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number of paid bounties was 300,000, and this would not have included the mortally wounded escapees or those left suspended at roosts by the grip that is held by their weight. This species continued to be killed or wounded by shotguns, many remaining disabled where they fell after the bounty was stopped, despite the advice of
Ratcliffe and later researchers on an ineffective and uneconomical practice and the needless extermination of the population. Orchardists have begun shifting to the use of netting that also discourages the daytime visits of birds. The impact of indiscriminate shooting of bats has resulted in the species being declared vulnerable to extinction, to the tree species that relied on them for regeneration, the subsequent alteration to the forest ecology of the
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maintain their territories, and this is associated with a steep drop in the males' body condition during this time. Around the beginning of the mating season, adult females move from the periphery towards the central male territories where they become part of short-term 'harems' that consist of a male and an unstable group of up to five females. Centrally located males are polygamous, while males on the periphery are monogamous or single. The mating system of the grey-headed flying fox is best described as a
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light when foraging if they leave their roosts early in the day. The entire colony may leave later if a predatory bird is present, while lactating females leave earlier. With males, the bachelors leave earlier than harem-holding males, which guard and wait until all their females have left. The flying foxes that leave the roost earlier are more vulnerable to predation, and some flying foxes will wait for others to leave, a phenomenon labelled the "after you" effect.
967:
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504:, woodlands, and swamps. These camps are variable in size and are seasonally relocated; the warmer parts of the year find them occupying cool and wet gullies in large groups. During the day, individuals reside in large roosts (colonies or 'camps') consisting of hundreds to tens of thousands of individuals. Colonies are formed in seemingly arbitrary locations. Roost vegetation includes rainforest patches, stands of
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Cultivated orchard fruits are also taken, but apparently only at times when other food items are scarce. Because their roosting and foraging habits bring the species into conflict with humans, they suffer from direct killing of animals in orchards and harassment and destruction of roosts. Negative public perception of the species has intensified with the discovery of three recently emerged
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639:. These bats are considered sequential specialists, since they feed on a variety of foods. Grey-headed flying foxes, along with the three other Australian flying fox species, fulfill a very important ecological role by dispersing the pollen and seeds of a wide range of native Australian plants. The grey-headed flying fox is the only mammalian
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Most of the trees on which this species forages produce nectar and pollen seasonally and are abundant unpredictably, so the flying fox's migration traits cope with this. The time when flying foxes leave their roosts to feed depends on foraging light and predation risk. Flying foxes have more time and
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The grey-headed flying fox is the largest bat in
Australia, with the adult wingspan reaching up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length and weighing up to 1 kg (2.2 lb). Weight generally varies between 600 and 1,000 g (21 and 35 oz), with an average of 700 g (25 oz).
800:
Grey-headed flying foxes are exposed to several threats, including loss of foraging and roosting habitat, competition with the black flying fox, and mass die-offs caused by extreme temperature events. When present in urban environments, grey-headed flying foxes are sometimes perceived as a nuisance.
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is attracted to the scent of their flowers and fruit and is able to locate the pale colour that indicates the source; the fruit and blooms of species that attract birds in the daylight are usually contrasting reds and purples. The food source is also presented away from the foliage that may obstruct
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pollinators and seed dispersers of over 100 species of native trees and plants. The grey-headed flying fox is a partial migrant that uses winds to facilitate long-distance movement. It does not migrate in a constant direction, but rather in the direction that will be the most beneficial at the time.
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to the opportunities they discovered at orchards, and the government placed a bounty on the declared pest. Their reputation for destroying fruit crops was noted by John Gould in 1863, though the extent of actual damage was often greatly exaggerated. When
Ratcliffe submitted his report, he noted the
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Matings are generally observed between March and May, but the most likely time of conception is April. Most mating takes place in the territories and during the day. Females have control over the copulation process, and males may have to keep mating with the same females. Females usually give birth
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bats are able to extract plant juices from food, only swallowing smaller seeds of the meal. Incisors hold items such as fruit, and the fibrous material is ejected from the mouth after it is masticated and the juice is swallowed; larger seeds may be held in the mouth and dispersed several kilometres
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under criteria A2ace and A4ac. Justification for the assessment says that "although the population is relatively large (exceeding 10,000 mature individuals) and it has a large extent of occurrence (> 20,000 km²), a continuing population decline is inferred to be more than 30–35% over the last
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To answer some of the growing threats, roost sites have been legally protected since 1986 in New South Wales and since 1994 in
Queensland. In 1999, the species was classified as "Vulnerable to extinction" in The Action Plan for Australian Bats, and has since been protected across its range under
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The grey-headed flying fox is now a prominent federal conservation problem in
Australia. Early in the last century, the species was considered abundant, with numbers estimated in the many millions. In recent years, though, evidence has been accumulating that the species is in serious decline. An
688:
In their summer camps, starting in
January, male grey-headed flying foxes set up mating territories. Mating territories are generally 3.5 body lengths along branches. These flying foxes' neck glands enlarge in males in the mating season, and are used to mark the territories. The males fight to
848:
Recent research has shown, since 1994, more than 24,500 grey-headed flying foxes have died from extreme heat events alone. Unsuitable backyard fruit tree netting also kills many animals and may bring them into close contact with humans, but can be avoided by using wildlife-safe netting.
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Baby flying foxes usually come into care after having been separated from their mothers. Babies are often orphaned during four to six weeks of age, when they inadvertently fall off their mothers during flight, often due to disease or tick paralysis (their own and/or that of the mother).
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is frequently found as a resident at these camps, lazily selecting an individual from the apparently unconcerned group at a branch. The bat is seized in the jaws and encircled by the python's body, then swallowed head first to be digested over the next week. The species was reported by
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is a dark-grey body with a light-grey head, separated by a reddish-brown collar. The fur on the body is long and streaked with grey, the broad and well defined collar completely encircles the neck with hair that is golden orange in tone. A unique characteristic among bats of the genus
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present this same hazard. The species is vulnerable to diseases that may kill large numbers within a camp, and the sudden incidence of premature births in colonies is likely to significantly impact the re-population of the group; the cause of these disorders or diseases in unknown.
718:
newborns rely on their mothers for warmth. For their first three weeks, young cling to their mothers when they go foraging. After this, the young remain in the roosts. By
January, young are capable of sustained flight, and by February, March or April are fully weaned.
685:, and reproduce. Winter camps are used from April to September. The sexes are separated in winter camps and most behaviour is characterised by mutual grooming. Summer camps are considered "main camps", while winter camps are referred to as "transit camps".
