bigscreen
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503:X window manager
491:windowing system
430:Graphical shells
240:General Electric
236:Glenda Schroeder
217:
196:
191:resident monitor
165:can be used for
104:batch processing
72:operating system
21:
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2349:Defragmentation
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2311:Protection ring
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2005:
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1759:Virtual desktop
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1100:window managers
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741:The Jargon File
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715:Economist Group
703:
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689:
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576:Program Manager
570:, as well as a
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550:Program Manager
540:Main articles:
538:
530:Mission Control
512:In the case of
495:X Window System
465:
438:
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396:escape sequence
330:
324:
247:active function
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167:X Window System
92:file management
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22:
18:Graphical shell
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948:multicians.org
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893:multicians.org
879:
861:
834:
806:
790:Microsoft Docs
776:
746:
724:
707:, Brain scan,
695:
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690:
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677:language shell
670:
667:Window manager
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623:
619:expert systems
607:
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464:
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434:Main article:
431:
428:
367:teletypewriter
337:Command Prompt
323:
320:
263:Thompson shell
261:developed the
204:
186:
183:
145:by means of a
143:simultaneously
87:
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26:
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2140:Device driver
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2081:Architectures
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1668:Enlightenment
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1418:Enlightenment
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1286:Looking Glass
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769:September 16,
764:
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738:
731:
729:
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721:
716:
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711:
710:The Economist
706:
700:
697:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
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652:Shell builtin
650:
648:
647:Shell account
645:
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556:Windows shell
551:
547:
543:
542:Windows shell
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472:Drag and drop
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305:Niklaus Wirth
302:
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184:
182:
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172:
171:Windows Vista
168:
164:
163:SSH tunneling
160:
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147:text terminal
144:
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53:
49:
45:
41:
38:window for a
37:
32:
19:
2424:
2336:file systems
2228:Time-sharing
1753:
1576:Window Maker
1118:environments
1044:
1038:
1024:
991:
979:. Retrieved
970:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
937:
925:. Retrieved
921:
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:
882:
864:
852:. Retrieved
844:
837:
825:. Retrieved
816:
809:
801:
794:. Retrieved
789:
779:
767:. Retrieved
758:
749:
740:
718:
708:
699:
676:
675:also called
616:
611:
609:
596:
584:WindowBlinds
580:
553:
511:
488:
454:
439:
424:
409:
401:
388:
363:alphanumeric
356:
286:
272:
259:Ken Thompson
256:
252:
246:
244:
230:
227:Louis Pouzin
220:
214:
208:
206:
188:
179:
142:
132:
110:
108:
100:applications
89:
67:
61:
2463:Unix shells
2354:Device file
2344:Boot loader
2258:Round-robin
2183:Cooperative
2119:Rump kernel
2109:Multikernel
2099:Microkernel
1996:Usage share
1816:Unix shells
1660:compositors
1405:Compositing
1341:GNOME Shell
1291:OpenWindows
1177:ROX Desktop
792:. Microsoft
405:batch files
384:COMMAND.COM
376:POSIX shell
268:redirection
2457:Categories
2284:protection
2240:algorithms
2238:Scheduling
2187:Preemptive
2133:Components
2104:Monolithic
1971:Comparison
1862:PowerShell
1739:GUI widget
1395:comparison
1211:KDE Plasma
1123:comparison
1017:Apple Inc.
713:, London:
692:References
662:Unix shell
606:Other uses
564:start menu
352:Unix shell
326:See also:
139:mainframes
136:multi-user
52:Unix shell
50:running a
2374:Partition
2291:Bus error
2218:Real-time
2198:Interrupt
2124:Unikernel
2089:Exokernel
1698:Budgie-wm
1629:ratpoison
1581:WindowLab
1481:AfterStep
1270:X.desktop
1206:Deepin DE
1102:based on
657:Superuser
480:Konqueror
257:In 1971,
202:process.
