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136:. The sinkhole that contains the fossil-rich deposits of the Gray Fossil Site is the result of a series of overlapping collapse events that ultimately formed one large basin. Sizable boulders deposited within the lake sediments indicate that the edge of the sinkhole once featured high walls or overhangs where chunks of rock could occasionally break off.
202:
species. Estimates for the density of this forest have varied; earlier research suggested a moderately dense forest, while later study indicated that the site might have been more of an open woodland where disruptive factors such as large herbivores, frequent fire, and drought limited the development
105:
The Gray Fossil Site is a deposit of laminated clay and silt sediments laid down in an ancient lake that formed within a sinkhole. The deposit is oval in shape, covering an area of roughly 220 meters by 180 meters and ranging in depth from about 7 meters to 39 meters deep. The fossils within this
180:
in
Paleontology and began construction of an on-site museum to house research facilities and educational exhibits. The museum first opened in August 2007, originally known as the East Tennessee State University and General Shale Brick Natural History Museum and Visitor Center, but now known more
219:), with the minimum temperature of the coldest month reaching 2.6 °C, or 36.7 °F. These results line up with earlier hypotheses that the site had a warmer and wetter climate than modern East Tennessee based on the presence of warm-climate animals and plants like
193:
The Gray Fossil Site was once a lake or pond surrounded by forest. The ancient lake was home to a diverse community of aquatic animals, including fish, pond turtles, aquatic salamanders, beavers, and alligators. Plant fossils found at the site, particularly
175:
The Gray Fossil Site then became a project of East
Tennessee State University, which began hiring paleontologists and geologists to oversee the site and ultimately to create a new Department of Geosciences. The university founded the Don Sundquist
256:
that boasts a rich assemblage of well-preserved fossils. It is the only fossil site in the
Appalachian region dating near the boundary between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs, and therefore offers a unique window into this region at this time.
1955:
167:
road construction project on the outskirts of Gray, TN. As it became clear that the fossils were unusual for this part of the country, members of the local community began an effort to preserve the site. In
September 2000, Tennessee Governor
210:
A 2020 study used fossil mammal teeth as a proxy to estimate the ancient climate conditions of the Gray Fossil Site, estimating a mean annual temperature of 16.8 °C, or 62.2 °F (similar to modern-day
614:. Likely a new species, represented by several specimens, including one nearly complete and very large skeleton. Early findings of proboscidean fossils at Gray were originally believed to belong to a
1402:"A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the late Hemphillian (late Miocene/early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines"
2147:
2142:
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Many of the fossil fauna and flora of the Gray Fossil Site are closely related to modern-day species in Europe and Asia, including red pandas, European badgers, Chinese moonseed, and
1618:"First occurrence of the enigmatic peccaries Mylohyus elmorei and Prosthennops serus from the Appalachians: latest Hemphillian to Early Blancan of Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee"
877:"The Gray Fossil Site: A Spectacular Example in Tennessee of Ancient Regolith Occurrences in Carbonate Terranes, Valley and Ridge Subprovince, Southern Appalachians U.S.A."
113:
Stratigraphic ranges of mammals from the Gray Fossil Site. All of these species overlapped between 4.5 and 4.9 million years ago (gray bar). Image from
Samuels et al 2018.
452:). Several specimens are known, including two nearly complete skeletons. In 2019, the Gray Fossil Site rhinos were identified as a new species, named the "high-bodied"
2152:
1044:"Floristic implications of two contemporaneous inland upper Neogene sites in the eastern US: Pipe Creek Sinkhole, Indiana, and the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee (USA)"
2157:
440:). The Gray Fossil Site has the largest tapir population of any known fossil site, including fossil tapirs of all ages, from very young juveniles to old adults.
2085:
1930:
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Based on the assemblage of mammal fossils uncovered at the site, the main deposit is estimated to date between 4.5 and 4.9 million years old, during the Early
70:
surrounded by a warm, wet forest. The fossils found at the site represent the ancient plants and animals that lived and died in and around the sinkhole pond.
1298:
2162:
77:
region, the Gray Fossil Site is a unique window into the past. Research at the site has yielded many surprising discoveries, including new species of
2132:
558:). The oldest known fossil wolverine. Named the "sweaty wolverine" since the ancient climate of Gray was much warmer than modern wolverine habitats.
1459:
147:. There is some evidence from drill cores for more ancient deposits deeper within the site, resulting from earlier stages of sinkhole collapse.