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at the city's river. The camp at this site was decimated during a heat wave, requiring its rehabilitation to sustain the relocated population. The forced relocations are also said to have led to the discovery of the orchards of the
536:
Although recorded in small numbers sporadically throughout the 20th century, it was not until the 1980s that grey-headed flying foxes routinely visited
Melbourne, with a permanent camp since the 1990s. Their residence at the
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that would accumulate on the fur and enter the body when grooming. The mortality rate from toxic levels of lead in the environment dropped with the introduction of unleaded fuel in 1985. An introduced plant, the cocos palm
820:. However, only Australian bat lyssavirus is known from two isolated cases to be directly transmissible from bats to humans. No person has ever died from ABLV (Lyssavirus) after having had the ABLV post-exposure vaccine.
527:
Movements of grey-headed flying foxes are influenced by the availability of food. Their population is very fluid, as they move in response to the irregular blossoming of certain plant species. They are
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381:, the species lacks a tail. All of these bats possess claws on its first and second digits. The head is simple in form, with the characteristic 'dog-like' appearance of the genus. Since it does not
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The grey-headed flying fox is long-lived for a mammal of its size. Individuals reportedly survived in captivity for up to 23 years, and a maximum age of up to 15 years seems possible in the wild.
484:, who recorded the populations in estimates of quarter, half, or one million in camps, generally located around 40 kilometres apart. These numbers have greatly declined since this first survey.
362:
The combined length of the head and body is from 230 to 290 mm. The forearm length is a range from 138 to 180 mm. The length of the ear from the tip to base is 30 to 37 mm.
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may displace the species, or provide habitat that accommodates their feeding or roosting preferences. The city of
Brisbane has many roosts occupied by the species; a famous colony at the
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Williams, N. S. G.; McDonnell, M.J.; Phelan, G.K.; Keim, L.D.; der Ree, R. (2006). "Range expansion due to urbanisation, increased food resources attract Grey-headed Flying-foxes (
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Grey-headed flying foxes form two different roosting camps, summer camps and winter camps. Summer camps are used from
September to April or June. In these camps, they establish
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is noted for the evening departure of the bats across the local river. Within the central business district of Sydney, they can be seen travelling along city streets to feed at
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because males do not provide any essential resources to females and are chosen on the basis of their physical location within the roost, which correlates with male quality.
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from the tree. The need for the elaborate intestinal tract of most herbivores is consequently removed. Some fruiting plants produce food for flying-foxes, and
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41:
2007:
Bartholomew, G.A.; Leitner, P.; Nelson, J.E. (1964). "Body temperature oxygen consumption and heart rate in three species of Australian flying-foxes".
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Klose, S. M.; Welbergen, J. A.; Goldizen, A. W.; Kalko, E. K. V. (2008). "Spatio-temporal vigilance architecture of an Australian flying-fox colony".
524:. However, the botanic gardens instituted a controversial policy to remove them from the garden grounds. The camp is now dispersed across Queensland.
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Parry-Jones, K. A.; Augee, M. L. (2001). "Factors affecting the occupation of a colony site in Sydney, New South Wales by the Grey-headed Flying-fox
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estimate for the species in 2019 put the number at 586,000 and the national population may have declined by over 30% between 1989 and 1999 alone.
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lasts around 27 weeks, and pregnant females give birth between late September and November. Late births into January are sometimes observed. The
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Turbill, Christopher; Walker, Melissa; Boardman, Wayne; Martin, John M.; McKeown, Adam; Meade, Jessica; Welbergen, Justin A. (10 July 2024).
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Descriptive catalogue of the specimens of natural history in spirit contained in the museum. Vertebrata: Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
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562:: a reliable food supply (such as native eucalypt plantings and backyard fruit trees) and warmer temperatures due to climate change and
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consists of a complex series of squeals and screechings. They will flap their wings in hot weather, using blood pumped through the
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Bat caregivers are not only specially trained in techniques to rescue and rehabilitate bats, but they are also vaccinated against
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accounts for many casualties; this can be ameliorated by removing old or unnecessary barbed wire or marking it with bright paint.
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834:, now banned by some local councils, bears fruit that is toxic to this species and has resulted in their death; the Chinese elm
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Martin, L., Kennedy, J.H., Little, L., & Luckhoff, H.C. (1993) "The reproductive biology of Australian flying-foxes (genus
1819:
Welbergen, J.A. (2005) "The social organisation of the grey-headed flying-fox". PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
2345:
Eby, P. (2000). "The results of four synchronous assessments of relative distribution and abundance of Grey-headed Flying-fox
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The distribution range is at the eastern regions of the Australian continent, mostly within 200 kilometres of the coast, from
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Welbergen, J. A. (2011). "Fit females and fat polygynous males: Seasonal body mass changes in the grey-headed flying fox".
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473:. The species was recorded as an occasional visitor to the national capital Canberra, although the flowering eucalypts at
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516:, but roosts also occupy highly modified vegetation in urban areas. A prominent example existed for many years at the
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1972:
O'Brien, G.M. (1993). "Seasonal reproduction in flying-foxes, reviewed in the context of other tropical mammals".
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The urbanised camps of cities were noted as succumbing to poisoning during the 1970s to 1980s, identified as the
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The grey-headed flying fox is endemic to the south-eastern forested areas of Australia, principally east of the
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1937:: causes, consequences, and conservation." The Department of Zoology, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
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Around dusk, grey-headed flying foxes leave the roost and travel up to 50 km a night to feed on pollen,
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447:. The breeding range has been recorded as progressing southward, the temperate climate of Melbourne and
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2457:"Testosterone is associated with harem maintenance ability in free-ranging grey-headed flying-foxes,
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and fruit. The species consumes fruit flowers and pollens of around 187 plant species. These include
462:
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272:
1933:
Welbergen, J.A. (2002). "Second year report: The social organisation of the Grey-Headed Flying-Fox,
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attract a number of larger predators. including both terrestrial and aerial hunters. The sea eagle
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in the south. In the southern parts of its range it occupies more extreme latitudes than any other
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to occupy substantial areas of subtropical rainforests, so is of key importance to those forests.
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Tidemann, C. R.; Nelson, J. E. (2004). "Long-distance movements of the grey-headed flying fox (
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A grey-headed flying fox electrocuted between electricity transmission lines in suburban Sydney
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A male grey-headed flying fox, suffering from heat stress during a heatwave in New South Wales
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558:, habitat loss and drought; while the location of the new camps appears to be in response to
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Crib full of abandoned babies rescued by Wildcare Australia in care at The Bat Hospital
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was the subject of controversy, and the bats were eventually discouraged and moved to
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1882:"Growth, bimaturation, and sexual size dimorphism in wild gray-headed flying foxes (
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5150:
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2414:"Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes"
2180:"Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes"
2020:
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809:
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633:, and fruits from a wide range of rainforest trees, including members of the genus
570:
559:
458:
386:
2119:"Human case of encephalitis due to a lyssavirus recently identified in fruit bats"
1260:. Vol. 3. Printed by Taylor and Francis, pub. by the author. pp. pl. 28
5688:
2228:"The Action Plan for Australian Bats - Recovery outlines: Grey-headed Flying-fox"
401:(nectar, pollen and native fruits) and thus has relatively large eyes for a bat.
