348:
form their large single egg. The first eggs are laid from mid-June but laying peaks in the first 10 days of July, with the last eggs laid in late July. Incubation lasts for about 55 days, a responsibility shared by both parents - swapping over about every 17 days. Males do two long shifts and females one long shift and typically return close to egg hatching. Chicks are left alone in burrows by day from 1–3 days of age. The parents may travel distances of up to 600 km in order to feed their offspring. The chick will be fed by the parents for about 120 days before fledging in
December or January. After breeding the adults mostly migrate across to the seas off eastern and southern Australia to carry out their annual feather moult.
213:
335:
42:
91:
66:
347:
The first grey-faced petrels begin returning to the colonies from mid-March but most birds don't start cleaning out their breeding burrows until April. Courtship peaks from late-April to mid-May. The breeding pair then depart on a pre-laying exodus that ranges from 50 to 70 days for females as they
317:
The grey-faced petrel breeds only in the north of North Island, New
Zealand, from Three Kings Islands in the north to Cape Kidnappers about 600 km south. In a recent literature review, 178 different breeding sites in this area. Colonies are largely found on offshore islands, although small
625:
Imber, M. J.; Harrison, Malcolm; Wood, Saskia E.; Cotter, Reg N. (2003). "An estimate of numbers of grey-faced petrels (Pterodroma macroptera gouldi) breeding on
Moutohora (Whale Island), Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, during 1998-2000".
318:
remnant populations exist on the mainland at several sites, and birds are successfully breeding in areas with sufficient control of invasive mammalian predators such as rats, cats, and stoats. The largest breeding colony is found on
739:
Robertson, Hugh A.; Baird, Karen; Dowding, John E.; Elliott, Graeme P.; Hitchmough, Rodney A.; Miskelly, Colin M.; McArthur, Nikki; O'Donnell, Colin F. J.; Sagar, Paul M.; Scofield, R. Paul; Taylor, Graeme A. (2017).
384:
can compete and interfere with grey-faced petrel burrows, which may lead to the birds abandoning them. However, pest eradication projects, such as on
Moutohora Island, have allowed some of these colonies to flourish.
422:
due to declining population numbers. However, in light of population recoveries, harvesting has started to resume. Research has been undertaken to identify safe harvest numbers that will not harm colony populations.
305:, with a black bill and pale grey to buff feathers at the base of the bill and throat. The wings are long and enable a buoyant style of flight. Grey-faced petrels are easily confused with Great-winged petrel (
789:
Jones, Christopher J.; Lyver, Philip O'B.; Davis, Joe; Hughes, Beverly; Anderson, Alice; Hohapata-Oke, John (January 2015). "Reinstatement of customary seabird harvests after a 50-year moratorium".
301:
Grey-faced petrels are large birds, with a body length of 42–45 cm and weighing on average 550 grams (19 oz). They have a dark black-brown colouration, similar to that of the
380:. Unattended eggs and young/weak chicks are particularly susceptible to predation, which can impact breeding success rates at colonies. Furthermore, burrowing animals such as
356:
Grey-faced petrels typically hunt squid, fish, and crustaceans, but will sometimes scavenge this food. Grey-faced petrels mostly hunt at night, and as most of their prey are
682:
Imber, M. J. (October 1973). "The Food of Grey-Faced
Petrels (Pterodroma macroptera gouldi (Hutton)), with Special Reference to Diurnal Vertical Migration of their Prey".
765:
Imber, Mike; Harrison, Malcolm; Harrison, Jan (2000). "Interactions between petrels, rats and rabbits on Whale Island, and effects of rat and rabbit eradication".
322:, with an estimated 95,000 breeding pairs. Outside of the breeding season, individuals range over the subtropical southwest Pacific Ocean, including Australia and
523:"Morphological, behavioural, and genetic evidence supports reinstatement of full species status for the grey-faced petrel, (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae)"
376:
due to population increases. One of the largest threats to grey-faced petrels is at breeding grounds, where they are predated on by introduced mammals such as
1044:
820:
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373:
1059:
388:
Town lights have been known to attract some young grey-faced petrels, possibly confusing the artificial light for bioluminescent prey.
1054:
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521:
Wood, Jamie R.; Lawrence, Hayley A.; Scofield, R. Paul; Taylor, Graeme A.; Lyver, Phil O'B.; Gleeson, Dianne M. (May 2016).
202:
928:
902:
270:
289:) but has been recognized as a separate species since 2014. Research published in 2016 supports the conclusion that
90:
326:, keeping mainly in the area between 25 and 50 degrees south. Vagrants may occasionally enter Antarctic waters.