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52:
1098:"Cavilignum pratchettii gen. et sp. nov., a novel type of fossil endocarp with open locules from the Neogene Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA"
2137:
900:
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Plant fossils at the Gray Fossil Site include pollen, leaves, wood, fruits, seeds, and other structures which represent a diverse flora of
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These are the oldest known members of their families in the
Appalachian mountains, a region well-known for its modern salamander diversity.
109:
1824:
884:
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announced that the construction project would be moved so the fossil site could be saved and dedicated to research and education.
958:"A new species of Gulo from the Early Pliocene Gray Fossil Site (Eastern United States); rethinking the evolution of wolverines"
928:
Whitelaw, Michael J.; Shunk, Aaron; Liutkus, Cynthia M. (2011). "Formation, Structure, and Fill of the Gray Fossil Site Basin".
2065:
1245:"Fossil musk turtles (Kinosternidae, Sternotherus) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of Tennessee and Florida"
56:
2093:
710:. Insects are also known from fossilized exoskeletal remains and trace fossils, including at least four different families of
144:
1541:
538:). Named as a new species in 2004. Two nearly complete skeletons make this one of the best-known fossil pandas in the world.
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55:
in May 2000, after which local officials decided to preserve the site for research and education. The site became part of
1601:
Schubert, Blaine W (2011). "History of the Gray Fossil Site and the Don
Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology".
1873:"First report of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Gray Fossil Site (late Miocene or early Pliocene), Tennessee, USA"
412:
A preliminary study in 2011 identified several families of birds at the Gray Fossil Site, the most common of which were
44:
807:
microfossils have been identified as numerous freshwater species, including one previously unknown extinct species,
1139:"Ecometric estimation of present and past climate of North America using crown heights of rodents and lagomorphs"
1676:
48:
1299:"Late Hemphillian Colubrid Snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from the Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee"
23:
Exhibits at the Gray Fossil Site & Museum, including replicas of fossil tapirs, alligator, and rhinoceros.
1500:
1781:"The first canid from the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee: new perspective on the distribution and ecology of
530:
240:. This indicates that during the Early Pliocene, eastern North America maintained a biogeographic link with
198:, indicate that the dominant vegetation of the forest was oak, hickory, and pine trees, along with various
19:
1484:
Steadman, David W. (2011). "A Preliminary Look at Fossil Birds from the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee".
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132:. Groundwater flowing through joints in these rocks creates caves and sinkholes, forming a region of
511:
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1501:"Mesowear Analysis of the Tapirus polkensis population from the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA"
1326:
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742:. The forest flora was dominated by a variety of trees and shrubs, of which the most common were
468:
1998:"Palaeoenvironment of Late Neogene lacustrine sediments at the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA"
1542:"A new species of Teleoceras (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Hemphillian of Tennessee"
757:
Several previously unknown extinct plant species have been identified at the Gray Fossil Site:
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1616:
Doughty, Evan M.; Wallace, Steven C.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Lyon, Lauren M. (2018-11-30).
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1718:"Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America"
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372:. These are the most diverse group of reptiles at the site, including several taxa of
359:, of which several species have been identified, including the endemic fossil species
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2020:
1997:
1849:
1460:"5.5 million-year-old fossil turtle species sheds light on invasive modern relatives"
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875:
Clark, G. Michael; Kohl, Martin; Moore, Harry L.; Sasowsky, Ira D. (April 26, 2012).
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270:
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have been identified from microfossil remains of fungal tissue and fruiting bodies.
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was named after Shawn
Haugrud, the site's lab and field manager and lead preparator.
2037:
2021:"Fungal remains from late Neogene deposits at the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA"
1956:"Fossil Insects of the Gray Fossil Site (Hemphillian) Washington County, Tennessee"
1825:"Elephantine undertaking: Digging up a giant mastodon | Fossils | Earth Touch News"
1765:
1114:
1097:
669:
1382:
Schubert, Blaine W.; Mead, Jim I. (2011). "Alligators from the Gray Fossil Site".
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1361:"First Mio-Pliocene salamander fossil assemblage from the southern Appalachians"
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1042:
Ochoa, Diana; Zavada, Michael S.; Liu, Yusheng; Farlow, James O. (2016-06-01).
93:, and more. The site also hosts the world's largest known assemblage of fossil
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392:. Among these are two species only known from the Gray Site, the musk turtle
1996:
Worobiec, Elzbieta; Liu, Yu-Sheng (Christopher); Zavada, Michael S. (2013).