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5244:
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1722:"Timing of the evening emergence from day roosts of the grey-headed flying fox,
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1233:
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will capture these bats in flight as they leave their roosts. The snake species
640:
501:
2395:
Tidemann, C. R. (1999). "Biology and management of the grey-headed flying-fox,
1774:
Nelson, J. E. (1965). "Behaviour of Australian Pteropodidae (Megachiroptera)".
1436:
Menkhorst, P. 1995. "Grey-headed Flying-fox". pp. 156–158 in P. Menkhorst, ed.
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2291:"National Recovery Plan for the Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus"
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2351:
Proceedings of a Workshop to Assess the Status of the Grey-headed Flying-Fox
2092:
Proceedings of a workshop to assess the status of the Grey-headed Flying-Fox
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is extremely small, bat caregivers are inoculated for their own protection.
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238:
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1593:, South Australian Department of Natural Resources, (accessed 11-May-2018)
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As of 2024, the bats have been spreading westward, with camps spotted in
551:
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409:
246:
157:
117:
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2028:
241:. The species shares mainland Australia with three other members of the
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2610:
2321:"There's A Bat Hospital in Australia That Takes in Abandoned Baby Bats"
2273:
1617:"Flying foxes moving west across Australia in search of homes and food"
960:
Illustration of grey-headed flying fox by Neville W. Cayley (1887–1950)
448:
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1985:
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2094:(eds G. Richards & L. Hall). Australasian Bat Society, Canberra.
1726:: the effects of predation risk, foraging needs, and social context"
1038:
Young female grey-headed flying fox playing with her WIRES caretaker
923:. Although the chance of contracting the rabies-like Australian bat
1721:
987:
Grey-headed flying fox with baby (the smaller bat in the back is a
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592:
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Grey-headed flying foxes live in a variety of habitats, including
491:
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242:
1321:(3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 146.
1200:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
326:
in his 1825 monograph of mammals. Hybridisation with the species
2103:
Eby, P. (1995). "The biology and management of flying-foxes" in
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have seen more permanent camps established close to the city.
397:. It relies on smell and, predominately, sight to locate its
268:. The grey-headed flying fox is the largest bat in Australia.
137:
1203:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 342.
1089:
A natural history of Australian bats: working the night shift
1087:
Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012).
876:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
2105:
NSW. Rep. No. 18. N.S.W. National Parks and Wildlife Service
357:
Wingspan is visible as this flying fox skims water to drink.
1356:"Torpor use in the wild by one of the world's largest bats"
1014:
A 17-day-old female grey-headed flying fox in care of WIRES
1453:. North Queensland Register. 2 August 2012. Archived from
1415:
1413:
1120:
Eby, P.; Roberts, B.; Pennay, M.; Welbergen, J.A. (2021).
899:
three generations", and that further decline is expected.
374:
is fur on the legs that extends all the way to the ankle.
1479:. Australian Geographic. 17 February 2011. Archived from
1074:
Grey-headed flying fox at Parramatta Park, NSW, Australia
2455:
Klose, S. M.; Welbergen, J. A.; Kalko, E. K. V. (2009).
894:
As of 2021 the species is listed as "Vulnerable" on the
2418:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2184:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1360:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
873:
Australian federal law, listed as Vulnerable under the
418:
Grey-headed flying foxes have been found to experience
2412:
Welbergen, J.; Klose, S.; Markus, N.; Eby, P. (2008).
2178:
Welbergen, J.; Klose, S.; Markus, N.; Eby, P. (2008).
554:
was established in 2010. The spread is likely due to
2561:"Australian Bat Clinic & Wildlife Trauma Centre"
2295:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
2260:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
1026:
Young female grey-headed flying fox in care of WIRES
885:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
5435:
5384:
5342:
5333:
5305:
5296:
5242:
5209:
5185:
5176:
5148:
5107:
5083:
5033:
4929:
4920:
4756:
4706:
4647:
4077:
4017:
3993:
3969:
3928:
3895:
3835:
3759:
3718:
3676:
3635:
3576:
3436:
3412:
3355:
3331:
3290:
3266:
3242:
3191:
3167:
3143:
3093:
3007:
2983:
2952:
2928:
2887:
2828:
2679:
1672:
1670:
1668:
345:(1863) gave the bat the title grey-headed vampire.
550:. Similarly, the first recorded permanent camp in
2358:Nelson, J. E. W. (1965). "Behavior of Australian
2250:"Pteropus poliocephalus — Grey-headed Flying-fox"
1949:Flying-foxes: fruit and blossom bats of Australia
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1501:"L Pope 2014" / Some Touch of Pity, pub=sid harta
1432:
1430:
1428:
856:The early twentieth century saw the incursion of
339:include grey-headed kalong. The entry in Gould's
2539:images and movies of the grey-headed flying-fox
1509:
1507:
2117:Allworth, A.; Murray, K.; Morgan, J.A. (1996).
1951:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1615:Hamilton, Jodie; Pedler, Emma (29 July 2024).
1232:England, Royal College of Surgeons of (1859).
1145:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T18751A22085511.en
322:A description of the species was published by
2594:
1924:(ed S.M. Swift), pp. 167–186. Oxford, London.
480:The species was surveyed during the 1920s by
332:has been noted where their ranges intersect.
8:
2064:"The National Flying-Fox Monitoring Program"
1591:Grey-headed Flying-foxes in South Australia
1548:David Lindenmayer; Mark A. Burgman (2005).
1451:"Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem"
1249:
1247:
1245:
5423:
5339:
5302:
5182:
4926:
4917:
4903:
4703:
4689:
3832:
3818:
3632:
3618:
3409:
3395:
2884:
2870:
2676:
2662:
2601:
2587:
2579:
2555:Brief history of Megachiroptera / Megabats
2278:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
443:region and populations around the city of
205:
59:
40:
31:
2484:
2437:
2203:
1901:
1319:A field guide to the mammals of Australia
1143:
5271:East African little collared fruit bat (
2165:
2071:Department of the Environment and Energy
2049:
1922:Ecology, evolution and behaviour of bats
1707:
1602:
1578:
1477:"Say goodbye to Sydney's colony of bats"
1419:
1404:
1392:
1341:
5160:Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (
2141:
2139:
1974:Reproduction, Fertility and Development
1107:
934:
275:. Its range extends approximately from
1543:
1541:
1181:
1179:
1115:
1113:
1111:
808:that are potentially fatal to humans:
439:in Queensland through to the southern
5780:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
5127:Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (
4985:Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat (
2353:. Canberra: Australasian Bat Society.