368:
Grey-faced petrels have a considerably large population and range, and so are listed as least concern by the
741:
915:
907:
870:
581:"A review of the distribution and size of gadfly petrel (Pterodroma spp.) colonies throughout New Zealand"
302:
933:
185:
650:
Imber, M. J. (January 1976). "Breeding biology of the grey-faced petrel
Pterodroma macroptera govldi".
473:
821:"The re-establishment of a customary harvest of kuia (grey-faced petrels) by Ngāti Awa, Bay of Plenty"
720:
Imber, M. J. (December 1975). "Behaviour of petrels in relation to the moon and artificial lights".
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309:) where their ranges overlap in the Tasman Sea, as these species are morphologically very similar.
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Colin
Miskelly; Dafna Gilad; Graeme Arthur Taylor; Alan Tennyson; Susan M. Waugh (2019).
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747:(Report). 19. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
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Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New
Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
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grey-faced petrel chicks. In the middle of the 20th century, a
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360:, it is suggested that they use these light cues to hunt.
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This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of the
372:. Furthermore, it is listed as Not Threatened under the
819:
Lyver, Phil; Jones, Chris; Whitehead, Amy (June 2012).
255:
of New
Zealand. In New Zealand it is also known by its
877:
474:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45048990A132667566.en
49:East of the Tasman Peninsula, Tasmania, Australia
760:
758:
756:
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551:"Grey-faced petrel | New Zealand Birds Online"
418:(ban) on harvesting was put in place by these
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265:and (along with other species such as the
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814:
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673:
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527:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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338:Grey-faced petrel in Victoria, Australia.
293:should be treated as a separate species.
742:New Zealand Threat Classification Series
374:New Zealand Threat Classification System
432:
854:"Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma gouldi"
7:
574:
572:
570:
1045:IUCN Red List least concern species
460:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
224: Estimated at-sea distribution
791:The Journal of Wildlife Management
664:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1976.tb02010.x
25:
89:
449:BirdLife International (2018).
908:Pterodroma_(Pterodroma)_gouldi
767:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
408:iwi, have customary rights to
1:
1060:Endemic birds of New Zealand
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858:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1055:Birds of the North Island
684:Journal of Animal Ecology
467:: e.T45048990A132667566.
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86:Scientific classification
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62:
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501:New Zealand Birds Online
364:Threats and conservation
1065:Birds described in 1869
495:Taylor, G. A. (2013).
392:Relationship to humans
339:
303:black-footed albatross
261:
230: Breeding grounds
337:
330:Behaviour and ecology
307:Pterodroma macroptera
287:Pterodroma macroptera
555:nzbirdsonline.org.nz
396:In New Zealand some
497:"Grey-faced petrel"
283:great-winged petrel
56:Conservation status
340:
247:) is a species of
35:Grey-faced petrel
1032:
1031:
1022:Pterodroma-gouldi
1004:Open Tree of Life
879:Pterodroma gouldi
871:Taxon identifiers
829:Landcare Research
536:10.1111/zoj.12432
453:Pterodroma gouldi
244:Pterodroma gouldi
239:grey-faced petrel
235:
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195:Pterodroma gouldi
143:Procellariiformes
79:
18:Gray-faced petrel
16:(Redirected from
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267:sooty shearwater
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832:. Retrieved
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797:(1): 31–38.
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696:10.2307/3130
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658:(1): 51–64.
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313:Distribution
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253:North Island
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29:
978:iNaturalist
506:January 31,
480:20 November
378:Norway rats
297:Description
1050:Pterodroma
1039:Categories
1017:Xeno-canto
834:31 January
728:: 302–306.
609:Q106839633
595:: 99–177.
560:2018-09-04
427:References
400:, such as
271:muttonbird
164:Pterodroma
894:Q24189345
601:1173-4337
402:Ngāti Awa
398:Māori iwi
291:P. gouldi
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
996:45048990
921:45048990
916:BirdLife
888:Wikidata
722:Notornis
634:: 23–36.
628:Notornis
605:Wikidata
404:and the
343:Breeding
277:Taxonomy
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
970:8124488
957:grwpet2
944:grwpet2
593:Te Papa
410:harvest
406:Hauraki
382:rabbits
269:) as a
205:, 1869)
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1009:581903
983:509032
934:768027
702:
607:
599:
249:petrel
228:
222:
203:Hutton
952:eBird
941:BOW:
745:(PDF)
700:JSTOR
415:rāhui
259:name
257:Māori
991:IUCN
965:GBIF
929:BOLD
836:2018
704:3130
652:Ibis
597:ISSN
508:2018
482:2021
465:2018
370:IUCN
237:The
133:Aves
903:AFD
799:doi
692:doi
660:doi
656:118
531:doi
469:doi
420:iwi
1041::
1019::
1006::
993::
980::
967::
954::
931::
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890::
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435:^
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262:ōi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