1043:
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727:
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215:), and an annual precipitation of 1,343mm, or 52.9in (similar to modern-day
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dating between 4.5 and 4.9 million years old, located near the community of
2019:
Worobiec, Grzegorz; Worobiec, Elzbieta; Liu, Christopher (Yusheng) (2018).
1916:
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Samuels, Joshua X.; Bredehoeft, Keila E.; Wallace, Steven C. (2018-04-18).
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59:, and the Gray Fossil Site & Museum was opened on the site in 2007.
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1418:
1344:
Woodward, Brett (2011). "Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Gray Fossil Site".
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548:). This species was named alongside the Gray Fossil Site panda in 2004.
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90:
36:
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Schap, Julia A.; Samuels, Joshua X.; Joyner, T. Andrew (2021-01-15).
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327:. Several well-preserved specimens have been identified to the genus
195:
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the first extinct genus of plant identified at the Gray Fossil Site.
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In late May 2000, this fossil-rich deposit was discovered during a
2061:
ETSU Natural
History Museum & Gray Fossil Site YouTube Channel
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Schubert BS, Mead JI, Eds. Gray Fossil Site. 10 Years of
Research
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Schubert BS, Mead JI, Eds. Gray Fossil Site. 10 Years of Research
1384:
Schubert BS, Mead JI, Eds. Gray Fossil Site. 10 Years of Research
1346:
Schubert BS, Mead JI, Eds. Gray Fossil Site. 10 Years of Research
930:
Schubert BS, Mead JI, Eds. Gray Fossil Site. 10 Years of Research
2070:
1850:"Early Pliocene Leporids from the Gray Fossil Site of Tennessee"
881:
Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst
751:
731:
707:
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413:
296:
269:
fossils identified at the Gray Fossil Site belong to the family
266:
63:
331:, but these appear to be distinct from known alligator species.
159:
Gray Fossil Site & Museum during the Grand Opening in 2007.
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106:
deposit are abundant and often exceptionally well-preserved.
2066:
The Paleobiology Database: Gray Fossil Site Taxonomic List
1677:"Evidence for unusual size dimorphism in a fossil ailurid"
2080:
1555:: 183–260 – via Florida Museum of Natural History.
1096:
Siegert, Caroline; Hermsen, Elizabeth J. (2020-04-01).
628:
Several species, including beavers, packrats, and mice.
698:
Aquatic invertebrates of the Gray Fossil Site include
456:
for their longer front legs compared to other species.
47:. The site was discovered during road construction on
1716:
Wallace, Steven C.; Wang, Xiaoming (September 2004).
1297:
Jasinski, Steven E.; Moscato, David A. (2017-06-01).
1243:
Bourque, Jason R.; Schubert, Blaine W. (2015-01-02).
1675:
Fulwood, Ethan L.; Wallace, Steven C. (2015-09-01).
1499:Schap, Julia A.; Samuels, Joshua X. (2020-05-26).
62:The ancient habitat of the Gray Fossil Site was a
1549:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History
1201:"Neogene Corylopsis seeds from eastern Tennessee"
1143:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1960:The Paleontological Society Special Publications
1779:BĹŤgner, Emily; Samuels, Joshua X. (2022-07-25).
1359:Boardman, Grant S.; Schubert, Blaine W. (2011).
2148:Protected areas of Washington County, Tennessee
285:. Several taxa have been identified, including
2143:Miocene paleontological sites of North America
1199:Quirk, Zack J.; Hermsen, Elizabeth J. (2020).
8:
1954:Doby, Joshua R.; Wallace, Steven C. (2014).
1019:"History | ETSU Gray Fossil Site and Museum"
73:As the first site of its age known from the
314:(painted turtle) from the Gray Fossil Site.
2056:ETSU Gray Fossil Site & Museum website
811:named after the Gray Fossil Site in 2013.
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1906:
1888:
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1633:
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1048:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
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973:
18:
2153:Museums in Washington County, Tennessee
867:
287:Ambystoma, Desmognathus, Notophthalmus,
145:Hemphilian and Blancan Land Mammal Ages
2002:Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
1871:Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2017-04-27).
165:Tennessee Department of Transportation
53:Tennessee Department of Transportation
1991:
1989:
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1540:Short, Rachel; Emmert, Laura (2019).
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1102:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
7:
2158:Natural history museums in Tennessee
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1205:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
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675:Several species of shrews and moles.
478:. Two species have been identified:
16:Pliocene-epoch assemblage of fossils
885:American Society of Civil Engineers
1848:Samuels, Joshua X; Schlap, Julia.
1400:Jasinski, Steven E. (2018-02-13).
1249:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
2163:Fossil parks in the United States
1860:: 1–23 – via ResearchGate.