1947:Hall, L. S.; Richards, G. C. (2000).
1440:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
306:As of 2021 the species is listed as "
7:
5136:Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat (
5053:Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (
3555:New Britain naked-backed fruit bat (
3063:Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat (
2699:Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat (
2303:Department for Environment and Water
2255:Species Profile and Threats Database
889:Department for Environment and Water
650:The teeth, tongue and palate of the
5003:East African epauletted fruit bat (
3474:Philippine naked-backed fruit bat (
3465:Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat (
3456:Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat (
2504:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1730:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1695:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01072.pp.x
1280:NSW Environment, Energy and Science
1131:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1050:Grey-headed flying fox in captivity
896:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
312:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
4491:Little golden-mantled flying fox (
3510:Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat (
3483:Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat (
3081:Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (
2735:Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat (
2126:Communicable Diseases Intelligence
1276:"Grey-headed Flying-fox - profile"
25:
5071:Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (
5021:Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (
4668:Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat (
3865:Giant golden-crowned flying fox (
3564:Greenish naked-backed fruit bat (
3528:Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat (
3501:Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat (
2798:Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (
5735:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4994:Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat (
4659:Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat (
3546:Western naked-backed fruit bat (
3537:Panniet naked-backed fruit bat (
2849:Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat (
2272:
1659:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01590.x
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
1002:Grey-headed flying fox in flight
995:
980:
965:
953:
937:
84:
4967:Peters's epauletted fruit bat (
4958:Ansell's epauletted fruit bat (
4214:New Ireland masked flying fox (
4065:New Georgian monkey-faced Bat (
4029:Bougainville monkey-faced Bat (
3916:Small white-winged flying fox (
3519:Lesser naked-backed fruit bat (
3072:Greater short-nosed fruit bat (
2726:Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat (
4976:Gambian epauletted fruit bat (
4949:Angolan epauletted fruit bat (
4038:Guadalcanal monkey-faced Bat (
3027:Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (
2780:Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat (
2771:Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat (
2753:Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat (
2565:www.australianbatclinic.com.au
2021:10.1086/physzool.37.2.30152330
1551:Practical Conservation Biology
1238:. Richard Taylor. p. 124.
727:Flying foxes are preyed on by
539:Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
412:to cool the body temperature.
1:
5750:Vulnerable fauna of Australia
5262:São Tomé collared fruit bat (
3492:Biak naked-backed fruit bat (
2840:Lesser tube-nosed fruit bat (
2762:Island tube-nosed fruit bat (
2744:Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat (
2708:Common tube-nosed fruit bat (
2299:Government of South Australia
974:Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
496:Grey-headed flying fox colony
5252:(Little collared fruit bats)
5012:Minor epauletted fruit bat (
4563:Philippine gray flying fox (
4160:Bismarck masked flying fox (
3221:Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat (
2816:Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat (
2380:10.1016/0003-3472(65)90118-1
2062:Westcott, David (May 2019).
1788:10.1016/0003-3472(65)90118-1
972:Grey-headed flying foxes in
287:, with outlying colonies in
5770:Mammals of Victoria (state)
5280:Little collared fruit bat (
3938:(Straw-coloured fruit bats)
3747:New Caledonia blossom bat (
3155:Fischer's pygmy fruit bat (
883:was created by the federal
705:Mother with near-mature pup
5796:
5765:Mammals of New South Wales
5755:Mammals of South Australia
4617:New Caledonia flying fox (
4367:Black-bearded flying fox (
4056:Montane monkey-faced Bat (
4047:Greater monkey-faced Bat (
3957:Straw-coloured fruit bat (
3588:Sulawesi harpy fruit bat (
3230:White-collared fruit bat (
3212:Javan tailless fruit bat (
3122:Rickart's dyak fruit bat (
2964:Spotted-winged fruit bat (
2940:Mindanao pygmy fruit bat (
451:and no further north than
365:The overall colour of the
5775:Mammals described in 1825
5354:Short-palated fruit bat (
4916:
4902:
4702:
4688:
4464:Geelvink Bay flying fox (
4295:Livingstone's fruit bat (
4196:Large Samoan flying fox (
4124:Small Samoan flying fox (
4005:Small-toothed fruit bat (
3981:Fijian monkey-faced Bat (
3907:White-winged flying fox (
3831:
3817:
3797:Moss-forest blossom bat (
3697:Black-bellied fruit bat (
3688:Fardoulis's blossom bat (
3655:Long-tongued nectar bat (
3645:(Long-tongued fruit bats)
3631:
3617:
3408:
3394:
3310:Greater musky fruit bat (
3113:Brooks's dyak fruit bat (
2883:
2869:
2717:Pallas's tube-nosed bat (
2675:
2661:
2617:
2609:Extant species of family
2516:10.1007/s00265-008-0671-8
1851:10.1007/s00442-010-1856-1
1742:10.1007/s00265-006-0167-3
1720:Welbergen, J. A. (2006).
1532:10.1017/S0952836904004960
1169:Monographie de mammalogie
887:and the South Australian
814:Australian bat lyssavirus
673:Groupings and territories
393:found in many species of
213:
204:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
5317:D'Anchieta's fruit bat (
4828:Leschenault's rousette (
4473:Grey-headed flying fox (
4376:Black-eared flying fox (
4259:Ontong Java flying fox (
4151:Ashy-headed flying fox (
3728:(Long-tailed fruit bats)
3664:Long-tongued fruit bat (
3446:(Bare-backed fruit bats)
3319:Lesser musky fruit bat (
2995:Black-capped fruit bat (
2807:Eastern tube-nosed Bat (
2541:(Pteropus poliocephalus)
2090:Richards, G. (2000). In
1903:10.1644/09-mamm-a-157r.1
1880:Welbergen, J.A. (2010).
1257:The mammals of Australia
710:to one young each year.
597:Feeding on plant nectar.
5363:Campo-Ma’an fruit bat (
4572:Temminck's flying fox (
4545:Little red flying fox (
4527:Madagascan flying fox (
4277:Andersen's flying fox (
4241:Gilliard's flying fox (
4187:Spectacled flying fox (
3788:Halmahera blossom bat (
3738:Long-tailed fruit bat (
3179:Salim Ali's fruit bat (
3036:Horsfield's fruit bat (
2789:Lesser tube-nosed bat (
2689:(tube-nosed fruit bats)
2150:. Sid Harta Publishers.