155:Unix-like
78:(CLI) or
64:computing
44:iconified
2420:Live USB
2282:resource
2172:Concepts
2010:Variants
1991:Timeline
1892:Thompson
1852:Hamilton
1827:Almquist
1526:Matchbox
1491:Blackbox
1468:Stacking
1428:Metacity
1390:managers
1388:X window
1346:KDesktop
1226:Razor-qt
1147:Cinnamon
625:See also
592:LiteStep
588:StarDock
568:task bar
476:KDesktop
418:, offer
86:Overview
56:terminal
40:man page
2415:Live CD
2369:Journal
2333:access,
2331:Storage
2208:Process
2114:vkernel
1981:History
1964:General
1717:Related
1658:Wayland
1634:StumpWM
1604:awesome
1551:Sawfish
1541:Openbox
1506:Fluxbox
1433:Metisse
1373:Maynard
1315:-based)
1301:-based)
1231:Trinity
1116:Desktop
1108:Wayland
981:Mar 29,
953:Feb 12,
927:Mar 29,
922:MIT.edi
898:Mar 29,
854:Mar 29,
827:Mar 29,
796:30 June
737:"shell"
499:Wayland
442:windows
416:Z shell
223:Multics
199:TOPS-10
197:on DEC
185:History
96:process
2223:Thread
2094:Hybrid
2072:Kernel
1872:Qshell
1837:Bourne
1708:Weston
1693:Muffin
1688:Mutter
1644:xmonad
1624:larswm
1596:Tiling
1448:Mutter
1443:Muffin
1438:Moksha
1413:Compiz
1356:Plasma
1333:Shells
1319:COSMIC
1297:- and
1248:-based
1216:Lumina
1199:-based
1142:Budgie
1135:-based
1052:
612:kernel
566:, and
548:, and
524:, the
522:Finder
414:, and
391:telnet
380:MS-DOS
309:Lilith
195:COMCON
115:kernel
111:direct
2425:Shell
2364:Inode
1754:Shell
1566:tvtwm
1521:IceWM
1486:amiwm
1378:Unity
1351:Phosh
1295:XView
1279:Other
1246:Motif
1182:Sugar
1152:GNOME
975:(PDF)
918:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
514:macOS
505:or a
446:focus
372:shell
313:Apple
231:shell
151:modem
68:shell
1986:List
1897:Wish
1887:tcsh
1882:sash
1857:Korn
1847:fish
1832:Bash
1769:WIMP
1703:sway
1678:KWin
1673:Gala
1639:wmii
1571:vtwm
1546:Qvwm
1536:olwm
1516:FVWM
1511:FLWM
1496:CTWM
1476:4Dwm
1458:Xfwm
1423:KWin
1309:Xlib
1299:OLIT
1236:UKUI
1221:LXQt
1187:Xfce
1172:MATE
1167:LXDE
1098:and
1050:ISBN
983:2022
955:2024
929:2022
900:2022
856:2022
829:2022
798:2019
771:2012
765:Corp
679:, a
526:Dock
478:and
348:Bash
316:Lisa
301:Alto
66:, a
2442:PXE
2430:CLI
2410:HAL
2400:API
2203:IPC
1902:Zsh
1867:PWB
1842:csh
1734:GUI
1683:Mir
1619:Ion
1609:dwm
1586:wm2
1561:twm
1556:swm
1501:cwm
1313:XCB
1305:UDE
1265:VUE
1255:CDE
1157:GPE
1133:GTK
1106:or
1104:X11
763:IBM
681:CLI
617:In
586:by
497:or
484:KDE
482:in
307:’s
279:NLS
277:’s
123:API
102:),
62:In
36:TUI
2459::
2185:,
1877:rc
1614:i3
1197:Qt
1015:.
1002:^
946:.
920:.
891:.
800:.
788:.
761:.
757:.
739:.
727:^
562:,
544:,
532:.
516:,
357:A
270:.
242:.
173:,
94:,
2279:,
2189:)
2181:(
1949:e
1942:t
1935:v
1808:e
1801:t
1794:v
1397:)
1393:(
1311:/
1307:(
1293:(
1125:)
1121:(
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
1058:.
985:.
957:.
931:.
902:.
876:.
858:.
831:.
773:.
743:.
58:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