117:The site is situated within the
2133:East Tennessee State University
1931:"Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee"
57:East Tennessee State University
1115:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104174
1:
519:, Gray Fossil Site red panda.
355:. The most common snakes are
337:. Identified lizards include
183:Gray Fossil Site & Museum
2138:Natural history of Tennessee
1261:10.1080/02724634.2014.885441
1163:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110144
45:Washington County, Tennessee
2081:Early photos and activities
2076:Friends of Gray Fossil Site
471:(even-toed hoofed mammals)
299:. Numerous taxa, including
143:near the transition of the
2189:
2071:Hands On! Discovery Center
1681:Palaeontologia Electronica
1505:Palaeontologia Electronica
1365:Palaeontologia Electronica
809:Stigmozygodites grayensis,
427:(odd-toed hoofed mammals)
252:The Gray Fossil Site is a
2168:Paleontology in Tennessee
1972:10.1017/S2475262200011850
1060:10.1007/s12549-016-0233-4
2086:Tennessee State Web page
2038:10.5943/mycosphere/9/5/5
1829:Earth Touch News Network
1567:"A new species of rhino"
394:Sternotherus palaeodorus
49:Tennessee State Route 75
1789:Journal of Paleontology
793:Cavilignum pratchettii,
542:Arctomeles dimolodontus
531:Pristinailurus bristoli
517:Pristinailurus bristoli
121:formation, a series of
1854:Eastern Paleontologist
1303:Journal of Herpetology
768:Sinomenium macrocarpum
685:An unknown species of
520:
396:and the slider turtle
361:Zilantophis schuberti.
315:
160:
114:
24:
856:(with link directory)
586:Buisnictis breviramus
514:
461:Cormohipparion emslei
309:
158:
112:
22:
2173:2000 in paleontology
893:10.1061/40796(177)10
853:List of fossil sites
649:Notolagus lepusculus
600:(bone crushing dog).
178:Center of Excellence
2109:36.3860°N 82.4980°W
2105: /
1802:10.1017/jpa.2022.46
1742:10.1038/nature02819
1734:2004Natur.431..556W
1155:2021PPP...562k0144S
838:Pipe Creek Sinkhole
833:Ashfall Fossil Beds
774:Staphylea levisemia
762:Carya tennesseensis
486:Prosthennops serus.
445:Teleoceras aepysoma
398:Trachemys haugrudi.
265:So far, all of the
1890:10.7717/peerj.3263
1635:10.7717/peerj.5926
1419:10.7717/peerj.4338
975:10.7717/peerj.4648
887:. pp. 82–90.
521:
464:(three-toed horse)
316:
161:
115:
25:
2114:36.3860; -82.4980
1728:(7008): 556–559.
1218:10.1111/jse.12571
902:978-0-7844-0796-7
819:Several types of
787:Corylopsis grisea
779:Three species of
574:Saber-toothed cat
433:Tapirus polkensis
366:are also present.
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843:La Brea Tar Pits
515:Fossil skull of
481:Mylohyus elmorei
386:snapping turtles
310:Fossil shell of
189:Paleoenvironment
134:karst topography
66:formed within a
29:Gray Fossil Site
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1315:10.1670/16-020
1309:(2): 245–257.
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1255:(1): e885441.
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1211:(3): 611–621.
1184:
1129:
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1054:(2): 239–254.
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382:slider turtles
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181:simply as the
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141:Pliocene Epoch
102:
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35:assemblage of
33:Early Pliocene
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271:Centrarchidae
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170:Don Sundquist
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2028:
2024:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1694:10.26879/526
1684:
1680:
1670:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1574:. Retrieved
1571:www.etsu.edu
1570:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1535:
1518:10.26879/875
1508:
1504:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1409:
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1354:
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1105:
1101:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
965:
961:
929:
908:November 25,
906:. Retrieved
880:
870:
855:
818:
808:
803:
792:
786:
780:
776:(bladdernut)
773:
767:
761:
756:
721:
706:, and small
697:
687:megalonychid
678:
670:Eulipotyphla
668:
654:
648:
638:
631:
621:
607:(elephants)
603:
595:
585:
577:
561:
552:Gulo sudorus
551:
541:
529:
522:
516:
502:
490:
485:
479:
469:Artiodactyls
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459:
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431:
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397:
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360:
328:
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237:
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209:
203:of a closed
192:
182:
174:
162:
138:
116:
104:
91:hickory tree
72:
61:
28:
26:
2112: /
1511:(2): 1–16.