1166:Temminck, C.J. (1824).
944:Grey-headed vampire by
891:and published in 2021.
453:Maryborough, Queensland
214:Native distribution of
35:Grey-headed flying fox
5507:pteropus-poliocephalus
5494:Pteropus_poliocephalus
5481:Pteropus_poliocephalus
5467:Pteropus poliocephalus
5437:Pteropus poliocephalus
5117:(Dwarf epauleted bats)
4939:(Epauleted fruit bats)
4873:Long-haired rousette (
4855:Bare-backed rousette (
4554:Seychelles fruit bat (
4518:Rodrigues flying fox (
4403:Mauritian flying fox (
4331:Big-eared flying fox (
4097:Admiralty flying fox (
3948:Madagascan fruit bat (
3706:Woodford's fruit bat (
3343:Blanford's fruit bat (
3017:(Dog-faced fruit bats)
2974:Balionycteris seimundi
2477:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0563
2459:Pteropus poliocephalus
2430:10.1098/rspb.2007.1385
2397:Pteropus poliocephalus
2349:". In Hall, L. (ed.).
2347:Pteropus poliocephalus
2196:10.1098/rspb.2007.1385
1935:Pteropus poliocephalus
1884:Pteropus poliocephalus
1724:Pteropus poliocephalus
1679:Pteropus poliocephalus
1643:Pteropus poliocephalus
1516:Pteropus poliocephalus
1372:10.1098/rspb.2024.1137
1197:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1124:Pteropus poliocephalus
912:
858:Pteropus poliocephalus
797:
780:
765:Indigenous Australians
749:Haliaeetus leucogaster
706:
618:Eucalyptus muelleriana
598:
577:, and as far north as
497:
358:
337:Pteropus poliocephalus
230:Pteropus poliocephalus
225:grey-headed flying fox
216:Pteropus poliocephalus
190:Pteropus poliocephalus
18:Gray-headed flying fox
5760:Mammals of Queensland
5671:Paleobiology Database
4882:Madagascan rousette (
4801:Geoffroy's rousette (
4766:(rousette fruit bats)
4744:Philippine dawn bat (
4590:Vanikoro flying fox (
4500:Solomons flying fox (
4385:Caroline flying fox (
4169:Moluccan flying fox (
3847:Sulawesi flying fox (
2401:Acta Chiropterologica
2297:(Australia), and the
2009:Physiological Zoology
1138:: e.T18751A22085511.
989:little red flying fox
910:
881:species recovery plan
868:Status and protection
831:Syagrus romanzoffiana
795:
778:
704:
596:
518:Royal Botanic Gardens
495:
488:Habitat and movements
356:
335:The common names for
295:in the north, and in
172:P. poliocephalus
5396:Zenker's fruit bat (
5062:Dobson's fruit bat (
4726:Greater nectar bat (
4581:Insular flying fox (
4509:Rennell flying fox (
4313:Okinawa flying fox (
4223:Nicobar flying fox (
4133:Vanuatu flying fox (
4106:Aldabra flying fox (
3779:Common blossom bat (
3424:Bulmer's fruit bat (
3203:Tailless fruit bat (
3045:Peters's fruit bat (
2230:. Environment.gov.au
1890:Journal of Mammalogy
1091:. CSIRO Publishing.
463:Indooroopilly Island
342:Mammals of Australia
273:Great Dividing Range
5372:Pohle's fruit bat (
5221:Azagnyi fruit bat (
5095:Hammer-headed Bat (
4884:R. madagascariensis
4819:Egyptian rousette (
4810:Sulawesi rousette (
4599:Kosrae flying fox (
4455:Masked flying fox (
4430:Ornate flying fox (
4412:Temotu flying fox (
4358:Indian flying fox (
4349:Mariana fruit bat (
4340:Lesser flying fox (
4322:Lyle's flying fox (
4304:Lombok flying fox (
4205:Ryukyu flying fox (
4178:Makira flying fox (
3918:D. microleucopterus
3874:Palawan fruit bat (
3856:Talaud flying fox (
2168:, pp. 107–109.
1843:2011Oecol.165..629W
1457:on 30 December 2012
1438:Mammals of Victoria
1172:(in French). Paris.
668:Social organisation
514:riparian vegetation
51:Conservation status
5197:Angolan rousette (
4837:Linduan Rousette (
4803:R. amplexicaudatus
4783:Manado fruit bat (
4635:Dwarf flying fox (
4626:Pemba flying fox (
4608:Large flying fox (
4536:Samoa flying fox (
4482:Bonin flying fox (
4446:Pelew flying fox (
4394:Great flying fox (
4268:Small flying fox (
4232:Banks flying fox (
4115:Black flying fox (
3883:Sunda flying fox (
3300:(Musky fruit bats)
3103:(Dayak fruit bats)
3054:Minute fruit bat (
2907:Borneo fruit bat (
2897:(Pygmy fruit bats)
2148:Some Touch of Pity
2052:, p. 104–105.
1520:Journal of Zoology
1254:Gould, J. (1863).
1191:"Order Chiroptera"
913:
798:
781:
763:as being eaten by
707:
660:the bat's access.
612:Corymbia gummifera
599:
583:Northern Territory
564:urban heat islands
498:
391:leaf ornamentation
359:
250:: the little red
5745:Bats of Australia
5722:
5721:
5658:Open Tree of Life
5429:Taxon identifiers
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5365:C. campomaanensis
5329:
5328:
5292:
5291:
5255:
5172:
5171:
5120:
5046:
4942:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4846:Comoro rousette (
4769:
4735:Cave nectar bat (
4719:
4716:(Dawn fruit bats)
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4421:Ceram fruit bat (
4250:Gray flying fox (
4189:P. conspicillatus
4090:
3941:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3772:
3731:
3648:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3597:Harpy fruit bat (
3449:
3402:Harpyionycterinae
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3367:Swift fruit bat (
3303:
3278:Dusky fruit bat (
3256:O. cartilagonodus
3254:Luzon fruit bat (
3131:Dayak fruit bat (
3106:
3083:C. titthaecheilus
3020:
2997:C. melanocephalus
2916:Pygmy fruit bat (
2900:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2692:
2424:(1633): 419–425.
2258:. SPRAT Profile.
2190:(1633): 419–425.
2146:Pope, L. (2014).
1986:10.1071/rd9930499
1681:(Pteropodidae)".
1645:) to Melbourne".
1581:, pp. 34–35.