848:Lagerstätte
724:angiosperms
616:gomphothere
605:Proboscidea
579:Machairodus
576:, possibly
563:Plionarctos
504:Megatylopus
501:, possibly
401:T. haugrudi
374:box turtles
283:Salamanders
254:Lagerstätte
213:Atlanta, GA
87:pond turtle
75:Appalachian
2127:Categories
2100:82°29′53″W
2097:36°23′10″N
2025:Mycosphere
1940:2021-01-16
1935:www.tn.gov
1834:2021-01-19
1783:Borophagus
1687:(3): 1–6.
1576:2021-01-19
1464:Penn Today
1149:: 110144.
1108:: 104174.
1028:2021-01-21
862:References
770:(moonseed)
740:bryophytes
736:lycophytes
633:Lagomorphs
597:Borophagus
544:(Eurasian
492:Pediomeryx
454:Teleoceras
450:rhinoceros
325:Alligators
291:Plethodon.
277:Amphibians
238:Corylopsis
230:Corylopsis
221:alligators
200:herbaceous
130:limestones
127:Ordovician
119:Knox Group
83:rhinoceros
1980:2475-2622
1966:: 86–87.
1899:2167-8359
1883:: e3263.
1811:0022-3360
1750:1476-4687
1703:1094-8074
1644:2167-8359
1628:: e5926.
1527:1094-8074
1428:2167-8359
1412:: e4338.
1323:0022-1511
1269:0272-4634
1227:1759-6831
1179:135298538
1171:0031-0182
1124:0034-6667
1076:130605583
1068:1867-1608
984:2167-8359
968:: e4648.
764:(hickory)
700:ostracods
680:Xenarthra
556:wolverine
536:red panda
524:Carnivora
476:Peccaries
390:tortoises
357:colubrids
329:Alligator
312:Chrysemys
217:Tampa, FL
101:Formation
79:red panda
2008:: 51–63.
1917:28462055
1758:15457257
1662:30533292
1446:29456887
1386:: 61–64.
1348:: 93–95.
1331:90960539
1277:86840420
1002:29682423
932:: 87–92.
827:See also
783:(grapes)
728:conifers
651:(rabbit)
612:Mastodon
364:Viperids
319:Reptiles
123:Cambrian
68:sinkhole
1908:5410148
1766:4432191
1730:Bibcode
1653:6276594
1469:12 July
1437:5815335
1151:Bibcode
993:5910791
744:hickory
712:beetles
623:Rodents
436:(dwarf
420:Mammals
370:Turtles
343:anguids
335:Lizards
248:Fossils
242:Eurasia
151:History
51:by the
37:fossils
1978:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1809:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1722:Nature
1701:
1660:
1650:
1642:
1605:: 1–6.
1525:
1444:
1434:
1426:
1329:
1321:
1275:
1267:
1225:
1177:
1169:
1122:
1074:
1066:
1000:
990:
982:
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750:, and
738:, and
718:Plants
704:snails
689:sloth.
643:rabbit
546:badger
388:, and
353:Snakes
345:, and
339:skinks
227:, and
225:tupelo
205:canopy
196:pollen
95:tapirs
31:is an
1877:PeerJ
1762:S2CID
1622:PeerJ
1545:(PDF)
1488:: 73.
1406:PeerJ
1327:S2CID
1273:S2CID
1175:S2CID
1072:S2CID
962:PeerJ
821:fungi
815:Fungi
805:Algal
800:Algae
781:Vitis
732:ferns
708:clams
665:bats.
590:skunk
499:Camel
438:tapir
414:ducks
408:Birds
301:Rana.
297:Frogs
1976:ISSN
1913:PMID
1895:ISSN
1807:ISSN
1754:PMID
1746:ISSN
1699:ISSN
1658:PMID
1640:ISSN
1523:ISSN
1471:2022
1442:PMID
1424:ISSN
1319:ISSN
1265:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1167:ISSN
1120:ISSN
1064:ISSN
998:PMID
980:ISSN
910:2022
897:ISBN
752:pine
656:Bats
568:bear
484:and
289:and
267:fish
261:Fish
64:pond
41:Gray
27:The
2033:doi
1968:doi
1903:PMC
1885:doi
1797:doi
1738:doi
1726:431
1689:doi
1648:PMC
1630:doi
1513:doi
1432:PMC
1414:doi
1311:doi
1257:doi
1213:doi
1159:doi
1147:562
1110:doi
1106:275
1056:doi
988:PMC
970:doi
889:doi
748:oak
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1964:13
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