1483:on 5 October 2013
1395:, pp. 28–30.
1210:978-0-8018-8221-0
589:Diet and foraging
482:Francis Ratcliffe
475:Commonwealth Park
324:Coenraad Temminck
279:in Queensland to
259:P. conspicillatus
221:
220:
74:
16:(Redirected from
5787:
5715:
5714:
5705:
5704:
5692:
5691:
5679:
5678:
5666:
5665:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5639:
5627:
5626:
5614:
5613:
5601:
5600:
5588:
5587:
5575:
5574:
5562:
5561:
5549:
5548:
5536:
5535:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5509:
5497:
5496:
5484:
5483:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5424:
5340:
5303:
5264:M. brachycephala
5254:
5253:
5249:
5230:Woermann's bat (
5183:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5045:
5044:
5043:(Epauleted bats)
5040:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4904:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4704:
4690:
4556:P. seychellensis
4475:P. poliocephalus
4396:P. neohibernicus
4286:Kei flying fox (
4171:P. chrysoproctus
4142:Aru flying fox (
4099:P. admiralitatum
4089:
4088:
4084:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3833:
3819:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3749:N. neocaledonica
3730:
3729:
3725:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3619:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3410:
3396:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2871:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2663:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2549:P. poliocephalus
2527:
2498:
2488:
2451:
2441:
2408:
2391:
2368:Animal Behaviour
2354:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1800:
1799:
1776:Animal Behaviour
1771:
1754:
1753:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1556:CSIRO Publishing
1545:
1536:
1535:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1117:
1102:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
984:
969:
957:
941:
837:Ulmus parvifolia
744:P. poliocephalus
657:P. poliocephalus
406:P. poliocephalus
379:megachiropterans
262:, and the black
209:
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5710:
5708:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5682:
5674:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5648:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5622:
5617:
5609:
5604:
5596:
5591:
5583:
5578:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5552:
5544:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5518:
5513:
5505:
5500:
5492:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5431:
5421:
5404:
5380:
5325:
5288:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5238:
5205:
5168:
5144:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5103:
5079:
5055:E. buettikoferi
5042:
5041:
5039:
5029:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4912:
4890:
4830:R. leschenaulti
4765:
4764:
4762:
4752:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4698:
4676:
4643:
4592:P. tuberculatus
4414:P. nitendiensis
4297:P. livingstonii
4243:P. gilliardorum
4086:
4085:
4083:
4073:
4013:
3989:
3965:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3924:
3891:
3827:
3805:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3755:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3672:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3627:
3605:
3579:Harpyionycteris
3572:
3539:D. pannietensis
3445:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3404:
3382:
3351:
3327:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3262:
3238:
3187:
3163:
3139:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3089:
3065:C. nusatenggara
3016:
3015:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2948:
2942:A. paucidentata
2924:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2879:
2857:
2824:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2671:
2657:
2613:
2607:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2534:
2501:
2465:Biology Letters
2454:
2411:
2394:
2357:
2344:
2341:
2339:Further reading
2336:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1803:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1683:Austral Ecology
1676:
1675:
1666:
1647:Austral Ecology
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1605:, pp. 118.
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:. p. 247.
1547:
1546:
1539:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1311:Menkhorst, P.W.
1309:
1308:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1211:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1000:
991:
985:
976:
970:
961:
958:
949:
942:
933:
905:
903:Wildlife rescue
879:(EPBC Act). A
870:
790:
773:
755:Morelia spilota
725:
699:
675:
670:
609:, particularly
591:
548:Goulburn Valley
490:
467:Moreton Bay fig
433:
428:
395:Microchiroptera
385:, it lacks the
351:
329:Pteropus alecto
320:
200:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5793:
5791:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5706:
5693:
5680:
5667:
5654:
5641:
5628:
5615:
5602:
5589:
5576:
5563:
5550:
5537:
5524:
5511:
5498:
5485:
5472:
5457:
5441:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5369:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5337:
5335:Scotonycterini
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5133:
5129:M. intermedius
5123:
5121:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4964:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4879:
4862:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4821:R. aegyptiacus
4816:
4807:
4790:
4789:
4772:
4770:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4665:
4661:S. mindorensis
4655:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4520:P. rodricensis
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4369:P. melanopogon
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4315:P. loochoensis
4310:
4306:P. lombocensis
4301:
4292:
4283:
4279:P. intermedius
4274:
4270:P. hypomelanus
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4162:P. capistratus
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4108:P. aldabrensis
4103:
4093:
4091:
4087:(flying foxes)
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3913:
3909:D. leucopterus
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3769:(blossom bats)
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3629:
3628:
3625:Macroglossinae
3622:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3530:D. moluccensis
3525:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3047:C. luzoniensis
3042:
3038:C. horsfieldii
3033:
3023:
3021:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2773:N. malaitensis
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2647:Laurasiatheria
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2533:
2532:External links
2530:
2529:
2528:
2499:
2471:(6): 758–761.
2452:
2409:
2392:
2374:(4): 544–557.
2364:Megachiroptera
2355:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2311:
2282:
2241:
2219:
2170:
2153:
2135:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2054:
2042:
2015:(2): 179–198.
1999:
1980:(5): 499–521.
1964:
1957:
1939:
1926:
1909:
1872:
1837:(3): 629–637.
1821:
1801:
1782:(4): 544–557.
1755:
1736:(3): 311–322.
1712:
1700:
1664:
1653:(2): 190–198.
1633:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1564:
1537:
1503:
1494:
1468:
1442:
1424:
1422:, p. 107.
1409:
1397:
1385:
1346:
1334:
1327:
1293:
1267:
1241:
1224:
1209:
1175:
1158:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1001:
994:
992:
986:
979:
977:
971:
964:
962:
959:
952:
950:
943:
936:
932:
929:
904:
901:
869:
866:
863:eastern states
825:lead in petrol
818:Menangle virus
789:
786:
772:
769:
724:
721:
698:
695:
674:
671:
669:
666:
590:
587:
575:Eyre Peninsula
556:global warming
489:
486:
432:
429:
427:
424:
350:
347:
319:
316:
219:
218:
211:
210:
202:
201:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:Species of bat
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5792:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:Scotonycteris
5383:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5212:Megaloglossus
5208:
5202:
5200:
5199:L. angolensis
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:Lissonycteris
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5162:N. veldkampii
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5110:Micropteropus
5106:
5100:
5098:
5097:H. monstrosus
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4951:E. angolensis
4947:
4946:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:Epomophorinae
4905:
4901:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4868:Stenonycteris
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:R. spinalatus
4853:
4851:
4849:
4848:R. obliviosus
4844:
4842:
4840:
4839:R. linduensis
4835:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4812:R. celebensis
4808:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4628:P. voeltzkowi
4624:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4574:P. temminckii
4570:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4547:P. scapulatus
4543:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4457:P. personatus
4453:
4451:
4449:
4448:P. pelewensis
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4387:P. molossinus
4383:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4207:P. dasymallus
4203:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3849:A. celebensis
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3740:N. macdonaldi
3736:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3690:M. fardoulisi
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3602:
3600:
3599:H. whiteheadi
3595:
3593:
3591:
3590:H. celebensis
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3557:D. praedatrix
3553:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3379:
3378:
3377:T. suhaniahae
3374:
3372:
3370:
3369:T. nigrescens
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:Haplonycteris
3142:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:C. brachyotis
3025:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:Balionycteris
2951:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:Paranyctimene
2827:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2746:N. draconilla
2742:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:N. cephalotes
2715:
2713:
2711:
2710:N. albiventer
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2323:. Bored Panda
2322:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:Richards 2012
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2107:, Hurstville.
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:Richards 2012
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1958:0-86840-561-2
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1713:
1710:, p. 70.
1709:
1708:Richards 2012
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:Richards 2012
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:Richards 2012
1575:
1572:
1567:
1565:9780643090897
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:Richards 2012
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:, p. 33.
1406:
1405:Richards 2012
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:Richards 2012
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1344:, p. 50.
1343:
1342:Richards 2012
1338:
1335:
1330:
1328:9780195573954
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1282:. 2 June 2014
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Simmons, N.B.
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1098:9780643103740
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
990:
983:
978:
975:
968:
963:
956:
951:
947:
946:Henry Richter
940:
935:
930:
928:
926:
922:
917:
909:
902:
900:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
852:
846:
843:
839:
838:
833:
832:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
794:
787:
785:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
742:The camps of
740:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
717:
713:
703:
696:
694:
692:
686:
684:
680:
672:
667:
665:
661:
658:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:
630:E. botryoides
626:
625:
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
604:
595:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
534:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
494:
487:
485:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
425:
423:
421:
416:
413:
411:
407:
404:The voice of
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
368:
363:
355:
348:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
331:
330:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
266:
261:
260:
256:, spectacled
255:
254:
253:P. scapulatus
249:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
217:
212:
208:
203:
198:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5436:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5345:Casinycteris
5343:
5319:P. anchietae
5318:
5306:
5281:
5272:
5263:
5243:
5232:M. woermanni
5231:
5222:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5178:Myonycterini
5161:
5151:Nanonycteris
5149:
5137:
5128:
5108:
5096:
5086:Hypsignathus
5084:
5073:E. franqueti
5072:
5063:
5054:
5034:
5023:E. wahlbergi
5022:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4978:E. gambianus
4977:
4969:E. crypturus
4968:
4959:
4950:
4930:
4922:Epomophorini
4883:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4757:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4707:
4669:
4660:
4650:Styloctenium
4648:
4637:P. woodfordi
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4565:P. speciosus
4564:
4555:
4546:
4538:P. samoensis
4537:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4484:P. pselaphon
4483:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4440:P. pelagicus
4438:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4378:P. melanotus
4377:
4368:
4359:
4351:P. mariannus
4350:
4342:P. mahaganus
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4135:P. anetianus
4134:
4126:P. allenorum
4125:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4078:
4066:
4057:
4049:P. flanneryi
4048:
4039:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3983:M. acrodonta
3982:
3970:
3958:
3950:E. dupreanum
3949:
3929:
3917:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3836:
3825:Pteropodinae
3798:
3790:S. carolinae
3789:
3781:S. australis
3780:
3762:Syconycteris
3760:
3748:
3739:
3719:
3708:M. woodfordi
3707:
3698:
3689:
3679:Melonycteris
3677:
3665:
3656:
3638:Macroglossus
3636:
3598:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3485:D. crenulata
3484:
3475:
3467:D. beauforti
3466:
3458:D. anderseni
3457:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3375:
3368:
3356:
3345:S. blanfordi
3344:
3332:
3320:
3311:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3205:M. ecaudatus
3204:
3192:
3181:L. salimalii
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3133:D. spadiceus
3132:
3123:
3114:
3094:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2931:Alionycteris
2929:
2917:
2908:
2888:
2877:Cynopterinae
2850:
2841:
2829:
2818:N. vizcaccia
2817:
2809:N. robinsoni
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2680:
2669:Nyctimeninae
2645:Superorder:
2639:Infraclass:
2611:Pteropodidae
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2548:
2547:Background:
2540:
2507:
2503:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:Pteropodidae
2359:
2350:
2346:
2325:. Retrieved
2314:
2285:
2264:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2222:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2147:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2057:
2045:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1896:(1): 38–47.
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1550:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1445:
1437:
1400:
1388:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1337:
1318:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1234:
1227:
1199:
1195:Wilson, D.E.
1168:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1135:
1129:
1123:
1088:
918:
914:
893:
874:
871:
857:
855:
847:
835:
829:
822:
810:Hendra virus
799:
782:
771:Conservation
753:
747:
743:
741:
726:
708:
697:Reproduction
687:
676:
662:
656:
649:
634:
628:
624:E. globoidea
622:
616:
610:
600:
571:Port Augusta
568:
560:urbanisation
535:
526:
499:
479:
459:Urbanisation
457:
434:
431:Distribution
417:
414:
405:
403:
376:
371:
364:
360:
340:
336:
334:
327:
321:
305:
300:
293:Finch Hatton
270:
263:
257:
251:
245:
229:
228:
224:
222:
215:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
148:Pteropodidae
29:
5567:iNaturalist
5461:Wikispecies
5374:C. ophiodon
5356:C. argynnis
5282:M. torquata
5245:Myonycteris
5138:M. pusillus
4996:E. labiatus
4932:Epomophorus
4696:Rousettinae
4670:S. wallacei
4610:P. vampyrus
4583:P. tonganus
4511:P. rennelli
4423:P. ocularis
4333:P. macrotis
4288:P. keyensis
4261:P. howensis
4234:P. fundatus
4225:P. faunulus
4180:P. cognatus
4153:P. caniceps
4144:P. aruensis
3898:Desmalopex
3885:A. mackloti
3876:A. leucotis
3699:M. melanops
3666:M. sobrinus
3476:D. chapmani
3426:A. bulmerae
3293:Ptenochirus
3245:Otopteropus
3232:M. wetmorei
3223:M. niphanae
3214:M. kusnotoi
3157:H. fischeri
3124:D. rickarti
3096:Dyacopterus
2966:B. maculata
2909:A. aequalis
2737:N. cyclotis
2570:14 December
2327:12 December
2266:30 December
2262:(Australia)
2234:22 February
2076:24 December
1487:22 February
1461:22 February
1286:30 December
1151:12 December
1062:Taking off.
851:Barbed wire
679:territories
641:nectarivore
502:rainforests
349:Description
5729:Categories
5398:S. zenkeri
5273:M. relicta
5223:M. azagnyi
5064:E. dobsoni
5005:E. minimus
4987:E. grandis
4960:E. anselli
4908:Subfamily
4875:R. lanosus
4746:E. robusta
4737:E. spelaea
4709:Eonycteris
4694:Subfamily
4619:P. vetulus
4601:P. ualanus
4502:P. rayneri
4493:P. pumilus
4432:P. ornatus
4252:P. griseus
4216:P. ennisae
4058:P. pulchra
4020:Pteralopex
3867:A. jubatus
3858:A. humilis
3823:Subfamily
3721:Notopteris
3657:M. minimus
3623:Subfamily
3566:D. viridis
3548:D. peronii
3512:D. inermis
3503:D. exoleta
3400:Subfamily
3358:Thoopterus
3115:D. brooksi
3056:C. minutus
3010:Cynopterus
2875:Subfamily
2791:N. minutus
2782:N. masalai
2728:N. certans
2667:Subfamily
2653:Chiroptera
2510:(3): 371.
2407:: 151–164.
1526:(2): 141.
1315:Knight, F.
1080:References
925:lyssavirus
761:John Gould
652:pteropodid
543:Yarra Bend
383:echolocate
377:Like many
308:Vulnerable
237:native to
138:Chiroptera
66:Vulnerable
5298:Plerotini
4866:Subgenus
4796:Rousettus
4794:Subgenus
4785:R. bidens
4776:Subgenus
4759:Rousettus
4466:P. pohlei
4360:P. medius
4117:P. alecto
4040:P. atrata
4031:P. anceps
4007:N. frosti
3996:Neopteryx
3959:E. helvum
3799:S. hobbit
3494:D. emersa
3415:Aproteles
3334:Sphaerias
3312:P. jagori
3280:P. lucasi
3269:Penthetor
3194:Megaerops
3074:C. sphinx
2918:A. alecto
2890:Aethalops
2842:P. raptor
2800:N. rabori
2755:N. keasti
2682:Nyctimene
2621:Kingdom:
2537:ARKive -
1831:Oecologia
1689:: 47–55.
1380:1471-2954
723:Predation
716:altricial
712:Gestation
645:frugivore
579:Katherine
573:, on the
510:mangroves
506:melaleuca
471:Hyde Park
469:trees at
445:Melbourne
441:Gippsland
437:Gladstone
310:" on the
303:species.
277:Bundaberg
265:P. alecto
239:Australia
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
5740:Pteropus
5684:Species+
5637:13800351
5585:11009302
5446:Wikidata
5308:Plerotes
5014:E. minor
4728:E. major
4529:P. rufus
4405:P. niger
4324:P. lylei
4080:Pteropus
3972:Mirimiri
3838:Acerodon
3521:D. minor
3439:Dobsonia
3321:P. minor
3170:Latidens
2986:Chironax
2851:P. tenax
2764:N. major
2701:N. aello
2641:Eutheria
2635:Mammalia
2629:Chordata
2627:Phylum:
2623:Animalia
2524:23935034
2495:19689980
2448:18048286
2280:licence.
2214:18048286
2037:86940598
2029:30152330
1918:Pteropus
1867:13532917
1859:21153744
1750:45452998
1626:4 August
1621:ABC News
1366:(2026).
1317:(2011).
1219:62265494
1189:(2005).
803:zoonotic
607:eucalypt
552:Adelaide
530:keystone
410:patagium
372:Pteropus
318:Taxonomy
301:Pteropus
297:Adelaide
285:Victoria
247:Pteropus
197:Temminck
159:Pteropus
144:Family:
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
5624:1004490
5559:5218655
5452:Q551930
5036:Epomops
4198:P. coxi
4067:P. taki
3931:Eidolon
2651:Order:
2633:Class:
2486:2828011
2439:2596826
2388:5882814
2319:Dovas.
2305:. 2021.
2205:2596826
1994:8190905
1920:)". In
1839:Bibcode
1796:5882814
931:Gallery
806:viruses
788:Threats
733:goannas
581:in the
449:Geelong
426:Ecology
281:Geelong
235:megabat
233:) is a
199:, 1825.
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
5712:104554
5709:uBio:
5676:385429
5663:813025
5598:631650
5546:327288
5520:982961
5502:ARKive
4778:Boneia
2522:
2493:
2483:
2446:
2436:
2386:
2212:
2202:
2132:: 504.
2035:
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1992:
1955:
1865:
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1794:
1748:
1562:
1378:
1325:
1262:et seq
1217:
1207:
1095:
921:rabies
842:privet
737:snakes
729:eagles
603:nectar
522:Sydney
512:, and
420:torpor
387:tragus
367:pelage
289:Ingham
5697:SPRAT
5689:10543
5611:18751
5580:IRMNG
5572:40905
5533:4Q33H
2520:S2CID
2122:(PDF)
2067:(PDF)
2033:S2CID
2025:JSTOR
1863:S2CID
1746:S2CID
1193:. In
948:1863.
636:Ficus
243:genus
5650:9403
5645:NCBI
5606:IUCN
5593:ITIS
5554:GBIF
5515:BOLD
2572:2016
2491:PMID
2444:PMID
2384:PMID
2366:)".
2329:2017
2268:2021
2236:2014
2210:PMID
2078:2019
1990:PMID
1953:ISBN
1855:PMID
1792:PMID
1628:2024
1560:ISBN
1518:)".
1489:2014
1463:2014
1376:ISSN
1323:ISBN
1288:2021
1215:OCLC
1205:ISBN
1153:2021
1136:2021
1093:ISBN
840:and
816:and
735:and
683:mate
643:and
627:and
399:food
291:and
223:The
5702:186
5632:MSW
5619:MDD
5541:EoL
5528:CoL
5489:AFD
5476:ADW
2512:doi
2481:PMC
2473:doi
2434:PMC
2426:doi
2422:275
2399:".
2376:doi
2308:PDF
2200:PMC
2192:doi
2188:275
2017:doi
1982:doi
1898:doi
1847:doi
1835:165
1784:doi
1738:doi
1691:doi
1655:doi
1528:doi
1524:263
1368:doi
1364:291
1140:doi
739:.
691:lek
520:in
389:or
283:in
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